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003934-080
Design Aspect 1
Compound Sodium Iodide Potassium Iodide Magnesium Sulfate Sodium Chloride Lithium Chloride Difference in Electronegativity by Compound Difference in Electronegativity 0.05 1.8 1.9 0.5 2.3 2.2
Testable Question: How is the conductivity of a compound when dissolved in water affected by the compounds difference in electronegativity? Hypothesis: If sodium chloride, which has the highest difference in electronegativity, is dissolved in water, it will have the highest conductivity. Independent Variable: Difference in electronegativity Dependent Variable: Conductivity (when dissolved in water) Controlled Variables: Water pH Solution Concentration Volume of Solution
Design Aspect 2
Apparatus Used Beakers Sodium Iodide Potassium Iodide Magnesium Sulfate Sodium Chloride Lithium Chloride Electronic Weighing Scale Conductivity Probe Distilled Water Laptop with Logger Pro Stirring Plate The independent variable is being changed by altering the compound being dissolved, each of which has a different difference in electronegativity. The difference in electronegativity is being measured by subtracting the electronegativity of the cation from the electronegativity of the anion in the compound.
003934-080 The dependent variable is measured in microSiemens by a conductivity probe. The laptop and conductivity probe used was the same with each trial to avoid any possible errors in the data. Before and after each use, each beaker was washed with soap to prevent any external contamination from affecting the data.
Design Aspect 3
Compound Sodium Iodide Potassium Iodide Magnesium Sulfate Sodium Chloride Lithium Chloride Mass of Compound (g) 0.0005 g 14.989 16.600 24.647 5.844 4.239 Solution Concentration 0.05 mol 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
The greatest difference in electronegativity tested was 2.3, and the lowest difference was 0.5. The conductivity will be measured in microSiemens. 0.1 moles of each substance was weighed out by placing a weighing boat on an electronic scale and then setting tare to zero. Then the needed mass of each substance was weighed out. Each solution was made by dissolving 0.1 moles of a selected substance in 1 liter of distilled water. The solution was then stirred by being placed on a stirring plate for 5 minutes, after which it was taken off. This was done with all 5 compounds. Each trial was done by measuring out 200 mL of a selected solution into a beaker and then measuring the conductivity for a period of 180 seconds. The average conductivity of the period of time was then recorded. This was repeated 5 times with each solution. The program used for the data logging was Logger Pro.
003934-080
Data Aspect 1
The uncertainty of the conductivity was determined by halving the smallest unit of the number. Sodium Iodide Conductivity (S/cm) 0.5 S/cm 4227 4226 4223 4218 4210
Trial # 1 2 3 4 5
Trial # 1 2 3 4 5
Potassium Iodide Conductivity (S/cm) 0.5 S/cm 4030 4026 4029 4035 4032
Trial # 1 2 3 4 5
Magnesium Sulfate Conductivity (S/cm) 0.5 S/cm 3935 3957 3971 3972 3978
Trial # 1 2 3 4 5
Sodium Chloride Conductivity (S/cm) 0.5 S/cm 3996 3993 3983 4014 4014
Trial # 1 2 3 4 5
Lithium Chloride Conductivity (S/cm) 0.5 S/cm 4204 4208 4203 4211 4201
003934-080
Data Aspect 2
Compound Sodium Iodide Potassium Iodide Magnesium Sulfate Sodium Chloride Lithium Chloride Average Conductivity Conductivity (S/cm) 0.5 S/cm 4221 4030 3963 4000 4205
The average conductivity of each compound was determined by calculating the arithmetic mean of each set of trials, and then rounding to the nearest whole number. This was done to obtain a general picture of the conductivity of the compound when dissolved in water. In order of increasing conductivityMagnesium Sulfate: 3963 Sodium Chloride: 4000 Potassium Iodide: 4030 Lithium Chloride: 4205 Sodium Chloride: 4221
Compound Sodium Iodide Potassium Iodide Magnesium Sulfate Sodium Chloride Lithium Chloride
The standard deviation of each set of trials was determined by inserting the data into Microsoft Excel and using the standard deviation function programmed into Excel. Each standard deviation value was rounded to the nearest whole unit. The standard deviation was calculated to determine the variation in data of each set of trials, and thus see how closely grouped the data was.
003934-080
Data Aspect 3
Difference in Electronegativity
2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 Sodium Iodide Potassium Iodide Magnesium Sulfate Sodium Chloride Lithium Chloride
Average Conductivity
4250 4200 4150 4100 4050 4000 3950 3900 3850 3800 Sodium Iodide Potassium Magnesium Iodide Sulfate Sodium Chloride Lithium Chloride Average Conductivity
003934-080