AMERICAN PERIOD Filipino-American War Americans Fool Aguinaldo December 10 1898- Treaty of Paris was signed Many Filipinos

os felt the Americans had cheated them. The Americans came as friends. They sought Aguinaldo in Singapore and in Hongkong. Dewey wanted Aguinaldo to raise once more the standard of revolt and to cooperate with the Americans in order to defeat the Spaniards. The American behavior to the Filipinos became allies but later on it became a conqueror Filipino rebels are not allowed to enter manila Aguinaldo was asked by general Ricarte to withdraw his forces Aguinaldo was fooled by the Americans It is the beginning of Filipinos disillusionment with the Americans Benevolent Assimilation President Mckinley do not know what to do with the Philippines He is surrounded by men who were making the Philippines an American colony They were the following 1. The American business interests who wanted the Philippines not only as market for American products but also a stepping stone to Asias market. 2. The military and naval pressure group who wanted the Philippines as a base for American ships and as first line defense 3. The religious pressure group who wanted the Philippines as a base for protestant missionaries. Pres. Mckinley issued the Benevolent Assimilaton It exercise the sovereignity of US over the philippines Philippines as a colony of US

 Sovereignity over the archipelago by force General elwell otis succeeded general meritt Filipinos Reaction to the Proclamation General Marcus Miller, published the full text of the order The text was in the hands of the Filipinos Antonio Luna, La Independencia attacked the proclamation January 5. Aguinaldos worded proclamation My government is disposed to open hostilities if the American troops attempt to take forcible possession of the Visayan islands Otis, quietly strengthened American lines Fil-American relations was on the critical stage Attempts to Relax the Tension Meet up with Aguinaldos and Otis representatives 3 representatives each Heightened the tension Americans only fooling Filipinos, not being serious in solving the relations The Shot that Started the War February 1, Group of American engineers was arrested by Filipino troops Otis protested Aguinaldo proclamation said that engineers were not arrested but detained because they were on the Filipino lines February 2, Gen. McArthur, protested about Filipinos on the American Lines Night of February 4, American Private Willie W. Grayson shot a Filipino Soldier on Balhasan Bridge in San Del Monte START OF WAR The Incident was Investigated

 Capt. Fernando sent a telegram to Malolos saying that Americans commenced hostilities Aguinaldo sent Otis an emissary saying firingour side the night before had been against my order Otis said fighting, having started, must go on to the grim end Aguinaldo ordered an investigation Investigation reveals that: Early February 2 and 3, the Filipino employees of the American ships were dismissed Feb. 4, American soldiers boarded to Cavite American Lines Rejoined heir units in Manila Otis did not ordered investigation but an ALL-OUT-WAR The American Drive to the North Captured Rizal Province Won on the battles of LA LOMA Mcarthur proceeded to Kalookan Antonio Luna Fought Mcarthur Luna was defeated Luna plan to recapture Manila March 22, he led the attack on the city 2 days after he reached Azcarraga street In Quinagua ( now Plaridel), major bell of the american cavalry was killed by the boy General, Gregorio Del Pilar Fought on April 23, Colonel Sotsenberg was killed December 18, General Geronimo won against General Lawton in San Mateo. Americans realizing the significance of Lunas Victory Luna retreated to Pulo Bulakan

 American reinforcement arrived in February and March Otis took offense on the north and Gen. Lawton on the South Pulo fell to Americans and by March 30, they were on the doors of Malolos Aguinaldo evacuated Malolos and transferred to San Isidro, Nueva Eicija March 25, the Filipino troops repulsed General Wheaton and killed an American colonel. Battle of Bagbag McArthur capture Malolos, led Gen. Luna to retreat to farther north Established headquarters in Kalumpit Luna sent telegram to General Mascardo asking for reinforcement Mascardo refused Luna was in raged Luna ordered his officers to punish Mascardo He brought with him the whole infantry With the absence of Luna, Gregorio Del pilar commanded the sector of Bagbag, the barrio of Kalumpit Americans swarmed all over the place and defeat Del Pilar Luna returned to KAlumpit, in his surprised americans had capture the great part of the town Luna retreated farther north to Pampanga. The Fall of the Mabini Caabinet Mabini was the most powerful man outside aguinaldo He was the cabinet president of the cabinet, he was Prime Minister Secretary of foreign affairs He was poor Mabini said that americans promise freedom and autonomy, but it was only a trick

