Model Question Paper Subject Code: MC0086 Subject Name: Digital Image Processing Credits: 4 Marks: 140

Part A (One mark questions)

1. The unique feature of imaging radar is it's ability to _______________ over virtually any region at any time, regardless of weather or ambient lighting conditions. a. Penetrate clouds b. Collect data c. Flash camera d. Illuminate 2. ____________________ is one of the simplest and most appealing areas of digital image processing. a. Image acquisition b. Segmentation c. Morphological processing d. Image enhancement 3. With reference to sensing, two elements used to acquire digital images are a physical device and _____________. a. Digitalizer b. Hardware bus

c. Regional representation d. ALU 4. Which of the following is used for recording images for hardcopy devices? a. Optical fiber b. Touch screen c. Heat-sensitive devices d. Transparent film 5. Which of the following quantity describes the quality of a chromatic light source?
a. Refraction b. Dullness c. Luminance d. Reflectivity

6. The types of images are generated by the combination of an illumination source and _____________ of energy from that source by the elements of the scene being imaged.
a. The reflection b. Refraction c. Luminance d. Transmittance

7. One-dimensional imaging sensor strips that respond to various bands of the electromagnetic spectrum are mounted ________________ to the direction of flight.
a. At 4000 * 4000 elements b. Ring configuration c. At 180 degrees d. At 90 degrees

8. Individual sensors can be arranged in the form of a 2-D array. Numerous electromagnetic and some ultrasonic sensing devices are arranged frequently in an array format. This is also the predominant arrangement found in _________________.
a. Point and shoot cameras

b. Digital cameras c. Viewfinder cameras d. Box cameras

9. If the function is undersampled, then a phenomenon called___________corrupts the sampled image. a. Zooming b. Aliasing c. Pixel replicating d. Duplicating 10. The key difference between 'zooming and shrinking' and 'sampling and quantizing' an original continuous image is that zooming and shrinking are applied to a ________ image. a. Digital b. Colour c. Undersampled d. Oversampled 11. For______________, the value of the distance (length of path) between two pixels depends on the values of the pixels along the path and those of their neighbours. a. Dots b. Pixels c. Distance measures d. m-connectivity

12. Mixed adjacency is a modification of ___________ and is used to eliminate the multiple path connections that often arise when 8-adjacency is used. a. 4-adjacency b. 8-adjacency

c. m-adjacency d. 2-adjacency 13. Noise added to an image generally has a higher-spatial-frequency spectrum than the normal image components because of its spatial ______________. a. Homomorphic filtering b. De-corelatedness c. Median filtering d. Statistical Differencing

14. Non-linear techniques often provide a better trade-off between _____________ and the retention of fine image detail. a. Noise smoothing

b. Image integration

c. Noise spike

d. Convolution filtering

15. _____________ experiments indicate that a photograph or visual signal with accentuated or crispened edges is often more subjectively pleasing than an exact photometric reproduction. a. False colour b. Enhancement procedures c. Histogram modification d. Psychophysical 16. ____________ involves the generation of an image by dividing each pixel value by its estimated standard deviation. a. Homomorphic filtering

b. Statistical differencing c. Pseudocolor d. Median filtering

17. In ________________ model, the imaging devices consists of lenses, mirrors, prisms and so on which can provide a deterministic transformation of an input spatial light distribution to some output spatial light distribution. a. Optical system b. General image restoration c. Photographic process d. Discrete image restoration 18. ______________ can be obtained by a variety of processes. The most common technique is to produce a positive print from a colour negative transparency onto non-reversal colour paper. a. Reflection print b. Colour print c. Positive reflection print d. Transparency 19. In ______________ technique, an ideal image is passed through a linear spatial degradation system with an impulse response combined with additive noise for restoration of continuous images. a. Optical system b. Blur impulse response c. Blind image restoration d. Linear filtering

