Exam 1 Review Show that y = y(x) is/is not a solution of the dierential equation F (x, y, y , . . . y (n)) = 0. Examples: 1. x2 y 3x y + 4y = 0; 2.

. d3y dy + = ex ; 3 dx dx y1 (x) = x2 , y2 (x) = x2 ln x

y(x) = 1 + sin x + 1 ex , z(x) = 2 cos x + 1 ex . 2 2 y1 (x) = ln (1/x), y2 (x) = x2. y(x) = ex + x2 + 1, z(x) = x2 + 1.

3. xy + y = 0;

4. (x + 1)y + xy y = (x + 1)2; 5. y + y = y 2 ; y= Cex 1 . +1

Find the dierential equation for an n-parameter family of curves. Examples: 1. y 2 = Cx3 2. 2. y = C1 x3 + C2 . x

3. y = C1 e2x + C2 xe2x . 4. y = C1 x3 + C2 Identify each of the following rst order dierential equations. 1. x(1 + y 2) + y(1 + x2 )y = 0. 2. (xy + y)y = x xy. 3. xy 2 dy = x3 ey/x x2 y dx 3y + x4 y 1/3. x

4. y =

5. (3x2 + 1)y 2xy = 6x. 6. x(1 y) + y(1 + x2) 7. xy = x2y + y 2 ln x. First order linear equations; nd general solution, solve an initial-value problem. Examples: 1. Find the general solution of x2 dy 2xy dx = x4 cos 2x dx. 1 dy = 0. dx

2. Find the general solution of (1 + x2 ) y + 1 + 2x y = 0. 3. Find the general solution of xy y = 2x ln x. 4. Find the solution of the initial-value problem xy + 3y = ex , x y(1) = 2.

Separable equations; nd general solution, solve an initial-value problem. Examples: 1. Find the general solution of yy + xy 2 x = 0. 2. Find the general solution of y = xex+y . 3. Find the general solution of yy = xy 2 x y 2 + 1. 4. Find the general solution of ln x dy y = . dx x x2 y y , y+1 y(3) = 1.

5. Find the solution of the initial-value problem y =

Applications Examples: 1. Given the family of curves y = Ce2x + 1. Find the family of orthogonal trajectories. 2. Given the family of curves y 2 = Cx3 2. Find the family of orthogonal trajectories. 3. A 200 gallon tank, initially full of water, develops a leak at the bottom. Given that 20% of the water leaks out in the rst 4 minutes, nd the amount of water left in the tank t minutes after the leak develops if: (i) The water drains o a rate proportional to the amount of water present. (ii) The water drains o a rate proportional to the product of the time elapsed and the amount of water present. (iii) The water drains o a rate proportional to the square root of the amount of water present. 4. A certain radioactive material is decaying at a rate proportional to the amount present. If a sample of 100 grams of the material was present initially and after 2 hours the sample lost 20% of its mass, nd: (a) An expression for the mass of the material remaining at any time t. (b) The mass of the material after 4 hours. (c) The half-life of the material. 5. A biologist observes that a certain bacterial colony triples every 4 hours and after 12 hours occupies 1 square centimeter. Assume that the colony obeys the population growth law. 2

(a) How much area did the colony occupy when rst observed? (b) What is the doubling time for the colony? 6. A thermometer is taken from a room where the temperature is 72o F to the outside where the temperature is 32o F . After 1/2 minute, the thermometer reads 50o F . (a) What will the thermometer read after it has been outside for 1 minute? (b) How many minutes does the thermometer have to be outside for it to read 35o F ? 7. An advertising company designs a campaign to introduce a new product to a metropolitan area of population M . Let P = P (t) denote the number of people who become aware of the product by time t. Suppose that P increases at a rate proportional to the number of people still unaware of the product. The company determines that no one is aware of the product at the beginning of the campaign [P (0) = 0] and that 30% of the people were aware of the product after 10 days of advertising. (a) Give the dierential equation that describes the number of people who become aware of the product by time t. (b) Determine the solution of the dierential equation in (a) that satises the initial condition P (0) = 0. (c) How long does it take for 90% of the population to become aware of the product?

Second order linear equations; general theory. Examples: 1. The functions y1 (x) = 2x4 x2 , y2 (x) = 3x2 , y3 (x) = x4 + 2x2 are solutions of x2y xy 8y = 0. (i) Find a solution basis for the equation and justify your answer. (ii) Give the general solution of the equation. 2. Given the dierential equation y 2 y x 4 y = 0. x2

(a) Find two values of r such that y = xr is a solution of the equation. (b) Determine a fundamental set of solutions and give the general solution of the equation. (c) Find the solution of the equation satisfying the initial conditions y(1) = 2, y (1) = 1. (d) Find the solution of the equation satisfying the initial conditions y(2) = y (2) = 0. 3. Given the dierential equation (x2 + 2x 1)y 2(x + 1)y + 2y = 0. (a) Show that the equation has a linear polynomial and a quadratic polynomial as solutions. b Find two linearly independent solutions of the equation and give the general solution.

Homogeneous equations with constant coecients. Examples: 1. Find the general solution of y + 10y + 25 y = 0. 2. Find the general solution of y 8 y + 15 y = 0. 3. Find the general solution of y + 4y + 20y = 0. 4. Find the solution of the initial-value problem: y 2y + 2y = 0; 5. Find the solution of the initial-value problem: y + 4y + 4y = 0; 6. Find the general solution of y 2 y + 2 y = 0, a constant. , constants. y(0) = 1, y (0) = 1. y(1) = 2, y (1) = 1.

7. Find the general solution of y 2 y + (2 + 2 )y = 0,

8. The function y = 2e3x 5e4x is a solution of a second order linear dierential equation with constant coecients. What is the equation? 9. The function y = e3x cos 2x is a solution of a second order linear dierential equation with constant coecients. What is the equation? 10. Find a second order linear homogeneous dierential equation with constant coecients that has y = e4x as a solution. 11. The function y = x e4x is a solution of a second order linear dierential equation with constant coecients. What is the equation?