 Mabini was for independence Paterno, Bautista and Buencamino opposed mabini They accepted the offer of Americans The opposition in the administration of Mabini persuaded Aguinaldo to remove Mabini from office May 7, Aguinaldo informed Mabini that Paterno was forming a cabinet He sent resignation of the entire cabinet he was heading. The Assassination of Luna General Antonio Luna was the most brilliant among Filipino military officers Studied Pharmacy in Manila and Spain He is a Nationalist A good writer in Spanish But he is short tempered He was exiled to Spain by the colonial government Asked Felipe Agoncillo to give him a letter of recommendation to General Aguinaldo Aguinaldo gave him high position in the army He was a disciplinarian in the army American war broke out, Luna was chief of the military zone that included central Luzon He went to Kabanatuan to aid Colonel Francisco Roman. He was killed by Captain Pedrong Kastila from Cavite he was also attacked by other soldiers he died with more than forty wounds in his body and head Cebu patriots conducted Guerilla warfare under Arcadio Maxilom and Leandro Fullon Meanwhile in Negros, Negrenses sympathized with the Americans.

 They raise American flag A committee composed of Negranses was sent to manila to ask General Otis to allow them to arm a battalion to maintain peace and order Otis approved the petition March 1, Otis issued an order for the creation of a military district to be composed of Panay Negros and Cebu The Conquest of the Bisayas Otis instructed Miller to invade Ilo-ilo Miller fight General Martin Delgado To prevent the enemy from capturing the city, Delgado ordered his men to burn it The Americans landed in force On February 20, Jaro Fell followed by Santa Barbara, Oton and Mandurriao Ilo-ilo fell. Next is Cebu February 22. Cebu city surrendered It was called Bisayan Military District Negrenses allowed to meet in a convention to frame a constitution known as Negros Constitution Submitted to President Mckinley for Approval The President did not take it seriously The Bates Treaty To neutralize Muslims, General John C. Bates tried to win friendship of the Muslims in the basis of equality Muslim sultan of Jolo said to the Americans that they can only occupy the town proper of Jolo Sultan insisted in collection customs duties in places not occupied by the Americans

 August 20, 1899, agreement signed by Gen. Bates representing the US and the Sultan of Jolo and his datus, representing the Sulu Sultanate Known as the Bates Treaty Provides Sovereignity of the US over the whole Archipelago of Jolo and its dependencies is declared acknowledged and that the rights and dignities of his Highness the Sultan and his datus shall be fully respected Americans promise not to interfere with religious matters Americans also agreed to pay the sultan Monthly salaries Americans proceeded with the pacification of Christians in the Philippines Aguinaldo Refelcts to Palanan With the death of Luna, the Filipino troops Surrendered. Otis planned to trap Aguinaldo Aguinaldo ordered to conduct a guerilla warfare Aguinaldo fled to Pangasinan Aguinaldo was not captured, he left his family in Pangasinan and walked to Tierra Virgen Cagayan September 1900, Aguinaldo reached Palanan Isabela The Battle of Pasong Tirad Del Pilar help Aguinaldo to have distance from the Americans and delay the Americans at Pasong Tirad It is a narrow pass 4500 feet high Americans under Major March pursued Aguinaldo December 1889, march and his army proceeded against Del Pilar Americans retreated An Igorot guided Americans to a secret trail Del Pilar was killed by a bullet that passed through his neck American soldiers rushed to the dead body and looted it for souvenirs The Capture of Aguinaldo

 Many Filipino troops surrendered Americans torture the Filipinos Water cure, choking In Samar, the town was burned and killed all men even the boys over ten years old Colonel Funston planned to capture Aguinaldo Lazaro Segovia, a Spaniard that betray Aguinaldo and his troops Aguinaldo was brought to manila on April 1, 1901 Took the oath of allegiance to the US April 19 appealed to the Filipino people to accept sovereignty of the US The End of the Guerilla Warfare Inspite of the loss, other general did not give up General Malvar took over Batangas Americans campaign against guerillas continued February 1902, captured Vicente Lukban 2 months later, Malvar surrendered in order to save his people from brutality and hunger Systemic opposition to American sovereignty ceased Macario Sakay patriots refused to surrender, but their effect on the American was negligible. Philippines under U.S Imperialism July 4, 1901-the first civilian U.S. government was established in the Philippines After fighting the Spanish-American War the U.S. and Spain met to sign the Treaty of Paris, in which the U.S. was given Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines for a set price. The Philippines were purchased from Spain for a mere $20 million dollars.

