Creative Commons - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_commons

Creative Commons
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

(Redirected from Creative commons) Creative Commons (CC) is a non-profit Creative Commons organization headquartered in Mountain View, California, United States devoted to expanding the range of creative works available for others to [1] build upon legally and to share. The organization Founder(s) Lawrence Lessig has released several copyright-licenses known as Creative Commons licenses free of charge to the Type Non-profit organization public. These licenses allow creators to Founded 2001 communicate which rights they reserve, and which rights they waive for the benefit of recipients or Location San Francisco, California, other creators. An easy to understand one-page United States explanation of rights, with associated visual Key people Joi Ito symbols, explains the specifics of each Creative Commons license. Creative Commons licenses do Focus Expansion of "reasonable", not replace copyright, but are based upon it. They flexible copyright replace individual negotiations for specific rights Method Creative Commons licenses between copyright owner (licensor) and licensee, which are necessary under an "all rights reserved" Website creativecommons.org copyright management with a "some rights (http://creativecommons.org/) reserved" management employing standardized licenses for re-use cases where no commercial compensation is sought by the copyright owner. The result is an agile, low overhead and cost copyright management regime, profiting both copyright owners and licensees. [2] Wikipedia is using one of its licenses. The organization was founded in 2001 by Lawrence Lessig, [3] Hal Abelson, and Eric Eldred with support of the Center for the Public Domain. The first article in a general interest publication about Creative Commons, written by Hal Plotkin, A sign in a pub in Granada [4] was published in February 2002. The first set of copyright notifies customers that the [5] licenses was released in December 2002. In 2008, there music they are listening to is were an estimated 130 million works licensed under Creative freely distributable under a [6] Commons. As of October 2011, Flickr alone hosts over 200 Creative Commons license. [7] million Creative Commons licensed photos. Creative Commons is governed by a board of directors and a technical advisory board. Their licenses have been embraced by many as a way for creators to take control of how they choose to share their intellectual property. There has also been criticism that it does not go far enough, or that it discourages regional cultural production.

Contents
1 of 16 12/08/12 13:45

Creative Commons - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_commons

1 Aim and influence 2 Governance 3 Affiliate Network 3.1 Creative Commons Asia-Pacific 3.1.1 South Korea 4 Supporters of Creative Commons 4.1 Corporate Support 5 Types of Creative Commons licenses 6 Usage and list of projects that release contents under Creative Commons licenses 7 Jurisdiction ports 8 Criticism 8.1 General criticism 8.2 License proliferation and incompatibility 8.3 License misuse 8.4 The Free Software Foundation 8.5 Other criticism of the non-commercial license 8.6 Debian 9 Legal cases 9.1 Dutch tabloid 9.2 Virgin Mobile 9.3 CC-Music Spanish Court (2006) 9.4 GateHouse Media, Inc. vs. That's Great News, LLC 10 See also 11 References 12 Bibliography 13 External links

Aim and influence

Creative Commons has been described as being at the forefront of the copyleft movement, which seeks to support the building of a richer public domain by providing an alternative to the automatic "all rights reserved" copyright, [8] dubbed "some rights reserved." David Berry and Giles Moss have credited Creative Commons with generating interest in the issue of intellectual property and contributing to the re-thinking of the role of the "commons" in the "information age". Beyond that, Creative Commons has provided "institutional, practical and legal support for individuals and groups wishing to experiment and [9] communicate with culture more freely." Creative Commons attempts to counter what Lawrence Lessig, founder of Creative Commons, considers to be a dominant and increasingly restrictive permission culture.

2 of 16

12/08/12 13:45

Creative Commons - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_commons

Lessig describes this as "a culture in which creators get to create only with the permission of the powerful, or of [10] Lessig maintains that modern creators from the past". culture is dominated by traditional content distributors in order to maintain and strengthen their monopolies on cultural products such as popular music and popular cinema, and that Creative Commons can provide alternatives [11][12] to these restrictions.

