Qu.

1) a)

Describe with the help of diagram: i) ii) Stepped Index Optical Fiber Graded Index Fiber

Ans: i)Stepped Index Optical Fiber: In a step-index fiber, the refractive index of the core is uniform and undergoes an abrupt change at the core-cladding boundary. Step-index fibers obtain their name from this abrupt change called the step change in refractive index. In graded-index fibers, the refractive index of the core varies gradually as a function of radial distance from the fiber center. For an optical fiber, a step-index profile is a refractive index profile characterized by a uniform refractive index within the core and a sharp decrease in refractive index at the core-cladding interface so that the cladding is of a lower refractive index. The step-index profile corresponds to a power-law index profile with the profile parameter approaching infinity. The step-index profile is used in most single-mode fibers and some multimode fibers. A step-index fiber is characterized by the core and cladding refractive indices n1 and n2 and the core and cladding radii a and b. Examples of standard core and cladding diameters 2a/2b are 8/125, 50/125, 62.5/125, 85/125, or 100/140 (units of m). The fractional refractive-index change . The value of n1 is typically between 1.44 and 1.46, and between 0.001 and 0.02. is typically

Step-index optical fiber is generally made by doping high-purity fused silica glass (SiO2) with different concentrations of materials like titanium, germanium, or boron.

Pulse dispersion in a step index optical fiber is given by

Where Is the difference in refractive indices of core and cladding . is the refractive index of core is the length of the optical fiber under observation

Step Index Fiber is a fiber in which the core is of a uniform refractive index and there is a sharp decrease in the index of refraction at the cladding.

ii)Graded Index Fiber: Graded Index Fiber is a type of fiber where the refractive index of the core is lower toward the outside of the fiber. It bends the rays inward and also allows them to travel faster in the lower index of refraction region. This type of fiber provides high bandwidth capabilities. In fiber optics, a graded-index or gradient-index fiber is an optical fiber whose core has a refractive index that decreases with increasing radial distance from the fiber axis (the imaginary central axis running down the length of the fiber). Because parts of the core closer to the fiber axis have a higher refractive index than the parts near the cladding, light rays follow sinusoidal paths down the fiber. The advantage of the graded-index fiber compared to multimode step-index fiber is the considerable decrease in modal dispersion. The most common refractive index profile for a graded-index fiber is very nearly parabolic. The parabolic profile results in continual refocusing of the rays in the core, and minimizes modal dispersion. This type of fiber is normalized by the International Telecommunications Union ITU-T at recommendation G.651.1.[1] Pulse dispersion in a graded index optical fiber is given by

where is the difference in refractive indices of core and cladding, is the refractive index of the cladding, is the length of the fiber taken for observing the pulse dispersion, is the speed of light, and is the constant of graded index profile.

Qu.1) b) A Silica optical fiber with the core diameter large enough to be consider by wave theory analysis as core index fiber 1.47 and cladding index fiber 1.5.Calculate 1) Critical Angle 2) N.A. 3) Acceptance Angle Ans: n 1 =1.5, n 2 = 1.47

1) Critical Angle Sin c = n2 / n1 = 1.47 / 1.5

c = 78.52 o 2) N.A. N.A.=[ n 1 2 - n 2 2]1/2 =[(1.5)2-(1.47)2]1/2 N.A. = 0.3 3) Acceptance Angle = sin-1 (N.A) = sin-1 (0.3) = 17.4 o