 President McKinley ordered the War Department to bring all of the islands under military control because the people of the Philippines were too "uncivilized" to govern themselves. This shocked the Filipinos, because they had expected the U.S. to help them in their struggle for independence. Not only did the U.S. not help the Philippines in their struggle for freedom, they refused to grant them freedom for forty-five years. July 4, 1946-the Philippines gained their independence from the U.S. under the provisions of the McDuffie-Tyding's Act of 1934 Tydings McDuffie Act, otherwise known as the Philippine Independence Act, was approved on March 24th, 1934, and provided for the independence of the Philippines from the United States by 1946. It set up drafting and guidelines of a constitution for a 10-year transitional period (Commonwealth of the Philippines) before granting independence in 1946 It was authored by Maryland Senator Millard E. Tydings and Alabama Representative John McDuffie The Philippine Revolution against Spain began in April 1896, culminating two years later with a proclamation of independence and the establishment of the First Philippine Republic.However, the 1898 Treaty of Paris which ended the Spanish-American war transferred control of the Philippines from Spain to the United States. This agreement was not recognized by the nascent Philippine Government which, on June 2, 1899, proclaimed a Declaration of War against the United States. The Philippine Organic Act of 1902 provided for the establishment of a bicameral legislature composed of an upper house consisting of the Philippine Commission (an appointive body having both U.S. and Filipino members) and a popularly elected lower house, the Philippine Assembly. The Philippine Autonomy Act (Jones Law) of 1916 officially declared the United States commitment to grant independence to the Philippines, "...as soon as a stable government can be established therein. Partial autonomy (commonwealth status) was granted in 1935, preparatory to a planned full independence from the United States in 1946. Tagalog supplanted Spanish as an official language in 1937. Supreme National Council

Launched by Manuel Quezon. 3 objectives Attraction of substantial Filipinos not heretofore prominent in the independence campaign,with the seeming subordination of the politico element which thus far had dominated it Decentralization of the campaign so that the provinces might take an active part,heretofore played only by Manila. An attempt at the gradual and peaceful use of the political authority vested in the American Governor General and the Philippine Legislature.

Unites all political parties and all segments of Filipino society for the fight of the Philippine Independence. Sought to spread independence propaganda to prepare Local government for complete independence in every province of the Philippines. Independence Commission 1926-1927, controversies arose between Governor Wood and the Filipino leaders on the plebiscite bill, veto power and board of control. 1928

Plebiscite Controversy Senate bill 198 Counteract the anti-independence campaign in the United States. Aims to show that the independence is supported by many Filipinos. Wood vetoed the bill in December 1925. President Coolidge for the final decision,was denied.

American Interest Groups Friends of Philippine Independence 1929 onward, revival of the independence due to issues os free trade and immigration. Agricultural distress Free trade- economic commercial relation of Philippine and U.S

Payne-Aldrich Act of 1909- two way free trade except for quotas like sugar and tobacco. Result of free trade was to bind the Philippine closer to U.S

Free Trade and Independence J 1920-1934, Filipino representatives continued to steer independence movement in Washington. March-October 1929, Roxas and Osmena presented the Philippine case on the threathed legislation affecting the free entry of Philippine products into United States. Quezon died before returning to Manila, May 1931.

OS-ROX Mission In 1931, however, the OsRox mission headed by Sergio Osmena and Manuel Roxas went to the United States to lobby for independence and brought home the Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act. Quezon vehemently opposed this act because it provided that American military bases would still stay in the Philippines even after independence. Although the Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act had already been approved by the U.S. Congress, the Philippine Legislature rejected it in October 1933.

