Escolar Documentos
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.0 GENERAL...................................................................................................................................................................................1
1.1 INTRODUCTION.........................................................................................................................................................................1
1.2 PURPOSE......................................................................................................................................................................................1
1.3 DEFINITIONS...............................................................................................................................................................................1
1.3.1 COMPANY - THE XXXXX NATIONAL OIL COMPANY (XXXXX).........................................................................................1
1.3.2 CONCESSION REQUEST - A DEVIATION REQUESTED BY THE CONTRACTOR OR VENDOR, USUALLY AFTER RECEIVING THE
CONTRACT PACKAGE OR PURCHASE ORDER . OFTEN, IT REFERS TO AN AUTHORIZATION TO USE , REPAIR, RECONDITION , RECLAIM , OR RELEASE
MATERIALS , COMPONENTS OR EQUIPMENT ALREADY IN PROGRESS OR COMPLETELY MANUFACTURED BUT DOES NOT MEET OR COMPLY WITH
XXXXX REQUIREMENTS . A CONCESSION REQUEST IS SUBJECT TO PMT APPROVAL........................................................................1
1.3.3 CONTRACTOR - THE PARTY WHICH CARRIES OUT ALL OR PART OF THE DESIGN, ENGINEERING, PROCUREMENT, CONSTRUCTION,
COMMISSIONING OR MANAGEMENT OF THE PROJECT................................................................................................................................1
1.3.4 MANUFACTURER/VENDOR - THE PARTY WHICH MANUFACTURERS AND/OR SUPPLIES EQUIPMENT, TECHNICAL
DOCUMENTS /DRAWINGS AND SERVICES TO PERFORM THE DUTIES SPECIFIED BY XXXXX/CONTRACTOR....................................................1
1.3.5 PROJECT - XXXXX OGD PROJECT 1219 - PHASE II........................................................................................................1
1.3.6 PROJECT MANAGEMENT TEAM (PMT) - THE COMPANY AUTHORIZED PARTY RESPONSIBLE FOR THE OVERALL DAY-TO-DAY
EXECUTION OF THE PROJECT. THE PMT IS TO SERVE AS THE LIAISON BETWEEN THE COMPANY AND THE CONTRACTOR(S ) ON THE
PROJECT.............................................................................................................................................................................................1
1.3.7 SHALL - INDICATES A MANDATORY REQUIREMENT...........................................................................................................................1
1.3.8 SUBCONTRACTOR - THE PARTY(S) WHICH CARRY(S) OUT ALL OR PART OF THE DESIGN, PROCUREMENT, INSTALLATION AND TESTING
OF THE SYSTEM (S) AS SPECIFIED BY THE CONTRACTOR/VENDOR.....................................................................................................2
1.4 EXCEPTIONS...............................................................................................................................................................................2
2.0 CODES AND STANDARDS....................................................................................................................................................2
3.0 REFERENCE DOCUMENTS.................................................................................................................................................2
4.0 DOCUMENT PRECEDENCE................................................................................................................................................2
5.0 SPECIFICATION DEVIATION/CONCESSION CONTROL.........................................................................................3
6.0 DESIGN.......................................................................................................................................................................................3
6.1 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS....................................................................................................................................................3
6.2 TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS................................................................................................................................................7
TUBE OD.............................................................................................................................................................................................9
CARBON STEEL AND LOW ALLOYS..........................................................................................................................................9
HIGH ALLOYS...................................................................................................................................................................................9
15.88 MM *.............................................................................................................................................................................................9
(0.625) IN...............................................................................................................................................................................................9
(MIN. WALL)......................................................................................................................................................................................9
2.11 MM.................................................................................................................................................................................................9
(0.083) IN...............................................................................................................................................................................................9
(MIN. WALL)......................................................................................................................................................................................9
1.65 MM.................................................................................................................................................................................................9
(0.065) IN...............................................................................................................................................................................................9
19.05.MM...............................................................................................................................................................................................9
(0.75) IN.................................................................................................................................................................................................9
2.11 MM.................................................................................................................................................................................................9
(0.083) IN...............................................................................................................................................................................................9
1.65 MM.................................................................................................................................................................................................9
(0.065) IN...............................................................................................................................................................................................9
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25.4 MM.................................................................................................................................................................................................9
(1) IN......................................................................................................................................................................................................9
2.77 MM.................................................................................................................................................................................................9
(0.109) IN...............................................................................................................................................................................................9
