AbstractIn OFDM system fine-frequency offset and

channel state variation will exist continuously due to main

few reasons which are Doppler shift, instability of local
oscillators, and multipath fading. Thus, fine-frequency
offset and channel state variation must be tracked
continuously or periodically. Many algorithms have been
proposed algorithms for joint frequency tracking and
channel estimation aided with OFDM training blocks. In
this paper, we propose a study of performance of the
channel estimation using LS, MMSE, LMMSE and Lr-
LMMSE algorithms in OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency
Division Multiplexing) system which, as known suffers
from the time variation of the channel under high mobility
conditions, using pilot insertion.

Index TermsChannel estimation, frequency tracking,
linear minimum-mean-square-error (LMMSE) combiner,


INTRODUCTION:

ORTHOGONAL frequency division multiplexing (OFDM)
has recently received considerable interest for its advantages
in high-bit-rate transmissions over frequency selective fading
channels it has become increasingly popular during the last
decades, mainly because it provides a substantial reduction in
equalization complexity compared to classical modulation
techniques. In this system, the input high-rate data stream is
divided into many low-rate streams that are transmitted in
parallel, thereby increasing the symbol duration and reducing
the inter symbol interference (ISI).An efficient and accurate
channel estimation procedure is necessary for coherent
demodulation in OFDM systems. It is also possible to use
differential demodulation in OFDM systems for eliminating
the need for estimation of channel statistics, however, it has
the expense of a 34dB loss in signal-to-noise ratio (SNR).
The channel estimation technique can be classified into two
categories channel estimation algorithm in time domain
Another approach is to estimate channel in frequency domain
time domain estimators do not require channel statistics and
operation SNR, but they should determine the length of
channel impulse response in advance The computational
complexity is also high owing to the fact that additional IDFT,
DFT blocks are required.





The simplest algorithm in frequency domain is the least square
(LS) algorithm, which divides the received signal by the
transmitted signal in the frequency domain.Generally, the
frequency domain channel estimators have been applied to the
OFDM receivers because of its simplicity.we have introduced
also the estimation of the channel by the minimum mean
squared error which as known has a good performance but
high complexity. This estimator had demonstrated also a good
behaviour in the case of the block - pilot insertion but still
performs lower than the LMMSE algorithm. Though a linear
minimum mean-squared error (LMMSE) estimator using only
frequency correlation has lower complexity than one using
both time and frequency correlation, it still requires a large
number of operations. We introduce a low-complexity
approximation to a frequency-based LMMSE estimator that
uses the theory of optimal rank reduction.

There are two different types of channel parameter estimators.
i) Blind
ii) Pilot-aided
a) Comb type
b) Block type
Blind channel estimation techniques try to estimate the
channel without any knowledge of the transmitted data. This
method is helpful in terms of possible savings in training
overhead, however they are effective only when a large
amount of data
can be collected (so that stochastic estimation can be made
reliably). This is clearly a disadvantage in the case of mobile
wireless systems because of the time-varying nature of the
channel. Pilot-aided channel estimation is the other approach
in which training sequence consisting of known data symbols
(pilots) is transmitted at the beginning of a session and the
initial estimation of the channel parameters is performed using
the received pilot signal. It has been shown that the pilot-aided
channel estimation is the optimum way to estimate the channel
when signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is sufficiently high.
Comb type pilot channel estimation, has been introduced to
satisfy the need for equalizing when the channel changes even
from one OFDM block to the subsequent one. block type pilot
channel estimation, has been developed under the assumption
of slow fading channel. Even with decision feedback
equalizer, this assumes that the channel transfer function is not
changing very rapidly.
Channel estimation of OFDM system using low
complexity lmmse algorithm
Shobha Shakya Shekhar Sharma
SGSITS Indore(M.P.) SGSITS Indore(M.P.)
shobhashakya@gmail.com shekhar.sgsits@gmail.com