The Commonwealth of the Philippines After the Filipinos lost the war to the Americans in 1901, they did not really stop fighting for independence. Although their military leaders surrendered , the Filipinos carried on the fight for freedom in three ways: theater and literature peasant revolts and the Communist Party of the Philippines peaceful pressure by the Filipino politicians ending in the establishment of the Commonwealth of the Philippines in 1935. Freedom theater and Literature

 From 1902-1905, some Tagalog zarzuelas became popular with the masses and were banned American authorities. These dramas championed Philippines freedom. Example of these plays were Tanikalang Ginto by juan Abad and Kahapon, Ngayon at Bukas by Aurelio Tolentino. Out of these plays came popular reminding Filipinos that we were not yet free. For example, the song bayan Ko during the American regime was made popular again by singer Freddie Aguilar during the Marcos dictatorship in the 1980s. Tagalong writers wrote about the suffering of our people under Americans. Lope L. Santos wrote the first socialist Tagalog novel,Banaag at Sikat in 1935. Amado V Hernandez was both writer and labor leader. By 1907, we no longer had to hide our campaign for freedom. It burst out into the open through Filipino politicians, the free press, and the election. Peasant Revolts and the Communist Party The colonial government was threatened by several peasant revolts in the provinces and by the Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP). There were peasant revolts in Surigao, Nueva Ecija, Iloilo, Negros Occidental, Pangasinan, Laguna, and Bulacan. The most serious peasant revolt was by the Sakdalistas in 1935. Benigno Ramos, a popular Tagalog writer and orator founded a newspaper and a political party named Sakdal. On May 2, 1935 his followers in Laguna and Bulacan rose in arms. They captured the town of Cabuyao and Santa Rosa in Laguna and San Ildefonso in Bulacan. But on the next day, May 3, the Philippine Constabulary troops put down the revolt and killed or arrested the leaders. All the revolts failed. But they made the officials conscious of the needs of the poor peasants in the provinces. The Communist Party of the Philippines was founded in Manila by Crisanto Evangelista on August 26, 1930. In 1931, the CCP organized labor strikes throughout the country. Political Campaign for Independence After the First World War, Filipino politicians united to campaign for immediate Philippine independence. They sent different independence missions to the US from 1919 to 1935 in the hope of urging the American Congress to grant independence to the Philippines.

 In 1932, the American Congress passed the Hare-Hawes-Cutting Law. It was the first Philippine Independence law passed by the US. The law was passed after the 1931 OSROX mission of Senator Sergio Osmea abd House Speaker Manuel A. Roxas. But the H-H-C Law did not push through. Osmea and Quezon quarreled over it in the Philippine Legislature. This was the great political debate between the Antis (Filipino politicians in favor of the H-H-C Law, led by Senate President Quezon) and the Pros (Filipino politicians in favor of the H-H-C Law, led by Osmea and Roxas). The H-H-C Law was rejected by the Philippine Legislature on October 17, 1993. In 1934, the American Congress passed a better independence law at the Tydings-McDuffie Law provided that the Philippines would be independent in ten years time. A transition government run by Filipinos would be established. This was the Commonwealth of the Philippines. The 1935 Philippine Constitution On july 10, 1934, 202 delegates were elected to a constitutional convention. The convention delegates met for the first time at the Philippine Legislature in July 30, 1934. Claro M. Recto was elected as convention president. The delegates began to draft the new constitution. On February 8, 1935, the new constitution was approved by the majority of the delegates. But the Filipino constitution had to be approved by the US because we were still a colony then. So, on March 23, 1935, President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed the constitution. The 1935 Philippine Constitution was also ratified by the Filipino people in a plebiscite on May 4, 1935. This constitution served the Commonwealth of the Philippines and the Third Republic. The Commonwealth of the Philippines The first national elections in the Philippines were held on September 17, 1935. At the stake were the offices of president, and vice-president of the new Commonwealth of the Philippines and members of the National Assembly, the new lawmaking body. Three political parties fielded their candidates for president Quezon, General Emilio Aguinaldo, and Bishop Gregorio Aglipay. Quezon and Osmea ended their feud and ran for president; and vice-president under Coalition (Nacionalista) party. They won because they were united.