2.41 MM.................................................................................................................................................................................................9
(0.095) IN...............................................................................................................................................................................................9
31.75 MM**...........................................................................................................................................................................................9
(1.25) IN.................................................................................................................................................................................................9
2.77 MM.................................................................................................................................................................................................9
(0.109) IN...............................................................................................................................................................................................9
2.41 MM.................................................................................................................................................................................................9
(0.095) IN...............................................................................................................................................................................................9
SHELL SIDE SERVICE...................................................................................................................................................................10
TUBE SIDE FOULING....................................................................................................................................................................10
M2HRC/K CAL
(FT2HRF/BTU)......................................................................................................................................................................................10
MIN. TUBE O.D................................................................................................................................................................................10
MM ( IN.)..............................................................................................................................................................................................10
PITCH, MM (IN.)..................................................................................................................................................................................10
AND LAYOUT..........................................................................................................................................................................................10
CLEAN*................................................................................................................................................................................................10
UP TO AND INCLUDING 0.0006 (0.003)...................................................................................................................................................10
19.05 (0.75)........................................................................................................................................................................................10
25.4 (1.0) 30......................................................................................................................................................................................10
CLEAN*................................................................................................................................................................................................10
OVER 0.0006 (0.003)...........................................................................................................................................................................10
25.4 (1)................................................................................................................................................................................................10
31.75 (1.25) 30..................................................................................................................................................................................10
FOULING*..............................................................................................................................................................................................10
UP TO AND INCLUDING 0.0006 (0.003)...................................................................................................................................................10
19.05 (0.75)........................................................................................................................................................................................10
25.4 (1) 90/45...................................................................................................................................................................................10
FOULING*..............................................................................................................................................................................................10
OVER 0.0006 (0.003)...........................................................................................................................................................................10
25.4 (1)................................................................................................................................................................................................10
31.75 (1.25) 90/45............................................................................................................................................................................10
7.0 MATERIALS............................................................................................................................................................................17
8.0 FABRICATION........................................................................................................................................................................17
9.0 TESTING...................................................................................................................................................................................17
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1.0 GENERAL
1.1 INTRODUCTION
This Specification establishes the criteria for the thermal design of standard TEMA
type Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers for the PROJECT. It also defines the minimum
process and mechanical data required for thermal and hydraulic design and
completion of Heat Exchanger Data Sheets (hereinafter referred to as Data Sheets).
1.2 PURPOSE
The purpose of this specification is to ensure consistency in selection and design of
TEMA type shell and tube heat exchangers for the XXXXX Onshore Gas Development
Project Phase II - Project N 1219.
1.3 DEFINITIONS
For the purpose of the specification, the following, definitions shall apply.
1.3.1
1.3.2
1.3.3
CONTRACTOR - The party which carries out all or part of the design, engineering,
procurement, construction, commissioning or management of the PROJECT.
1.3.4
1.3.5
1.3.6
1.3.7
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SUBCONTRACTOR - The party(s) which carry(s) out all or part of the design,
procurement, installation and testing of the System(s) as specified by the
CONTRACTOR/VENDOR.
1.4 EXCEPTIONS
This specification does not apply to design of Double Pipe Heat Exchangers, Plate
Heat Exchangers, Water Cooled Surface Condensers, and Brazed Aluminium Fin
Heat Exchangers. For other special applications only part of this specification may be
relevant, subject to mutual agreement between VENDOR/MANUFACTURER and
COMPANY/CONTRACTOR.
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DESIGN GENERAL SPECIFICATION FOR SHELL & TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER DESIGN CRITERIA
6.0 DESIGN
6.1 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
6.1.1
Definitions
Clean Service shall satisfy the following conditions:
e. Fouling resistance less than or equal to 0.00041 m2hrC/kcal (0.002 ft2 hr F/Btu).
f.
Fouling Service shall include all services not otherwise defined as clean service, or
where mechanical cleaning is required.
