CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION
In this chapter, the writer will explain about the background of the study and what are she trying to find at the end of the study. She divides this chapter into six parts, background of the study, problem of the study, objective of the study, the scope and limitation of the study, the significance of the study, and the definition of key terms.

1.1 Background of the Study Language is used by human being in their daily communication. They convey messages through languages. All aspects in humans life need language to connect them. Human uses language to reveal their personal identities, characters, and backgrounds. They share their ideas to others through language. In brief, language holds a big role in the development of humans life. A study that discuss about language is linguistics. Sociolinguistics is a branch of linguistics which studies about the relationship between society and language (Holmes, 2001:1). Holmes (2001:1) also says that

Sociolinguists are interested in explaining why we speak differently in different social contexts, and they are concerned with identifying the social functions of language and the ways it is used to convey social meaning. According to Downes (1984:15) Sociolinguistics is that branch of linguistics which studies just those properties of

language and languages which require reference to social, including contextual, factors in their explanation. Sociolinguistics studies language properties which related to social. Code switching and code mixing are two language properties which usually happened in multilingual or bilingual society. Wardhaugh (2002:98) defines code switching and code mixing as the process where people select a particular code whenever they choose to speak, and they may also decide to switch from one code to another or to mix codes even within sometimes very short utterances and thereby create a new code. The term code switching and code mixing sometimes are being explained with one definition, but people also sometimes have their definition for the term code mixing. Code mixing is usually defined as a mixing of two language variations and usually happened without a changing on the topic of what is being discussed (Holmes, 2002:4). The different context or situation will trigger change in language choice. Even nowadays in Indonesia, people have tendency to use more than one language in conversations. The situations where many codes are existed trigger some people to choose the language variety according to several factors. Code switching and code mixing commonly occurred in bilingual or multilingual community where more than one language varieties exist in a society. That is why the setting or social context where the discourse took place influence the phenomenon of code switching and code mixing (Holmes, 2002: 4).

Much research has been discussing about code-switching and code-mixing in spoken discourse but only a few researches discussed about code alternation in written discourse (Montes-Alcala, 2005:102). If peoples are accustomed to the printed form of written language like in books, journals, letters, etc. Nowadays they are familiar with weblog, a written discourse which can be made and found so easily on the internet. Crystal (2004:22) defines the internet as an association of computer networks with common standards which enables messages to be sent from any central computer (or host) on one network to any host and any other. The internet makes the data sharing become easier. The development of internet technologies has opened wider ways of accessing any information. One of the results from the internet development was a weblog. Weblogs are frequently modified website where online journals are posted and regularly updated, with the latest entry posted at the top of the page this being in the reverse order to a handwritten journal (Smedley, 2006:51). Through this kind of media people share and express their ideas and can freely narrate their lives in a written form at the interface between private and public. One of the blogs which is popular in Indonesia was Kambing Jantan, a blog by Raditya Dika. The background of this blog is about his daily life in Adelaide, Australia. Dika often switches to or puts some English or Indonesian words in his blog posts. The phenomenon of Dika who often alternates his code while writing on his blog posts triggers the writer to analyze the code-switching and code-mixing in his blog.

Since Kambing Jantan has been published as printed novel, this study is aimed to investigate the occurrences of code-switching and code-mixing in this novel and describes the reasons of those language alternations. The book of printed blog entitled Kambing Jantan: Sebuah Catatan Harian Pelajar Bodoh became best seller since it first published. This book has received so many positives respond from its readers, which can be seen in www.goodreads.com where readers of many kinds of book can leave their review about the book they have read. This printed blog also has been published eleventh times since it was firs published in 2005. This fact makes the writer more interested in conducting this research. Considering the fact that many researchers have investigated code-switching and code-mixing in spoken language and written language in the form of conversation in a movie or in a fiction novel, a study of code-switching and code-mixing in a printed private online diary or personal blog is considered as a new thing, because blog is a written discourse which contains typical characteristics of spoken language (Chan, 2009:108). 1. 2 Problem of the Study Based on the background of the analysis above, the writer will analyze some cases related to the object of the analysis. They are: 1. Types of code-switching and code-mixing found in Kambing Jantan: Sebuah Catatan Harian Pelajar Bodoh by Raditya Dika.

2. The contributing reasons for Raditya Dika and other characters in Kambing Jantan do their code switching and mixing These problems can be formulated as follows: 1. What types of code-switching and code-mixing found in Kambing Jantan: Sebuah Catatan Harian Pelajar Bodoh by Raditya Dika? 2. What are the contributing reasons for Raditya Dika and other characters in Kambing Jantan do their code switching and mixing? 1. 3 Objective of the study By doing this study analysis, the writer wants to achieve some objectives that can answer the problems above. What the writer expected to find out are: 1. To find out the types of code-switching and code-mixing found in Kambing Jantan: Sebuah Catatan Harian Pelajar Bodoh by Raditya Dika. 2. To find out the contributing reasons for Raditya Dika and other characters in Kambing Jantan do their code-switching and code-mixing.

1. 4 The Scope and Limitation of the Study

1. The object of this analysis is the novel Kambing Jantan: Sebuah Catatan Harian Pelajar Bodoh by Raditya Dika, a cyber diary (personal blog) by Raditya Dika which was printed and published as a novel. 2. The study will be focus on the code-switching and code-mixing which found in the novel. 1. 5 Significance of the Study This analysis will have both theoretical and practical significances, they are: 1. Theoretically, this study will enrich the study of Sociolinguistics especially in codeswitching and code-mixing. 2. Practically, this study will give a picture of how code-switching and code-mixing are used in daily interaction; the result of this study is expected to help the reader to help a better understanding about sociolinguistics and better communication in the society.

1. 6 Definition of Key Terms In order to get clearly, this study gives the definitions of key terms about the concept that will be used in doing the analysis. To avoid misinterpretation about the title the writer will explain the terms as follows:

1. Sociolinguistic is a study about language in relation to society condition. 2. Bilingualism is a condition where a person has the ability to communicate in two different languages and masters these two languages. 3. Multilingualism is a condition where a person has the ability to communicate in two or more different languages but his/her proficiency of those languages are varies. 4. Code also known as language variation is often regarded as a system that is used by people to communicate. 5. Diglossia is the situation where bilingual or multilingual speakers are using distinct code (language variation) according to the function and the context. 6. Code-switching is the attitudes of bilingual or multilingual speaker to switch his / her language variation from one code to another. 7. Code-mixing is the attitude of bilingual or multilingual speaker to mix his / her code with one another in an utterance. 8. Personal blog is an online updated daily journal or diary which is accessible for public by virtue of being posted on the internet. 9. Novel is a book of long narrative in literary 10. Kambing Jantan by Raditya Dika is the title of personal blog belongs to Raditya Dika which was printed and published as a new genre of novel.