 On November 15, 1935, the Commonwealth of the Philippines was inaugurated at colorful ceremonies in the Luneta. Many Americans and foreign officials came. The newly-elected Commonwealth President, Manuel L. Quezon, gave a stirring inaugural address. President Quezon was reelected for another term on November 11, 1941. The Commonwealth of the Philippines existed from 1935 to 1946. It was the semi-independent (autonomous) government of Filipinos under the American colony. It had a president, vice-president, cabinet, legislature, judiciary, and civil service all composed of Filipinos. this experiment in democracy was interrupted by the Second World War. The Commonwealth leaders went into exile in the US from 1942-1944. Historical Values The Filipinos continued to fight for independence even after they lost the war for independence. The poor workers in the cities and the poor peasants in the provinces became the target of violent and illegal groups who inspired them to revolt. Most Filipinos preferred the peaceful and non-violent campaign for independence. In 1930s, our politicians united and got semi-independent government and a law to ensure full independence. This peaceful movement for reform with all leaders united was very successful. It was more successful than the Philippine Revolution, the war for independence, the peasant revolts, and the communist party. Results of the American Occupation The Filipinos played the role of junior partner in consonance with Pres. Mckinleys Benevolent Assimilation Proclamation. Positive results: Universal education was stressed Public health and welfare was carried to the remote barrios Commerce, industry, and trade were given impetus Basic individual freedoms were respected Means of communication and transportation were improved Political consciousness was developed

Negative results: General economic dependence on the United States Partial loss of racial heritage Continuance of colonial mentality Distorted sense of values PROGRESS IN EDUCATION greatest contribution of the U.S directly opposed to the Spanish system emphasized the study of Catholic religion employment of Philippine languages rather than Spanish as pedagogical aid emphasized the democratic traditions and practical application of laws and principle Church and state is separated- church has no saying in running the public school system Americans compel the Filipinos to learn the English language American schools- established soon after the echoes of Deweys naval guns had vanished 7 schools were established in Manila in August 1898 1899-1900 primary schools enrolled more than 100,000 Filipino children Enrolment of children in the public schools was compulsory American authorities gave the students free books, pencils and other school supplies to encourage the parents to send their children to school American soldiers- first public teachers Thomasites- replaced the American soldiers in teaching S.S Thomas- American teachers who came to the Philippines 1903-1914 Filipino students who showed aptitudes in some branches of learning were sent to the U.S as pensionados

 In their return, they either taught school or worked in government offices University of the Philippines- provided higher education in 1908 Other educational institutions owned and operated by private individuals were established to slake the Filipinos thirst for knowledge University of Sto. Thomas Escuela de Derecho (School of Law) Instituto Burgos (Burgos Institute) Others They continued to use Spanish as medium of instruction, but the pressure of competition forced them to abandon Spanish in favour of English. Their graduates who had little or no acquaintance with the English language were handicapped in government examinations English- language of instruction in all schools, colleges and universities Net result= increase of Filipino literacy From 5-8% of literacy during the Spanish, it became 44.2% by 1903, 49.2% by 1918 and 65% by 1935 University of the Philippines pioneered the adult education movement. Some of the professors and students, aided by adult education experts, launched a campaign of literacy in the rural areas PUBLIC HEALTH AND WELFARE Before 1900, ravages of cholera, smallpox, dysentery, malaria, tuberculosis, and other deadly diseases, plagued the people Spanish colonial government introduced vaccination and created offices. Bureau of Health (1806) Central Council of Vaccination (1851) Public and private sanitation and hygiene were far from satisfactory so that mortality was high.