6.1.2
Process Data
In addition to heat duty, fluid identity, flow rates, design pressures and temperatures,
operating pressures and temperatures, allowable pressure drops, material of
construction and exchanger type and setting, the process data shall include but not be
limited to the following:
6.1.2.1
Liquid
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Immiscible or free water shall be shown on the Data Sheet. Fluid properties
shall not be weighted to include immiscible water.
Condensing Service
j.
Physical property requirements shall be the same as for sensible heat transfer
plus the bubble point, dew point, latent heat, quantity and molecular weight
of noncondensible gas and quantity of steam when present. Vapor physical
properties shall be weighted for the entire vapor phase mixture. For cases
where H2 content is more than 10 mol percent, vapor mixture physical
properties shall be given under three referenced temperatures. Latent heat
for a steam/hydrocarbon mixture shall be for the hydrocarbon only.
For non-linear heat release services, a plot with duty, weight percent vapor and
molecular weight versus temperature shall be provided.
m. When fluid entering exchanger is a vapor mixture at its dew point temperature,
liquid properties shall also be given at that temperature unless sensible heat
is 10 percent or less of total duty.
6.1.2.3
Boiling Service
n. Physical property requirements shall be the same as for sensible heat transfer
plus liquid surface tension, mixture bubble point and dew point, critical
pressure and temperature and latent heat.
o. The Process Engineer shall provide tables or curves showing vapor temperature
and fraction vaporized at two constant reference pressures between bubble
point and dew point, with three additional points between. The three
additional points must be close to the operating range.
For pure
components or in cases with very narrow boiling ranges only vapor
pressures at two temperatures need be provided.
p. For non-linear heat release services, a plot with duty, molecular weight and weight
percent vapor versus temperature shall be provided.
q. For kettle reboilers, the required entrainment ratio (kg liq/kg vapor) shall be
provided, including steam purity for steam generators.
r.
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Corrosion Allowance
s. For all exchanger parts, except tubes, the materials of construction and corrosion
allowance shall be selected to give exchangers a design service life of 30
years being in accordance with PROJECT Specifications. Corrosion
allowance shall be specified on the Data Sheets.
t.
Tubes shall have a design life of 100000 hours and where necessary to achieve
this, corrosion allowance for tubes in high pressure service shall be
specified.
u. Corrosion allowance for nozzles and manholes shall be equal to that specified for
shell/head. Standard corrosion allowance for carbon and low alloy steels
shall be 3 mm. Where a larger corrosion allowance is required this will be
shown on the data sheets.
6.1.2.5
Fouling
Fouling factors and cleaning requirements shall be specified on the Data Sheets.
6.1.2.6
Nozzle Sizes
Where practical, the exchanger nozzles shall be designed to match the line sizes
provided that exchanger thermal, vibration and hydraulic requirements are met, and
that TEMA entrance and exit velocity criteria are satisfied.
6.1.2.7
6.1.2.8
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z. For the determination of the design pressure on the low pressure side, the greater
of the initial design pressure on the low pressure side or 2/3 of the design
pressure on the high pressure side shall be taken. However, if it is
economic to maintain the initial design pressure on the low pressure side by
installing a relief device, this may be considered. The size of the relief
device shall be determined based on a possible tube rupture. The size of
the leak shall be taken twice the internal cross-sectional area of one tube.
aa. For heat exchangers in series, individual shells of a unit may have different design
temperatures for economy in material selection. Where this applies,
measures shall be taken to prevent incorrect line-up of shells within the unit.
bb. The effect of the temperature profile over a thick wall tubesheet not being linear
shall be taken into account because this may have a large consequence on
the mean metal temperature as well as on the temperature gradient and
stresses within the tubesheet.
cc. Minimum design pressure shall be Identified on data sheets.
dd. Both, Design Temperature (DT) and Minimum Design Metal Temperature (MDMT)
shall be identified on Data Sheets.
6.1.2.9
6.1.3
Mechanical Data
The complete Data Sheets shall include the following information, as a minimum:
ee. Process data (including heat release curves, when applicable).
ff. Parameters defining exchangers thermal performance (i.e. heat transfer
coefficients, calculated pressure drops, Mean Temperature Difference, etc.).
gg. Definition of exchangers type and orientation.
hh. Identification of any special design considerations.
ii. Outline drawing, defining overall dimensions, required maintenance clearances,
locations of vents, drains and any other non-process connections, process
nozzles size, rating, location and projection, saddles location and
projections, location and sizing of the anchor bolts, flow direction.
jj. Definition of internals, like baffle spacing, or internal expansion joints.
kk. Tube layout including as a minimum: number of tubes, tube diameter, outer tube
limit (OTL), baffle cut, baffle orientation, sealing and sliding strips, tie rod
location and size, definition of impingement protection (if required),
schematic identification of the shellside nozzle size.