A dynamic estimation of channel is necessary before the
demodulation of OFDM signals since the radio channel is
frequency selective and time-varying for wideband mobile
communication systems. The estimation of the channel can be
based on Least Square (LS) or Minimum Mean-Square
(MMSE). The MMSE estimate has been shown to give 10-15
dB gain in signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for the same mean
square error of channel estimation over LS estimate . here we
are using a lowrank approximation to linear MMSE by using
the frequency correlation of the channel to eliminate the major
drawback of MMSE, which is complexity. a linear minimum
mean-squared error (LMMSE) estimator Using optimal rank
reduction, they develop a low-complexity algorithm which
computes an approximated LMMSE estimator. This
approximation is limiting the performance at high signal-to-
noise ratios (SNRs).
II SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
The OFDM system based on pilot channel estimation is given
in Fig. 1. The binary information is first grouped and mapped
according to the modulation for signal mapping. Then pilots
will be inserted to all sub-carriers uniformly between the
information data sequence or with a specific period. Yet, IDFT
block is used for transforming the data sequence
of length N{X(k)} into time domain signal {x(n)} as follow:

x(n) = IDFT{X (k)} n = 0,1, 2...., N 1
= X(k)c
](
2nnk
N
) N-1
K=0





Fig: 1 Baseband OFDM system
Following IDFT block, guard time, which is chosen to be
Larger than the expected delay spread, is inserted to prevent
Inter-symbol interference. This guard time includes the
cyclically extended part of OFDM symbol in order to
eliminate inter carrier interference (ICI). OFDM symbol
resulting from this succession is the follow:

x
]
(n)=_
x(N + n), n = -N
g,-
N
g
+ 1
x(n) n = u,1, N - 1

Where Ng is the length of the guard interval. Then, the
OFDM symbol x

(n) will pass through the channel which is

expected to be frequency selective and time varying with
Rayleigh fading and an Additive White Gaussian Noise
AWGN w(n) . The received signal is given by:

y

(n) = x

(n) h(n)+w(n)

Wherever h(n) is the channel impulse response which can
be represented as follow

b(n)= b

-1
=0
c
]
i[
2n
N
]
Di
T
n
o(z -

)

Where r is the total number of propagation paths, hi is the
complex impulse response of the ith path, fDi is the ith path
Doppler frequency shift, l is the delay spread index, T is the
sample period and i t is the ith path delay normalized by the
sampling time.
at the receiver, after passing to discrete domain through S/P
block, guard time is removed and the expression of y(n) is
given by

y
]
(n) For N
g
n N - 1

Y(n)=y
]
(n + N
g
) n=0,1,2,.....N-1

Then y(n) is driven to the DFT block and given by:

Y (k) = DFT{y(n)} k = 0,1, 2,..., N -1

1
N
y(n)
N-1
n=u
c
-](
2nkn
N
)







If we assume that the guard interval is longer than the length
of channe1 impulse response- there is no inter-symbol
interferencebetween OFDM symbols- the demultiplexed
samples Y (k) can be represented by

Y(k)=x(k)h(k)+W(k) k=0,1,.....N-1

After that, the received pilot signals Yp(k) are extracted from
Y (k)and so the channel transfer function H(k) the transmitted
data samples X(k) can be recovered by simply dividing the
received signal by the channel response:

x(k) =
y(k)
E(k)

H(k) is the estimate of H(k)


CHANNEL ESTIMATION SCHEME:

channel estimation symbols are transmitted regularly and all
sub-carriers are employed as pilots. If the channel is invariable
during the block, there will be no error in the channel
estimation as the pilots are sent at all carriers.

