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Buck Converter for Solar Car Why to change the p y g place of the switch in the circuit for the solar project? Can we change the place of any device else? How about the boost converter ?
P-cell
N-cell
Basic it hi B i switching cells are b i k f b ildi th ll bricks for building the house of high frequency switching converters.
Buck Converters
Single-Switch Flow out Positive Input Conventional Buck Converter
Positive Output
Float
Boost Converters
Single-Switch Negative Input Negative Output
Float
Conventional Boost Converter Positive Input Vin Easy-Drive-Switch Easy Drive Switch Topology without isolation
IL
Vout
Positive Output
ENEL371S2
Power Electronics 1
Lecture 5 Boost Converter
Continuous Conduction Department of ECE University of Canterbury 2012
BUCK Conversion
BOOST Conversion
Inductor Energy Storage or Filtering Switch Power Switching Regulation Switch+Diode = 1 Pole 2 Throw Switch
CONCEPT
Steady-State Inductor
For an energy storage inductor in DC-DC converters, converters steady state means that energy rise is equal to energy fall in the inductor over one switching p g period.
1 2 EL = LiL 2 iL ( t + T ) = iL ( t ) EL = 0
RULES
Average voltage per switching period = 0
diL T T L = vL 1 dt vL (t ) dt = 0 vL (t ) dt = 0 L0 0 iL ( t + T ) = iL ( t )
Steady-State Capacitor
For an energy storage capacitor in DC-DC converters, converters steady state means that energy rise is equal to energy fall in the capacitor over one switching p g period.
1 2 EC = CvC 2 vC ( t + T ) = vC ( t ) EC = 0
RULES
Average current per switching period = 0
dv d C T T = iC C 1 dt iC (t ) dt = 0 iC (t ) dt = 0 0 C0 vC ( t + T ) = vC ( t )
Steady-State Conversion
For a steady-state ideal PWM DC-DC converter, steady state switching means that Average input power over one switching period is equal to average output power over one switching period
How to Analyze it
Steady-State Analysis of Inductor (over one switching period)
BOOST
Boost Regulator
Continuous Conduction Mode (CCM)
Boost Regulators
id
Four Tasks: 1. Step-up Ratio 2. Inductor Current Ripple p g pp 3. Capacitor Voltage Ripple 4. Switch Peak Current
1 Switching Frequency : f s = Ts
vC = vo = io R = I o R
KCL
io iC = iL io id iL = iC + io charging L discharging L charging L g g discharging L
diL vL = L dt
Inductor voltage Switch ON
v
0
(t ) dt = 0
RULES
v
0
(t ) dt = 0
Switch kTs Ts ON
v
0
dt +
kTs
(v
Switch OFF
vo ) dt = 0
Id Io
Output/input voltage ratio always >1 l 1
In practice, stepp p up ratio often choose 3~5, and the max value of k is set to be less than 95%.
k <1
It is hard to control boost converter for large g voltage step-up. Step-up ratio is nonlinear.
vL = L
Switch ON
diL dt
Inductor voltage
vd dt + I L (min)
Switch OFF
vd kv k d I L = kTs = L Lf s
Inductor current
1 vo = vd 1 k kvd k (1 k )vo I L = = Lf s Lf s
id
Id: average value of source current id vo = 1 Id IL over one switching period Ts vd 1 k = = Io: average value of load current io, io=Io is treated as ripple-free IL: average value of load current iL, l fl d iL=id and IL=Id.
IL = Id Io IL = 1 k
Io
Io
1 1 k
kvd k (1 k )vo I L = = Lf s Lf s
k (1 k )vo I L = Lf s k (1 k ) R k (1 k ) 2 R = Io = IL Lf s Lf s I L k (1 k ) 2 R = IL Lf s
Obviously, to increase switching frequency and inductor value, th i d t current ripple can b reduced; li ht l d l the inductor t i l be d d light load will increase inductor current ripple.
iL (max)
t vd -vo Ts= fs
1 = I L + I L 2
kvd k (1 k )vo I L = = Lf s Lf s Io IL = 1 k
iL
IL=Id t
kTs
charging
iL (max)
Io 1 kvd = + 2 Lf s 1 k
Switch ON
io
Capacitor current
iD
Load current
switching frequency : f s = 1/ Ts
Switch ON
Switch OFF
Diode current
QC and vc = C 1t vc = vC (t ) vc (0) = iC dt C0 Switch ON Period : dvC iC = C dt 1 kT vC (min) = ( I o )dt + vC (max) C 0 kI o vC = vC (max) vC (min) = f sC
S
Capacitor current
Load current
switching frequency : f s = 1/ Ts
kI o vC = f sC
vC = vo , vo = I o R kI o k vC vC = = f sC f sC R vC k = vC f s CR
Resistance R i Load R
Obviously, to increase switching f Ob i l t i it hi frequency fs can reduce the capacitor voltage ripple; high duty ratio k and capacitor value C will reduce capacitor voltage ripple too.
Effect of Parasitic
The duty-ratio is generally y g y limited before the parasitic effects become significant What the parasitic elements in Boost regulators ?
id All the devices in the circuit are not idea. For example, the inductor/capacitor has its internal resistance.
Lecture 5 - Summary
Steady-State Boost Converter in CCM
Step-up ratio Inductor current ripple Switch peak current Capacitor voltage ripple
id
Lecture 5 - Summary
Boost Regulator
1) Input source current id is continuous (better EMI at Input side ); 2) Requires large L and C for filtering (1st order RC filter) at output side (you can check its capacitor voltage ripple); 3) Switch current can be quite high with small k; ) 4) Difficult to control with small k.
id
Lecture 5 - Summary
Buck Regulator
Input source current id is discontinuous; requires small L and C (2nd order LC filter) at output side (you can check its capacitor voltage ripple t verify it) i l to if it); Easy control in CCM ( step-down ratio is k ) Low switch current;
Homework #5
Download h D l d homework #5 questions f k ti for Lecture 5 from Learn/ENEL371/Term3/Lecture5 L /ENEL371/T 3/L t 5
Quiz 1
on s off
L
L d
D
D
iC
C R
Please draw the waveforms of vL, iL, iD iC and io the D, PWM Buck Converter over one switching period Ts
Contact Information:
Dr. Dr Keliang Zhou Office: Electrical A512 Email: keliang.zhou@canterbury.ac.nz Phone: 3642240 Ext.6240
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