Notes on cell structure Cell theory o States that all living organisms are composed of one or more cells

s o States that cells are Basic structural and functional units Have membranes which regulate movements in and out Contain various organelles Contain hereditary information Units of conversion o 1 cm = 10-2m o 1 um = 10-6 m o 1 nm = 10-9 m Upper and lower limits of cells o Upper limit determined by surface are to vol. ratio diffusion distance nucleo-cytoplasmic ratio Name the typical animal and plant cells as seen under electron microscope and light microscope Light microscope Nucleus Cell surface membrane Cytoplasm Vacuole Nucleolus Chloroplast Tonoplast Cellulose cell wall Electron microscope All under light microscope Grana in chloroplast Chromatin Mitochondria Glogi apparatus Centrioles Lysosome Microvillus Microtubule Free ribosomes rER, sER Identify the different organelles under electron microscope (refer to notes) Describe the structure of the common cell organelles and relate to their functions components Structure Largest organelle ~10-20 um in diameter Found in all eukaryotic cells except mature phloem sieve-tube elements and rbc Double membrane Fluid filled space of 25 nm Outer membrane continuous with rER Has nuclear pores lined by protein octet Function Control centre for activities of the cell Contain DNA Essential for cell division

Cell organelles Nucleus

Nuclear envelope

Allow exchange of substances Selective in proteins

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Nucleoplasm

Gel-like matrix of nucleus

Euchromatin

Heterochromatin

Nucleolus Endoplasmic reticulum

Smooth ER

Lightly packed Unfolded Allows gene regulatory protein and RNA polymerase complexes to bind Lighter staining Genetically inactive Tightly coiled Located at the peripheral of nucleus Darkly stained spherical body inside nucleus Extensive 3D network of membranous tubules and sacs known as cisternae internal compartment known as cisternae space smooth without bound ribosomes consists of meshwork of fine tubules continuous with rER Presence of ribosomes System of flattened membrane-bound sacs called cistarnae Continuous with nucleus envelope

Serve as medium for diffusion of metabolites and large macromolecules Actively transcribed

Site of synthesis of ribosomal ribonucleic acid

Rough ER

Golgi Apparatus Stack of smooth surfaced, flattened membrane-bound sacs called cisternae System of associated Golgi vesicles Cis face (receive) and trans face (punches off)

Lysosomes

Contains hydrolytic enzymes Acidic in nature

Lipid synthesis Detoxification of drugs and poisons in the liver Storage and release of Ca2+ Secrete HCl Site of protein synthesis o Proteins formed will enter cisternal space o Fold into native config. o Bud off to Golgi Serves as intracellular transport network Stores secretions such as hormones Finishing factory chemically modifies them such as maturation by added short carbohydrate chains Sorts and package Formation of lysosomes Formation of cellulose cell walls in plant Phagocytosis Autophagy digestion of worn out organelles Autolysis suicide

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Peroxisomes

Contain oxidative enzymes that catalyze reactions

Mitochondria

Plastids

Chloroplast

Vacuole

Plant vacuole

Occur in all eukaryotic cells Large numbers Contain 70S ribosomes and circular DNA Double membrane o Smooth outer: highly permeable to small solutes o Inner convoluted (cristae): irregular series of partitions Intermembrane space Biconvex discs Double membrane Contain a system of flattened membranous sacs known as thylakoids Thylakoids form stacks known as grana Surrounding fluid: stroma Contain circular DNA, 70S ribosomes Enclosed by tonoplast Large permanent central vacuole

Break down fats in small molecules Store in liver to detoxify compounds Involved in cellular respiration Formation of ATP

Site of photosynthesis Contain chlorophyll Light dependent: thylakoid Light independent: stroma

Animal vacuole

Much smaller Temporary

Ribosome

Found in all cells Free ribosomes suspended in the cytosol Bound ribosomes attached to rER Usually occurring in clusters polyribosomes Size: 20 nm Made up of large subunit and a smaller subunit (40S +

Stores and reserves important organic compounds Stores inorganic compounds Contain pigments that colour the cells Plant growth by absorbing water and elongating cell Food vacuoles: formed by phagocytosis Contractile vacuole: amoeba pump excess water out of cell Site of protein synthesis Free ribo: make proteins for internal use Bound ribo: make proteins for exocytosis Structurally identical, ribosomes can alternate between roles

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Centrioles

Cytoskeleton

Microtubules

Microfilament

60S) Edist as pair Positioned with their longitudinal axis at right angles to each other 9 triplets of microtubules Located close to nucleus Straight, hollow fibers 25 nm Occur singly or in bundles Solid structure 5-7 nm Occur as bundles

Form spindle fibers during cell division

Intermediate filaments Cytosol

Made up of diverse protein Gel-like matrix

Cellulose cell wall

Consists of cellulose fibres embedded Permeable to small solutes

Cellular support Tracks for organelle movement Cytoplasmic streaming through contraction and relaxation to move cell organelles within cytoplasm Fixes location of certain organelles eg nucleus Store vital chemicals Site of certain metabolic pathways Act as filter Provide mechanical support Provides turgidity

Ultrastructure of prokaryotes Nucleoid region No nucleus Bacterial chromosome is located in a region of the cell called the nucleoid region Contain 70s ribosomes Needed for protein synthesis Where nutrients and reserves may be stored Primary function: ensure survival of bacteria through periods of environmental stress Layer of polysaccharides that protects the cell from environmental dangers Often present in pathogenic bacteriab Partially permeable May have mesosome (infoldings) May have photosynthetic

In the cytoplasm

Ribosomes

Storage granules Endospores

Surface structures

Capsule

Murein cell wall Cell plasma membrane

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Appendages

Pili (singular: pilus) Flagella

membranes Allow bacteria to attach to other cells For motility Rotates Cork screw motion (in eukaryotes, it is in wave form)

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