20. Improved restoration quality is possible with ___________ techniques, which incorporates a priori statistical knowledge of the noise field. a. Restoration filtering b. Inverse filtering c. Wiener filtering d. Linear filtering 21. ____________ morphological algorithms are often implemented in digital image processing hardware by a pixel stacker followed by a look-up table (LUT). a. Close and open b. Dilation and erosion c. Hit-or-miss d. Additive operators 22. One of the basic additive operators is: Diagonal Fill: Create a black pixel if creation eliminates the eight-connectivity of the _____________. a. Background b. Connected neighbour c. Foreground d. Unconnected neighbour 23. One of the basic subtractive operators is: ____________ : Erase a black pixel with eight white neighbours. a. Spur Remove b. Interior Pixel Remove c. Eight neighbour erode d. Isolated Pixel Remove

24. Shrinking, thinning and __________ are forms of conditional erosion in which the erosion process is controlled to prevent total erasure and to ensure connectivity. a. Closed operation b. Skeletonizing c. Open operation d. Erosion 25. ____________ is an array of numbers that are randomly distributed in amplitude and governed by some joint probability density. a. Discrete stochastic field b. Texture c. Median d. Image feature 26 ________________ analysis has proved successful in the detection and classification of coal miners black lung disease. a. Stochastic field b. Texture c. Fourier spectral d. Prototype 27. The _____________ function has been suggested as the basis of a texture measure. a. Edge Detection b. Autocorrelation c. Fourier Spectral d. Transform coefficient 28. In _______________, the principal approaches in the second category are based on partitioning an image into regions that are similar according to a set of predefined criteria.
a. Non-uniform illumination b. Segmentation

c. Quad tree

d. Global threshold

29. In developing performance criteria for an edge detector, it is wise to distinguish between ____________ and auxiliary information to be obtained from the detector. a. Alternate b. Mandatory c. Minimal d. Analysed 30. The edge location is for usually

discrete___________edges

marked at the higher-amplitude side of an edge transition. a. Step b. Spot c. Luminance d. Line 31. Colour images may be described quantitatively at each pixel by a set of three tristimulus values T1, T2, T3, which are proportional to the amount of red, green and blue primary lights required to match the _________ colour. a. Image b. Wavelet c. Pixellation d. Pixel 32. In thresholding, if T depends on the spatial coordinates x and y, the threshold is called _____________.
a. Adaptive

b. Gray level c. Dynamic d. Global

33. ________________ by gradient operations tend to work well in cases involving images with sharp intensity transitions and relatively low noise.
a. Edge linking b. Convolution c. Edge detection d. First-order derivatives

34. _______________ information are utilised by edge linking operation, therefore edge detection algorithms typically are followed by linking procedure to assemble edge pixels into meaningful edges.
a. Local edge b. Segmentation c. Edge detection d. Boundary detection

35. The simplest approaches of linking edge points is to analyse the characteristics of pixels in a small neighbourhood about every point (x, y) in an image that has undergone edge detection is known as _______________.
a. Edge linking process b. Image segmentation c. Local processing d. Expansion of the node

36. ______________________ is the dimension of box width for image-oriented box.regions.

a. Image-oriented bounding box

b. Image-oriented box height c. Image-oriented box width d. Image oriented box ratio

37. ______________________ algorithms can be classified as sequential or parallel.

a. Thinning and skeletonizing b. Sequential c. Contour following d. Voronoi tesselation

38. _______________can be classified as raster scan or contour following. a. Fourier descriptors b. Sequential algorithms c. Spatial moment d. Topological attributes 39. A multi-dimensional wavelet transform is frequently referred in the literature as a _________________. a. Standard decomposition b. Wavelet decomposition c. Stationary signal d. Non-standard decomposition 40. The standard Fourier transform is especially useful for __________ signals. a. Stationary b. Bandwidth c. Dilation d. Non-standard decomposition -

Part B (Two mark questions)

41. Consider the following statements: 1. In medicine, radio waves are used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). This technique places a patient in a powerful magnet and passes radio waves through his or her body in short pulses. 2. The location from which radio wave signals originate and their strength are determined by a computer, which produces a three-dimensional picture of a section of the patient. State True or False.
a. 1-True, 2- False b. 1- False, 2- True c. 1- False, 2- False d. 1- true, 2- True