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6.2.2.1
ECT
oo. In general, bonnet Type B should be used for the front end stationary head. For
water-cooled exchangers where frequent tube side cleaning is anticipated
and the tube side design pressure is less than 10 bar g, the front end
stationary head shall be Type A.
pp. Rear end head Type M should be used for fixed tubesheet designs. However, for
heat exchangers with a Type A front end stationary head and an odd
number of tube passes Type L shall be selected.
qq. Rear end head Type S should be used for floating head type heat exchangers with
a nominal shell diameter of more than DN 250. Alternative construction
would need to be considered for diameters up to DN 250. Rear end head
Type T shall be used for a kettle type heat exchanger with floating head.
rr. High pressure or other design requirements may justify deviation from the
guidelines shown.
6.2.2.2
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vv. The maximum controlling differential temperature between the tube and shell side
during operation, start-up, shutdown or steamout shall be stated on the data
sheet and used to determine the requirement for an expansion joint and
tubesheet thickness on a fixed tubesheet heat exchanger. If design
consideration result in expansion joint being required, removable bundle
type shall be selected.
6.2.2.3
6.2.2.4
Shell Selection
The single-pass shell, Type E, shall be selected for general duties, except as indicated
below:
ww.Where the shell side pressure drop is a restricting factor, the divided flow shell
Type J or cross-flow shell Type X or double-split flow shell Type H, should
be considered.
xx. For horizontal shell side thermosyphon reboilers, Type G, J, X, or Type H should
be selected.
yy. The kettle type shell, Type K, should be selected for boiling where almost 100%
vaporization (0-5% entrainment) or where a phase separation is required.
zz. The use of TEMA Type F shells with removable bundles is discouraged unless
there are considerable economic savings or design advantages. Limit shell
side pressure drop to 0.48 bar (7.0 psi) per shell and temperature differential
between shell inlet and shell outlet to 140C (250F).
6.2.2.5
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DESIGN GENERAL SPECIFICATION FOR SHELL & TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER DESIGN CRITERIA
6.2.3
Tube Bundle
6.2.3.1
Maximum Size
ddd.Maximum sizes shall be as shown below. Larger sizes may be considered to
realize economic or design advantages. Larger sizes must be approved by
the COMPANY
The maximum straight length tubes shall be 7315 mm (24 feet), except that for
fixed tube sheet bundles a maximum length of 18,300 mm (60 ft) may be
considered in order to obtain sufficient velocity of flow on the tube side for
clean service applications, subject to COMPANY approval on a case by case
basis.
The maximum bundle diameter for removable bundle exchanges shall be 1,524
mm (60 in). The maximum removable bundle weight shall be 18,140 kg
(40,000 lb). The ratio of tube length to bundle outer diameter shall be less
than 10:1.
2440
3050
3660
4880
6100
7315
(Feet)
(8)
(10)
(12)
(16)
(20)
(24)
fff. The preferred tube lengths are 3050, 3660, 4880 and 6100 mm
ggg.Selection of different tube lengths then above for U-tubes may be considered
when economically justified, subject to company approval.
hhh.The maximum tube length for vertical thermosyphon reboilers shall be 6100 mm
(20 ft).
6.2.3.2
HIGH ALLOYS
(MIN. WALL)
1.65 mm
(0.065) in
1.65 mm
(0.065) in
2.41 mm
(0.095) in
2.41 mm
(0.095) in
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Allowed only for clean gas condensing in tubes. Requires prior approval by COMPANY.
TUBE SIDE
FOULING
MIN. TUBE
O.D.
PITCH, mm (in.)
m2hrC/k cal
(ft2hrF/Btu)
mm ( in.)