 Americans established Quarantine Service supervised by competent American doctors and public health officers Infant mortality and the incidence of malaria and other diseases were reduced by: New methods of prevention and treatment Educating the people with hygiene and sanitation 1901 Board of Public Health signaled the campaign not only for improved public health, but also for eradication of superstition ignorance Field men were sent to the rpovinces to explain the workings of modern sanitation and hygiene Dispensaries, leprosaria, and hospitals were established Death rate per 1,000 persons: 30.5% in 1898, and 21.29% in 1907 1917-1918- cholera and smallpox epidemics broke out TRADE, COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY As early as 1902, a reduction of 25% was allowed on goods coming from the Philippines but the American Congress consistently refused to admit Philippine products into the United States free of duty. 1909- American Congress passed the Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act which paved the way for partial free trade relations between Philippines and United States. Under this act, all Philippine exports, except rice, were allowed to enter American markets free of duty within certain quota limits. On the other hand, American exports to the Philippines were unlimited and duty free. 1913- American Congress passed the Simmons-Underwood Tariff act to correct the inequality. This resulted to the free trade relations with United States and the Philippines thus foreign trade rose to unheard of proportions. In 1930 to 1935 came the world wide economic depression which lead to decreased trade relations between America and the Philippines. At the time of the inauguration of the Commonwealth, the Chinese controlled 50% of the domestic trade, the Filipino 25%, the Japanese 20% and other nationalities 5%.

 In industry, the Philippines developed in the sense that factories such as textiles and cigar was factories multiplied. Sawmills, coconut oil mills, cordage factories, fishing and fish-canning, alcohol distilleries, and sugar centrals were established. Mining became the most important industry and was the backbone of the Philippine economy. Although economic prosperity was attained and has improved the standard way of living, it was nevertheless artificial, for economic prosperity was dependent on a relation that was basically unsound. Owing to the free trade relations, most of the Philippine exports went to American markets. Other foreign markets were neglected so that the closure of American ports to unsuitable Philippine exports resulted in economic dislocation. Speaker Sergio Osmena and Commissioner Manuel L. Roxas opposed free trade relations, because they believe that Philippine dependence on the American markets would, in the long run, endanger the political independence of the country 1934- Tydings-Mcduffie independence Act was established and gave restrictions in the export of Philippine sugar, tobacco, hemp and coconut. The over all effect of the Philippine-American free trade relations was, therefore, the placing of Philippine economy at the mercy of the Americans. Progress in communication was notable. Telephone lines were introduced in Manila in 1905 and radio-telephone service in 1933. Towns and provincial capitals were linked together by telephones, telegraph lines, and radio. Mail offices throughout the country, numbering more than a thousand in 1935, handled ordinary mail, telegrams, money orders and air mail letters and packages. TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATION The countrys development of the countrys economy was accompanied by the development of means of communication and transportation. Roads, bridges and culverts were developed.

 The means of transportation vastly improved, for while the ancient bull carts, carretelas, and calesas existed, the cars, trucks and railway cars speeded up the means of transportation. Water transportation, too, was developed to connect the island of the south with the provinces of Luzon. In 1902, the American colonial government opened more than a hundred ports to domestic shipping. To protect domestic coastwise shipping, the Philippine Legislature passed a law in 1923 providing that only ships owned locally could engage in interisland shipping. INDIVIDUAL FREEDOMS McKinleys Benevolent Assimilation proclamation and his instructions to the second or Taft Commission laid the bases of American policy in the Philippines. This policy was rooted in the recognition of the individual freedoms, the foundation of any democratic system. The Sedition Law of 1901, passed by the Philippine Commission, considered it seditious of any Filipino to advocate independence. The Flag Law of 1907 prohibited the display of the Filipino flag. Only when the American authorities became sure of the peace and order conditions did they discarded the two laws. Except for the 2 laws, the Filipinos enjoyed the era of freedom freedom of religious worship, freedom of the press, freedom to assemble peaceably for the redress of grievances, freedom to change domicile, and freedom of speech. Because of the freedom enjoyed by the Filipinos, politicians and writers attacked not only the American Administration, but also individual Americans who committed a misdemeanor. The pages of the nationalistic periodical El Renacimiento and its Tagalog section, the Muling Pagsilang, were full of vitriolic attacks on the Americans, culminating in the now famous Aves de Rapina (Birds of Prey) Libel Case. In 1908, El Renacimiento vigorously attacked the then Secretary of the Interior, Dean Worcester, who immediately sued the owner and editors of the paper for libel. The accused were defeated in court and the newspaper, together with its machinery, was sold at auction.