42. Consider the following statements: 1. Compression deals with techniques for reducing the storage required to save an image, or the bandwidth required to transmit it. 2. Segmentation processing deals with tools for extracting image components that are useful in the representation and description of shape. State True or False.
a. 1- True, 2- True b. 1-False, 2- False c. 1- True, 2- False d. 1- False, 2- true

43. Consider the following statements: 1. A small value of Ic/I means that a small percentage change in intensity is discriminable. This represents good brightness discrimination. 2. a large value of Ic/I means that a large percentage changes in intensity is required. This represents good brightness discrimination.

State True or False:

a. 1- True, 2- False b. 1- False, 2- True c. 1- False, 2- False d. 1- True, 2- True

44. Consider the following statements: 1. Spatial resolution is the smallest discernible detail in an image. 2. A widely used definition of resolution is simply the largest number of discernible line pairs per unit distance. State True or False: a. 1- True, 2- True b. 1- False, 2- False c. 1- False, 2- true d. 1- True, 2- False 45. An image may be subject to ____________ and ______________ from several sources including electrical sensor noise, photographic grain noise and channel errors.
a. Amplitude scaling, Enhancement procedures b. Image enhancement, Amplitude scaling c. Enhancement procedures, Edge enhancement d. Noise, Interference

46. The numerical range of the ___________ image may encompass negative values, which cannot be mapped directly into a _______ intensity range.
a. Processed, Light b. Original, Gray level c. Enhanced, Gray level d. Enhanced, Light

47. Consider the following statements with respect to Optical systems model:

1. In the study of geometric optics, it is assumed that light rays always travel in a straight-line path in a homogeneous medium. 2. By this assumption, a bundle of rays passing through an opaque aperture onto a screen produces a geometric light projection of the aperture. State true or False: a. 1- True, 2- True b. 1- False, 2- False c. 1- False, 2- true d. 1- True, 2- False 48. An open operation consists of ___________ followed by ___________.
a. Shrinking, thinning b. Erosion, dilation c. Dilation, shrinking d. Thinning, erosion

49. Dilation followed by erosion is called a ________ operation. It tends to increase the spatial extent of an object, while the _______ operation decreases its spatial extent.
a. Subtractive operator, skeletonizing b. Thickening, Dilation c. Closed, open d. Skeletonizing, additive operator

50. Consider the following statements: 1. The coefficients of a two-dimensional transform of a luminance image specify the amplitude of the luminance patterns (two-dimensional basis functions) of a transform such that the weighted sum of the luminance patterns is not identical to the image. 2. By this characterisation of a transform, the coefficients may be considered to indicate the degree of correspondence of a particular luminance pattern with an image field. State True or False:

a. 1- True, 2- False b. 1- False, 2- True c. 1- False, 2- False d. 1- True, 2- True 51. Consider the following statements: 1. Many portions of images of natural scenes are devoid of sharp edges over large areas. In these areas, the scene can often be characterised as exhibiting a consistent structure analogous to the texture of cloth. 2. Image texture measurements can be used to segment an image and magnify its segments. State True or False: a. 1- True, 2- False b. 1- False, 2- True c. 1- True, 2- True d. 1- False, 2- False 52. Consider the following statements: 1. An edge is marked if a significant spatial change occurs in the second derivative 2. The Laplacian G(x,y) is zero if image function F(x,y) is constant or changing linearly in gradient. State True or False: a. 1- True, 2- True b. 1- False, 2- False c. 1- True, 2- False d. 1- False, 2- True 53. If the rate of change of image function F(x,y) is _______ than linear. The Laplacian function G(x,y) exhibits a sign change at the point of inflection of F(x,y). The zero crossing of G(x,y) indicates the presence of________________. a. Greater, an edge b. Lesser, a spot

c. Equal or less, an edge d. Equal or greater, a spot 54. Consider the following statements: The following are the two additional properties of the second derivative around an edge: 1. It produces two values for every edge in an image (an undesirable feature). 2. An imaginary straight line joining the extreme positive and negative values of the second derivative would cross zero near the midpoint of the edge (zero-crossing property). State True or False:
a. 1- True, 2- False b. 1- False, 2- False c. 1- True, 3- True d. 1- False, 2- True