Clean*
Up to and including
0.0006 (0.003)
19.05 (0.75)
25.4 (1.0) 30
Clean*
25.4 (1)
31.75 (1.25) 30
Fouling*
Up to and including
0.0006 (0.003)
19.05 (0.75)
Fouling*
25.4 (1)
31.75 (1.25)
90/45
and layout
6.2.3.4
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mmm.Horizontal cut baffles are preferred for most services, including two phase flow
with vapor generation. Vertical cut should be used for condensing vapors,
liquids containing suspended solids, and in TEMA F, G and H shells.
Regardless of baffle orientation, vaporizing flow in the shellside should be
designed to be in shear flow rather than gravity flow.
nnn.Baffle cut perpendicular to nozzle centerline (normally horizontal cut) is preferred
for single phase fluids. Where shellside inlet nozzle has 180 rotation from
shellside outlet nozzle, the number of shellside crosspasses must be odd for
segmental baffles.
ooo.The minimum baffle cut for segment baffles shall be 15 percent of the shell inside
diameter.
ppp.All U-tube bundles shall have full support plate at u-bend. The full support plate
shall be trimmed to the extent defined by the baffles outline (on top and
bottom) but covering the full tube layout.
6.2.3.5
Bundle Rotation
Where possible, without decreasing the thermal performance of exchanger, the
carbon steel U-tube bundles shall be designed to allow their operation after being
placed back into exchanger, following 180 rotation around their longitudinal axis.
6.2.3.6
Tubesheet
All removable bundles used with B type front head shall have their stationary
tubesheets extended to be equal to shell flange outside diameter. Tubesheet
thickness must be sufficient to eliminate a need for test rings.
Removable bundles used with A type front head do not need to have full diameter
tubesheets.
6.2.3.7
6.2.3.8
Finned Tubes
Wolverine type S/T (or equal) low and medium height integral fin tubes are acceptable
under the following conditions, but require COMPANY approval:
qqq.The shell side fouling resistance using low fin tubes does not exceed 0.0002 m2hr
C/kcal. Medium height fin tubes are to be used only in gas services with
fouling not greater than 0.0002 m2 m C/kcal.
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6.2.4
Water-Cooled Coolers
6.2.4.1
6.2.4.2
yyy.(3-6)
aaaa.2.0 4.5
bbbb.(6.5 - 13)
cccc.Titanium
dddd.0.92 4.57
eeee.(3-15)
gggg.0.92 2.74
hhhh.(3-9)
kkkk.(3-10)
mmmm.1.0
- 2.5
nnnn.(3.8)
pppp.1.0 2.1
qqqq.(3.7)
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rrrr.Monel
ssss.1.8 3.5
tttt. (6 - 11.5)
vvvv.1.52 3.66
wwww.(5-12)
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Shell Side
Cooling Water
Tube Side
X
Lower Allowable P
Corrosive Fluids/Alloy
Construction
* If chemical cleaning can be utilized, the fouling fluid may be placed on the shell side.
6.2.6
Special Applications
6.2.6.1
Slurry Handling
Slurry services shall be routed through the tube side of the exchanger.
Minimum tube size shall be 25.4 mm (1 in.) OD at 2.77 mm (0.109 in.) (BWG) wall
thickness.
Velocity limits for cycle oil containing catalyst fine shall be as listed below.
optimum velocity is 1.75 m/sec (5.75 ft/sec).
Minimum
Straight tube
21.3
(7.0)
1.14
(3.75)
U-tube
1.75
(5.75)
1.14
(3.75)
The
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HF Acid/Lethal Service
To minimize chances of acid leakage into the process area, exchanger design shall
provide as few joint closures as practical.
6.2.6.3
6.2.7
Figure 1.
SPIDER PIPES
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6.2.10
Shell Diameter
Up to nominal diameter of 500 mm (20 in) line pipe shall be used.
For shells rolled from plate, the nominal shell diameter is the shell inside diameter.
For shells rolled from plate, inside diameters should be changed in 10 mm increments
during thermal design or sizing. This requirement can be deviated from in case of
high pressure application and when it is economically justified.
6.2.11
7.0 MATERIALS
Materials selection shall be indicated on the PROJECT equipment Data Sheets.
8.0 FABRICATION
PROJECT equipment Data Sheets shall indicate any special fabrication requirements.
9.0 TESTING
PROJECT equipment Data Sheets shall indicate any special testing requirements.