5a ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERTER

AIM To study the working of an 8-bit Analog to Digital converter. EQUIPMENT REQUIRED S. No 1 2 Apparatus A/D converter trainer kit Digital multimeter Quantity 1 1

THEORY Most of the real world physical quantities such as voltage, current, temperature, pressure and time etc. are available in analog form. Therefore, for processing, transmission and storage purposes, it is often convenient to express these variables in digital form. Analog to digital converter (ADC) is a device that converts analog information into digital form. Successive approximation type is a ADC which completes an n-bit conversion in n-clock periods. The converter uses a digital control register with gated binary inputs of 1 and 0, a D/A converter with a reference voltage supply, a comparison circuit, a control timing loop, and a distribution register. The distribution register is a ring counter. At the start of conversion cycle, both the control register and the distribution register are set with a 1 in the MSB and a 0 in all bits of less significance. This causes an output voltage at the D/A converter and is compared in the comparator with the analog input. Depending on the comparator output, the MSB remains in the state 1 or it is reset to 0. The procedure repeats itself until the final approximation has been corrected and the distribution register indicates the end of the conversion. BLOCK DIAGRAM

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Sri Krishna College of Engineering & Technology, Coimbatore - 8

PROCEDURE i. Switch ON the ADC trainer kit.

ii. The analog input voltage is provided through the variable terminal of potentiometer. It is
observed at the analog input channel 0. iii. Vary the potentiometer until the analog input voltage reaches zero (0 V) iv. The start of conversion (SOC) button is pressed once to start the conversion from analog signal to digital signal form. The address latch enable (ALE) button is also pressed once, so as to enable the digital data to be sent to the output.

v. The digital output for the corresponding analog input is displayed on the LEDs D0 through D7.
vi. Vary the potentiometer for different values of analog inputs and note down the corresponding 8 digit digital output. vii. Plot the graph of analog output Vs output in hexadecimal. TABULATION S. No Analog Input (V) Digital output Output data in Hexadecimal

MODEL GRAPH

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Sri Krishna College of Engineering & Technology, Coimbatore - 8

5b DIGITAL TO ANALOG CONVERTER

AIM To design a 4-bit i) weighted resistor and ii) R-2R ladder type DAC EQUIPMENT REQUIRED S. No 1 Equipment 741 Op-amp Range 10k 20k 100k 40k, 80k, 160k 100k Quantity 1 4 6 2 1 each 1 1 1 As required

Resistors

3 4 5 6 THEORY

Potentiometer Analog Trainer kit Digital multimeter Probes and connecting wires

This requires a digital to analog converter (DAC). The different ways to implement DAC are: Weighted resistor DAC, R-2R ladder and Inverted R-2R ladder DAC. Weighted Resistor Weighted resistor type DAC uses a summing amplifier with a binary weighted resistor network. It has n-electronic switches d1, d2, d3 dn, controlled by binary input word. If the binary input to a particular switch is 1, it connects the resistance to the reference voltage (V R). And if the input bit is 0, the switch connects the resistor to the ground. The output voltage is given by: VO = VR (Rf/R) (d12-1 + d22-2 + . + dn2-n) The drawback of this type of DAC is the wide range of resistor values required. For an n-bit DAC the largest resistor value required is 2nR. Also the voltage drop across the large resistor affects the accuracy. R-2R Ladder Wide range of resistors are required in binary weighted resistor type DAC. This is avoided by using R-2R ladder type DAC where only two values of resistors are required. The output from the resistive ladder networks is amplified by the summing amplifier. This circuit is well suited for integrated circuit realization. DESIGN Weighted Resistor DAC Choose R=10K For 4-bit weighted resistor type, the resistors required are 21R, 22R, 23R, 24R. R-2R ladder type Choose R=10K, 2R=20 K

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Sri Krishna College of Engineering & Technology, Coimbatore - 8

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM Circuit 1: Weighted resistor type DAC

Circuit 2: R-2R ladder type DAC

TABULATION Analog Output S. No Digital input Weighted Resistor type R-2R ladder type Theoretical Output

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Sri Krishna College of Engineering & Technology, Coimbatore - 8

PROCEDURE

1. Set up the circuit as shown in fig. 2. With all inputs (d0 to d3) shorted to ground, adjust the 100K pot until the output is 0V. This will
nullify any offset voltage at the input of the op-amp. 3. Measure the output voltage for all binary inputs (0000 to 1111) states and plot a graph of binary input Vs output voltage. 4. Measure the size of each step and hence calculate resolution. 5. Calculate the theoretical output and plot it with the practical output obtained. MODEL GRAPH

Analog Output (Volts)

V4 V3 V2 V1

0000

0001

0010

0011

0100

0101

0110

0111

Digital Input

Pre Lab Questions 1. What is A/D converter? 2. What are the types of ADC? 3. What is successive approximation type of ADC? 4. Mention the features of successive approximation type ADC. 5. What is D/A converter 6. What are the types of DAC? 7. Mention the drawbacks of weighted resistor DAC. 8. List the advantages of R-2R ladder type DAC. Post Lab Questions 1. What is resolution? 2. What is linearity?

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Sri Krishna College of Engineering & Technology, Coimbatore - 8