Golden Nica Award

Governance
Catherine Casserly is the CEO of Creative Commons.[13] Mike Linksvayer is Vice President and Diane Peters is the General Counsel.
Creative Commons Japan Seminar, Tokyo 2007

The board of Creative Commons is currently chaired by Joi Ito. The Board further includes: Hal Abelson, Glenn Otis Brown, Michael W. Carroll, Catherine Casserly, Caterina Fake, Davis Guggenheim, Lawrence Lessig, Laurie Racine, Eric Saltzman, Annette Thomas, Molly Suffer [13] Van Houweling, Jimmy Wales, and Esther Wojcicki (Vice Chair). The Technical Advisory Board includes five members: Hal Abelson, Ben Adida, Barbara Fox, [13] Don McGovern and . Hal Abelson also serves on the Creative Commons Board. Creative Commons also has an Audit Committee, with two members: Molly Shaffer Van [13] Houweling and Lawrence Lessig. Both also serve on the Creative Commons Board.

Affiliate Network
In 2011, there are more than 100 affiliates working in over 70 jurisdictions to support and [14] promote CC activities around the world.

Creative Commons Asia-Pacific

South Korea Creative Commons Korea (CC Korea) is the affiliated network of Creative Commons in South Korea. In March 2005, CC Korea was initiated by Jongsoo Yoon (in Korean: ), a Presiding Judge of Incheon District Court, as a project of Korea Association for Infomedia Law (KAFIL). The major Korean portal sites, including Daum and Naver, have been participating in the use of Creative Commons licences. In January 2009, the Creative Commons Korea Association was consequently founded as a non-profit incorporated association. Since then, CC Korea has been actively promoting the liberal and open culture of creation as well as leading the diffusion of Creative Commons in the country. Creative Commons Korea[15] Creative Commons Asia Conference 2010[16]

3 of 16

12/08/12 13:45

Creative Commons - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_commons

Supporters of Creative Commons

Corporate Support
Sustainer Level (Committed for 5 years) The Beal Fund of Triangle Community Foundation, on behalf of Lulu.com Google Mozilla Foundation Red Hat Investor Level ($25,000 and up) Best Buy Digital Garage Duke University eBay Microsoft Corporation Mountain Equipment Co-op Nike

Types of Creative Commons licenses

Main article: Creative Commons licenses Creative Commons licenses consist of four major condition modules: Attribution (BY), requiring attribution to the original author; Share Alike (SA), allowing derivative works under the same or a similar license (later or jurisdiction version); Non-Commercial (NC), requiring the work is not used for commercial purposes; and No Derivative Works (ND), allowing only [17] These modules the original work, without derivatives. are combined to currently form six major licenses of the [17] Creative Commons: Attribution (CC BY) Attribution Share Alike (CC BY-SA) Attribution No Derivatives (CC BY-ND) Attribution Non-Commercial (CC BY-NC) Attribution Non-Commercial Share Alike (CC BY-NC-SA) Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives (CC BY-NC-ND) As of the current versions, all Creative Commons licenses allow the "core right" to redistribute a work for non-commercial purposes without modification. The NC
4 of 16 12/08/12 13:45

Wanna Work Together? (http://creativecommons.org/videos /wanna-work-together) animation by Creative Commons

Creative Commons - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_commons

and ND options will make a work non-free according to the Definition of Free Cultural Works. An additional special license-like contract is the CC0 [18] This license dedicates option, or "No Rights Reserved." a work to the public domain (or an equivalent status in jurisdictions where a dedication to public domain is not possible). Compared with a "public domain" statement added to the work, a CC0 statement is less ambiguous and achieves the desired effect on a global scale, rather than limited to some jurisdictions.

The second version (http://creativecommons.org/videos /mayer-and-bettle2) of the Mayer and Bettle (http://creativecommons.org/videos /mayer-and-bettle) promotional animation explains what Creative Commons is.

For software, Creative Commons endorses three free licenses created by other institutions: the [19][20] BSD License, the CC GNU LGPL license, and the CC GNU GPL.