55. ____________ and _____________ are features in any scene, from simple indoor scenes to noisy terrain images taken by satellite.
a. Lines, edges b. Edges, Points c. Gradient operator, Lines d. Segmentation, points

56. Consider the following statements: 1. Thresholding is one of the most important approaches to image segmentation. The threshold can be treated as the class boundary. 2. The number of thresholds is equal to the number of classes. State True or False: a. 1- False, 2- True b. 1- False, 2- False c. 1- True, 2- False d. 1- True, 2- True

57. Consider the following statements: In global thresholding, the following algorithm can be used to detain T automatically: a. Select an final estimate for T. b. Compute the average gray level values 1 and 2 for the pixels in regions G1 and G2. State True or False: a. 1- False, 2- True b. 1- False, 2- False c. 1- True, 2- False d. 1- True, 2- True 58 Consider the following statements: 1. Regularly shaped objects can be described by their topological constituents. 2. Voronoi tesselation is an important tool in image analysis. State True or False:
a. 1- True, 2- False b. 1- False, 2- True c. 1- True, 2- true d. 1- False, 2- False

59. Answer the following: a. In shape orientation descriptors, ________________ is the smallest rectangle oriented along the major axis of the object that encompasses the object b. In shape orientation descriptors, _________________ is the area of object-oriented bounding box
a. Object-oriented bounding box, object-oriented box area b. Object-oriented box height, object-oriented box width c. Object-oriented box width, object-oriented bounding box d. Object-oriented box ratio, object-oriented box area

60. Consider the following statements with respect to Haar transform:

1. If we consider the Walsh functions and apply the box window properly scaled and translated, we can observe that we get a lot of duplicates in the new basis functions and if we remove them we get a new set of basis functions 2. These happen to be the Walsh functions, defined by Walsh and well known today as the bases for piece-wise constant wavelets State True or False: a. 1- True, 2- False b. 1- True, 2- True c. 1- False, 2- True d. 1- False, 2- False

Part C (Four mark questions)

61. Consider the following statements: Digital storage for image processing applications falls into three principal categories: (1) Storage during processing for long time (2) On-line storage for relatively fast re-call (3) archival storage, characterised by infrequent access Consider the following statements: Digital storage for image processing applications falls into three principal categories: (1) Storage during processing for long time

(2) On-line storage for relatively fast re-call (3) archival storage, characterised by infrequent access

State True or False:

a. Statement 1 is false b. Statement 2 is false c. Statement 3 is false d. All statements are true

62. Consider the following statements with respect to brightness and discrimination: 1. The essential point in interpreting the impressive dynamic range is that the visual system cannot operate over such a range simultaneously. 2. Visual system accomplishes this large variation by changes in its overall sensitivity, a phenomenon known as brightness adaptation. 3. The range of light intensity levels to which the human visual system can adapt is of the order of 1010 from the scotopic threshold to the glare limit.

4. For any given set of conditions, the current sensitivity level of the visual system is called the discrimination level. State True or False: a. Statements 2, 3 & 4 are true b. Statements 1, 2 & 3 are true c. All statements are true d. Statements 1, 2 & 4 are true 63. Consider the following statements:

