BIO223: Human Anatomy

L02: Epithelium

UNC-Asheville, f2011

Introduction to Histology

Vertebrate Organization:
molecules organelles cells tissues organs organ systems organism

All the different cells in the body originate from a single cell.

TISSUES groups of related cells with similar function

gut lining cartilage neurons muscle

Histology = study of tissues Related cells (tissues) have similar biochemical make-up. 3 steps: (1) Fixation (2) Sectioning (3) Staining

H&E staining
nuclei = purple cytoplasm, matrix proteins = pinkish

Tissue stained to indicate insulin

BIO223: Human Anatomy

L02: Epithelium

UNC-Asheville, f2011

Slides give you a 2D look at a 3D structure.

Structures look different depending on how/where they are sliced.

Sections: Longitudinal (LS)

4 basic kinds of tissues make up all structures in body: EPITHELIUM CONNECTIVE TISSUE MUSCLE NERVOUS TISSUE

Cross-section (XS)

Oblique section

4 basic kinds of tissues make up all structures in body: EPITHELIUM CONNECTIVE TISSUE MUSCLE NERVOUS TISSUE

Characteristics of Epithelium:
Covers surfaces Apical Surface (free edge) Basal lamina (= Basement Membrane) attaches epithelium to the underlying tissues Cells have polarity Cells packed closely together often specialized j ft i li d junctions b t ti between cells ll little ECF = Extra-Cellular Fluid [aka interstitial fluid (ISF)] High rate of mitosis and regeneration Avascular contains no blood vessels all nutrients and oxygen must diffuse from the underlying tissue [blood vessels themselves are a special case endothelium]

BIO223: Human Anatomy

L02: Epithelium

UNC-Asheville, f2011

Vertebrates have tube-within-a-tube body plan Different tissue types arise from different layers of the embryo Epithelium covers all surfaces that open to the outside of body

free space filled with air or fluid

Apical Surface
Epithelium

Early embryo

single cell
mouth

nucleus
Lancet

Basal Lamina

Connective Tissue

anus

Polarity Organelles are not distributed evenly throughout cytoplasm there is a top (apical) and bottom (basal)

Apical surface (top)

Apical surface
Cell-1 Cell-2 (microvilli)

Specialized junctions connect tightly-packed cells, and regulate communication among neighboring cells Basal lamina attaches epithelium to underlying connective tissue.

Basal lamina

Basal lamina (bottom)

Functions of epithelium:
All contact w/ external world mediated by epithelium Protection Control permeability, absorption & secretion Sensation (neuroepithelium) Produce specialized secretions (glands)
(e.g. sweat, synovial fluid, hormones, milk, digestive enzymes)

Classification of epithelial tissues:

SHAPE:
(as seen in cross-section)

1. Squamous 2. Cuboidal 3. Columnar

Basal lamina

LAYERS: Simple Stratified Pseudostratified

BIO223: Human Anatomy

L02: Epithelium

UNC-Asheville, f2011

Classification is based on # of layers and shape of cells at apical surface

Examples

Simple squamous epithelium

lines body cavity (coelom) inside blood vessels/heart alveoli of lungs

Simple squamous epithelium

Endothelial cell

capillary

lumen

Endothelial cell (simple squamous) RBCs in lumen of capillary

Lung alveoli
~3D cartoon

Examples

Examples

stratified squamous epithelium

Simple cuboidal epithelium

BIO223: Human Anatomy

L02: Epithelium

UNC-Asheville, f2011

Examples

LOCATION: lining of stomach, intestine, gallbladder, uterine tubes, collecting ducts of kidney FUNCTION: protection, secretion, absorption

Examples

Simple columnar epithelium Stratified columnar epithelium

Salivary gland duct

Stratified squamous epithelium (cornea)

Stratified squamous epithelium (wall of vagina)

Simple cuboidal epithelium (kidney duct, LS)

Simple cuboidal epithelium (kidney ducts, XS)

BIO223: Human Anatomy

L02: Epithelium

UNC-Asheville, f2011

Simple Columnar epithelium

Stratified cuboidal epithelium (lactiferous duct of breast)

Pseudo-stratified (columnar) epithelium [special case]

nuclei are at different positions, so it appears layered, but all the cells contact the basement membrane

True stratified columnar epithelium

Tongue, Mucous gland duct

distinct rows of nuclei

Pesudostratified epithelium
Trachea

Mucosa of trachea

more irregular arrangement of nuclei

Epithelium always has a free surface, and is named by number of layers and shape of cells at apical surface.

Epithelium, review Tissue that covers surfaces Classified based on cell shape and number most epithelial tissues are in membranes and/or glands

BIO223: Human Anatomy

L02: Epithelium

UNC-Asheville, f2011

Epithelium in the body is commonly part of membranes and glands

Epithelial Membranes
Cutaneous membrane skin; outer covering of body Mucous membranes (mucosa) epithelial lining of wet internal surfaces that connect to outside of body Serous membranes (serosa) epithelial linings inside the body cavity, does not open to outside of body Endothelium inner lining of blood vessels

Glandular Epithelium (secretion)

Cutaneous membrane
covers outside of body

Serous membrane
Does not open to outside lines body cavity & covers outer surface of abdominal organs f f bd i l

ENDOCRINE glands secrete products directly into interstitial fluid (ISF) and/or bloodstream (e.g. Hormones) EXOCRINE glands secrete products through ducts to surface of body p g y (ex. sweat, digestive enzymes, milk)

Mucous membrane
Surfaces ultimately connect to outside of body

Endocrine glands empty into blood or ECF Products are called hormones.

Exocrine glands empty onto surfaces through ducts surfaces may be external (skin) or internal (lumen of stomach)

BIO223: Human Anatomy

L02: Epithelium

UNC-Asheville, f2011

REVIEW:
Identify the epithelium shown on each of the following slides Indicate the apical surface and the basal lamina.