Y=Xh+n

Where y is the received vector, X is a matrix containing the
transmitted signalling points on its diagonal, h is a channel
attenuation vector, and n is a vector of i.i.d. complex, zero
mean Gaussian noise with variance o
n
2

In the following we present the LMMSE estimate of the
channel attenuations h from the received vector y and the
transmitted data X. We assume that the received OFDM
symbol contains data known to the estimator - either training
data or receiver decisions The complexity reduction of the
LMMSE estimator consists of two separate steps. In the first
step we modify the LMMSE by averaging over the transmitted
data, obtaining a simplified estimator. In the second step, we
reduce the number of multiplications required by applying the
theory of optimal rank-reduction.

Low complexity LMMSE channel estimation

LMMSE CHANNEL ESTIMATOR:

The LMMSE channel estimator tries to minimise the mean
square error between the actual and estimated channels

b
lmmsc
= R
by
R
yy
-1
y

R
hy
is the cioss coielation anu R
yy
is the autocoiielation
The LMMSE estimator can be expressed as:

lmmsc
= R

|R

+ o
n
2
(XY
B
)
1
]
1

ls





where

ls
= X
1
= _
yu
xu
y1
x1
.
yN 1
XN 1
_
I



Is the LS estimates of h. o
n
2
is the variance of the additive
channel noise
the LMMSE channel estimator can be represented as

lmmsc
= R

_R

+
[
SNR
I]
1

ls


Where [ is a constant depending on the type of modulation In
the case of 16-QAM transmission, = 17/9.

The error covariance matrix Ree of the LMMSE estimator
can be represented by

R
cc
= R

_R

[R

+
[
SNR
I
1
R

_ (1)

we can see that LMMSE channel estimation requires
knowledge of the channel frequency correlation and the
operating SNR LMMSE channel estimation needs the matrix
inversion and complex multiplication in an efficient
implementation. Thus, the main drawback of LMMSE channel
estimation is that it has a very high complexity owing to the
matrix inversion.
Now we take the optimal rank reduction of the estimation
of eq. (1) using the singular value decomposition (SVD).
SVD of the channel correlation matrix is given by
R
hh
=B
H


Where D is a matrix checking to have orthonormal columns
J
1
, J,
2
J
3
, J
N-1
and designs a diagonal matrix
which contains the singular values z
0
z
1<
z
2

z
N-1
u on its diagonal

We can write eq.(1)

=B
H

Is


Where is a diagonal matrix containing the values
o
k=
z
k
z
k
+
[
SNR


The best rank -p approximation of the estimator of eq (1)

= u[

p
u
u u
u
E

ls

Where
p
is the upper left p p corner of





SIMULATION RESULTS:

The OFDM system parameters used in our simulation are
presented in Table 1

Parameters Specifications
FFT SIZE 1024
Number of active
carriers
256
Pilot Ratio 1/8
Guard interval 256
Guard type Cyclic extension
Bandwidth 17.5
Signal constellation 16 QAM
Channel model Rayleigh fading

Table 1: simulation Parameters

We evaluate the performance of the proposed scheme in
Fig: 1 we have carried out the result of Lmmse channel
estimation algorithm which shows the improved BER
performance over without channel estimation.

In fig: 2 we can see that when the FFT size is very high, we
remark that the three algorithms converge .for the good
performance of lr-lmmse we need to keep the FFT size high.



Fig: 1 channel estimation Vs no channel estimation



Fig: 2 BER Vs SNR for FFT size=1024 using LS,
LMMSE, Lr-LMMSE algorithms with a 16 QAM
modulation

CONCLUSION:
In this paper, we proposed a simple and low-complexity
approach for the estimation of time varying OFDM channels
using different algorithm. LMMSE algorithm is convenient to
both comb pilot insertion and block-pilot insertion for the
estimation of OFDM channel since it gives a good
enhancement of the BER versus SNR and a good MSE. The
difficult task in this simulation is the size of FFT which
take more simulation time.

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0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
SNR
B
E
R


No Channel Estimation
Lmmse Channel Estimation
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
10
-0.8
10
-0.7
10
-0.6
10
-0.5
b
e
r
snr


ls
z
f
lmmse
lr
l
mmse
z
f


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by Ramji prasad


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