1. The sine /cosine component with the highest frequency determines the highest frequency content of the function. 2. Suppose that this highest frequency is finite and that the function is of unlimited duration then, the Shannon sampling theorem tells us that, if the function is sampled at a rate equal to or greater than twice its highest frequency, it is possible to recover completely the original function from its samples. 3. If the function is oversampled, then a phenomenon called aliasing corrupts the sampled image. 4. The corruption is in the form of additional frequency components being introduced into the sampled function. These are called aliased frequencies. State True or False: a. Statements 1, 2 & 3 are true b. Statements 2, 3 & 4 are true c. Statements 1,3 & 4 are true d. Statements 1,2 & 4 are true 64. Consider the following statements with respect to zooming and shrinking: 1. Zooming requires two steps: the creation of new pixel locations and the assignment of gray levels to those new locations. 2. The spacing in the grid would be less than one pixel because we are fitting it over a bigger image. 3. Pixel replication, the method used to generate is a special case of nearest neighbour interpolation. 4. Pixel replication is applicable when we want to increase the size of an image an integer number of times. State True or False: a. Statements 1,2 & 3 are true b. Statements 2,3 & 4 are true c. Statements 1, 2 & 4 are true d. Statements 1, 3 & 4 are true

65. Match the following: Part A 1. Histogram modification 2. Linear noise Cleaning 3. Edge crispening 4. False Color Part B A. Homomorphic filtering is a useful technique for image enhancement when an image is subject to multiplicative noise or interference B. Andrews, Hall and others have produced enhanced imagery by a histogram equalisation process for which the histogram of the enhanced image is forced to be uniform C. This color mapping should be recognised as a linear coordinate conversion of colors reproduced by the primaries of the original image to a new set of primaries D. Psychophysical experiments indicate that a photograph or visual signal with accentuated edges is often more subjectively pleasing than an exact photometric reproduction a. 1A, 2B, 3C, 4D b. 1B, 2A, 3D, 4C c. 1D, 2C, 3B, 4A d. 1B, 2C, 3D, 4A

66. Potential degradations include diffraction in the: 1. Optical system 2. Sensor non-linearities 3. Optical system aberrations 4. Noise disturbances Which among the above options is false? a. Option 1 is false b. Option 4 is false c. Option 2 is false

d. Option 3 is false

67. The gamma estimation algorithm, which is similar to the estimation of a power spectrum using a Fast Fourier transform, is as follows: 1. Perform inverse gamma correction to an image for a range of suspected gamma values 2. Extract two-dimensional signals x(n) from rows of the image 3. Subdivide each x(n) into K possibly overlapping segments yk(m) 4. Form the discrete Fourier transform y (u) of the kth segment 5. Form the two-dimensional bicoherence function estimate 6. Form the second-order correlation measure 7. Determine the gamma value that minimises the above equation. Which out of the 7 statements are false? a. Statements 1 & 2 are false b. Statements 4 & 6 are false c. Statements 3 & 5 are false d. Statements 2 & 6 are false

68. Match the following with respect to subtractive operators: Part A 1. Interior Pixel Remove 2. Spur Remove 3. Isolated Pixel Remove 4. Eight-neighbour Remove Part B A. Erase a black pixel if at least one eight-connected neighbour pixel is white B. Erase a black pixel with a single eight-connected neighbour C. Erase a black pixel if all four-connected neighbours are black D. Erase a black pixel with eight white neighbours a. 1A, 2B, 3C, 4D b. 1D, 2C, 3B, 4A

c. 1B, 2C, 3D, 4A d. 1C, 2B, 3D, 4A 69. Consider the following statements: 1. Natural features include the radiance of a region of pixels and gray scale textural regions. 2. Image amplitude histograms and spatial frequency spectra are examples of artificial features. 3. Image features are of major importance in the isolation of regions of common property within an image (image segmentation) and subsequent identification or labeling of such regions (image classification). 4. Image segmentation provides information on image classification techniques. State True or False:
a. Statements 2, 3 & 4 are true b. Statements 1, 2 & 3 are true c. All statements are true d. Statements 1, 2 & 4 are true

70. Consider the following statements:

1. Ideal edges may be viewed as two- or three-dimensional edges 2. Actual image data can then be matched against, or fitted to, the ideal edge models. 3. If the fit is sufficiently accurate at a given image location, an edge is assumed to exist with the same parameters as those of the ideal edge model. 4. Hueckel has developed a procedure for two-dimensional edge fitting in which the pixels within the circle are expanded in a set of two dimensional basis functions by a Fourier series in polar coordinates.