 Teodoro M. Kalaw, the editor of the paper, was sentenced to jail, but was pardoned by Governor-General Harrison. The freedom enjoyed by the writers found expression in the drama. Nationalistic plays: Aurelio Tolentinos Kahapon, Ngayon at Bukas (Yesterday , Today and Tommorow) Juan Matapang Cruzs Hindi ako Patay (I Am Not Dead) Juan Abads Tanikalang Ginto (Gold Chains) Severino Reyess Walang Sugat (Not Wounded) Tolentino, in particular, was arrested and jailed for advocating independence in his play. POLITICAL CONSIOUSNESS Partisan politics was one of those institutions which the Americans brought to the Philippines. The municipal elections that followed the implantation of American sovereignity gave the Filipinos the first taste of politics. By that time, the Filipinos were yet to nave to understand the intricacies of modern politics Up to approximately 1916, however, Philippine national elections were honest and based on the merits of the issues involved. 1916 was the year of the creation of a bicameral legislature. Filipinos learned the intricate machinery of government. The control of the law-making body and the Filipinization policy of Harrison led to a deep political consciousness. LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE Probably one of the most lasting American influences in the Philippines is the development of a Filipino literature in English and the adoption of American words and phrases in the Philippine languages, particularly in Tagalog. Pioneers in the field of English Literature and Language:

 Juan F. Salazar Justo Bernanrdo P. Garcia Maximo M. Kalaw Tarcilla Malabanan Francisco M. Africa Their writing were a pale reflection of the national life. The 2nd generation of writers who had a better grasp of the foreign language: Fernando M. Maramag Carlos P. Romulo Mauro Mendez Cristino Jamias Vicente M. Hilario Eliseo Quirino In the 1930s, Filipino writers in English began taking the art of literature to a whole new level. They wrote not only poems and essays, but also short stories and a few novels and dramas. The University of the Philippine writers during the World War II Federico Mangahas Salvador P. Lopez Francisco B. Icasiano Amando G. Dayrit Maria Luna Lopez Manuel Arguilla Trinidad Tarrosa-Subido Arturo B. Rotor Francisco Arcellana

 Beinvenido n. Santos Maria Kalaw Among the outsiders, the most prominent were N.V.M. Gonzales, A.E. Litiaco, Aurelio Alvero and Delfin Fresnosa. More important as Americas lasting influence on Filipino cultural life was the adoption of American words and phrases in the national language. Here are some words that are adopted to Tagalog: Bulakbol (blackball) slacker Paul (foul) Parbol (foul boul) Ining (inning) Mindaun (men down in baseball) Bistik (beefsteak) Kendi (candy) Ispiker (Speaker of the House) Plorlider (Floor Leader) Up to present, there are about 600 or so English words adopted in the national language. NEGATIVE RESULTS The economic invasion of the Philippines brought by the Americans conditioned the Filipino minds to be economically dependent to the United States and the result is the neglect and consequent death of Filipino industries. Rejection of the Filipinos to their local products thus having a sense of false pride called Stateside. If it is made in the Philippines, it is inferior. The mental attitude that despises ones own and loves anything foreign is the natural result of American Altruism. This began the de-Filipinization of the Filipinos. Thus while enjoying the blessings of America, the Filipino suffered a partial loss of their racial heritage: the ties that bind the family have been loosened; the

love of their language and culture replaced by the adoration of the American language and culture; and the traditional communal unity has to a certain extent been superimposed upon by the let well enough alone philosophy. Having developed an extreme liking for things American without critical evaluation of their intrinsic worth, the average Filipino considers it blasphemous to criticize the United States or any American. The movies have been the purveyor of American materialism, for they show the advantages of having flashy cars, mink coats, large and well appointed houses, refrigerators, television and radio sets, and such other appurtenances as would make for success. Success is measured in terms of material possession. With the intrusion of materialism, they forgot their poets and thinkers and they labeled them as filosofos. Poets are now described as patay gutom- dead hungry, worthless creatures who live in dreams of what is not. Gangsterism, juvenile delinquency, promiscuous love affairs, betrayal, racketeering, graft and corruption have been embedded in the thoughts and minds of the Filipinos and had been imitated in their lives. All of these have been brought to the Philippines through Hollywood. Many of the social problems that plague the Filipino society today are as much the result of the growth of urban centers as of the American movies.