State True or False: a. Statements 1, 2 & 3 are true b. Statements 2, 3 & 4 are true c. Statements 1, 2 & 4 are true d. Statements 1,3 & 4 are true

71. Consider the following statements with respect to Line detection: 1. If the first mask were moved around an image, it would respond more strongly to lines oriented horizontally. 2. With constant background, the maximum response would result when the line passed through the last row of the mask. 3. This is easily verified by sketching a simple array of 1s with a line of a different gray level running horizontally through the array. 4. A similar experiment would reveal that the second mask responds best to lines oriented at +45 degrees; the third mask to vertical lines; and the fourth mask to lines in the 45 degrees direction. State True or False:
a. Statement 1,2 & 3 are true b. Statement 2, 3 & 4 are true c. Statement 1, 2 & 4 are true d. Statement 1,3 & 4 are true

72. Consider the following steps to Region Growing: (1) Choose the Seed pixel. (2) Check the neighboring pixels and add to the region if they are similar to the seed. (3) Repeat step 2 for each of the newly added pixels; stop if no more pixels can be added. (4) Boundary needs to be drawn once the region growing has stopped. State which of the above statements is false: a. Statements 1, 2 & 3 are true b. Statements 2, 3 & 4 are true c. Statements 1, 3 & 4 are true d. Sattements 1,2 & 4 are true 73. Consider the following statements: 1. Sequential operators are, of course, designed for sequential computers or pipeline processors, while parallel algorithms take advantage of parallel processing architectures

2. Sequential algorithms can be classified as raster scan or contour following 3. The morphological conditional erosion operators are examples of raster scan operators 4. With these operators, pixels are examined in a 5 * 5 window and are marked for erasure or not for erasure State True or False: a. All statements are true b. Statements 1,2 & 4 are true c. Statements 2,3 & 4 are true d. Statements 1,2 & 3 are true

74.Match the following: Part A 1. Minimum radius 2. Maximum radius angle 3. Radius ratio 4. Maximum radius Part B A. The angle of the maximum radius vector with respect to the horizontal axis B. Ratio of minimum radius angle to maximum radius angle C. The minimum distance between the centroid and a perimeter pixel D. The maximum distance between the centroid and a perimeter pixel a. 1C, 2A, 3B, 4D b. 1A, 2B, 3C, 4D c. 1D, 2C, 3B, 4A d. 1B, 2C, 3D, 4A

75. Consider the following statements with respect to wavelet transforms in two dimensions:
1. There are two ways we can generalise the one-dimensional wavelet transform to two dimensions,

standard and non-standard decomposition 2. To obtain the standard composition of an image, we first apply the one-dimensional wavelet transform to each row of pixel values. 3. This operation gives us an average value along with detail coefficients for each row. 4. We treat these transformed rows as if they were themselves an image and apply the one-dimensional transform to each column.

State True or False: a. All statements are true b. Statements 1,2 & 3 are true c. Statements 2, 3 & 4 are true d. Statements 1, 3 & 4 are true

Answer Keys
Part - A Q. No. Ans. Key Q. No. Ans. Key Q. No. Part - B Ans. Key Q. No. Part - C Ans. Key

1 b 2 d 3 a 4 c 5 c 6 a 7 d 8 b 9 b 10 a 11 d

21 c 22 a 23 d 24 b 25 a 26 c 27 b 28 b 29 b 30 a 31 d

41 a 42 c 43 a 44 d 45 d 46 a 47 d 48 b 49 c 50 b 51 a

61 a 62 b 63 d 64 d 65 b 66 b 67 d 68 d 69 a 70 b 71 d

12 b 13 b 14 a 15 d 16 b 17 a 18 b 19 d 20 c

32 c 33 c 34 a 35 c 36 c 37 a 38 b 39 b 40 a

52 c 53 a 54 c 55 a 56 c 57 a 58 b 59 a 60 a

72 a 73 d 74 a 75 d