Usage and list of projects that release contents under Creative Commons licenses
Further information: List of projects using Creative Commons licenses, List of works available under a Creative Commons License, and Category:Creative Commons-licensed works Creative Commons maintains a content directory wiki of organizations and projects using [21] On its website CC also provides case studies of projects using Creative Commons licenses. [22] CC licensed content can also be accessed through a number of CC licenses across the world. content directories and search engines (see CC licensed content directories). On January 13, 2009, some broadcasting content from Al Jazeera on the 20082009 IsraelGaza [23][24][25][26][27][28] conflict was released under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license. Arduino (CC BY-SA) Citizendium (CC BY-SA) knol (mostly CC BY-SA or CC BY-NC-SA) NINJAM (CC BY-SA) The Saylor Foundation (CC BY) Wikipedia (CC BY-SA, since June 2009) Wikimedia Commons (CC licenses among other options) Wikia (CC BY-SA, since June 2009) Home (http://www.mozilla.org/en-US/) of the Mozilla Project (CC BY-SA)

Jurisdiction ports
Main article: Creative Commons jurisdiction ports The original non-localized Creative Commons licenses were written with the U.S. legal system in mind, so the wording could be incompatible within different local legislations and render the licenses unenforceable in various jurisdictions. To address this issue, Creative Commons

5 of 16

12/08/12 13:45

Creative Commons - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_commons

has started to port the various licenses to accommodate local copyright and private law. As of May 2010, there are 52 jurisdiction-specific licenses, with 9 other jurisdictions in drafting process, and more countries joining the worldwide [29] project. For the upcoming version 4 of the CC licenses a re-integration of the ports into single licenses is being considered.
Countries to which Creative Commons licenses have been ported (green) or are being ported (blue)

Criticism
General criticism
Pter Benjamin Tth asserts that Creative Commons' objectives are already well served by the current copyright regime, and that Creative Commons' "some rights reserved" slogan, as against Copyright's "all rights reserved", creates a false dichotomy. "Copyright provides a list of exclusive rights to the rightholder, from which he decides which ones he CC some rights reserved wishes to "sell" or grant and which to retain. The "Some rights reserved" concept is therefore not an alternative to, [30] Other critics fear that Creative Commons but rather the very nature of classical copyright." [31] or allow "some of our most precious resources could erode the copyright system over time. the creativity of individuals to be simply tossed into the commons to be exploited by [32] Some critics question whether Creative whomever has spare time and a magic marker." Commons licenses are useful for artists, and suggest that Creative Commons primarily serves a "remix culture" and fails to meet the real needs of financial compensation and recognition of [32] or worry that the lack of rewards for content producers will dissuade artists from artists. [33] publishing their work. Generally, many critics erroneously view Creative Commons as a replacement of Copyright, whereas in reality it is a standardized, copyright based solution for those cases where re-use [34] and re-mixing is desired under specific conditions. Some critics contend that the Creative Commons licensing system dissuades content [31] producers from coordinating efforts to revise the Copyright Act. Creative Commons founder Lawrence Lessig counters that copyright laws have not always [35] Rather, offered the strong and seemingly indefinite protection that today's law provides. the duration of copyright used to be limited to much shorter terms of years, and some works never gained protection because they did not follow the now-abandoned compulsory [35] format. Another critic questions whether Creative Commons is the commons that it purports to be, given that at least some restrictions apply to people's ability to use the resources within the [33] This is restricted entirely within the private rights of others and has nothing common field.

6 of 16

12/08/12 13:45

Creative Commons - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_commons

to do with rights shared by all.[36] Creative Commons also does not define "creativity" or what [33] aspects a work requires in order to become part of the commons. Critics such as and Giles Moss argue that the founding of Creative Commons is not the proper [36] Rather, a commons should be mechanism for creating a commons of original content. created, and its presence preserved, through the political process and political activism, not [36] through lawyers writing down new rules. Many criticize that four out of the six Creative Commons licenses are neither "free" nor truly "open" because of the restrictions they place on reuse. With the definition of open being "A piece of content or data is open if anyone is free to use, reuse, and redistribute it subject [37] only, at most, to the requirement to attribute and share-alike."

License proliferation and incompatibility

Critics have also argued that Creative Commons worsens license proliferation, by providing [38] The Creative Commons website states, "Since each multiple licenses that are incompatible. of the six CC licenses functions differently, resources placed under different licenses may not [39] Works necessarily be combined with one another without violating the license terms." licensed under incompatible licenses may not be recombined in a derivative work without [40][41][42] Some worry that "without a common obtaining permission from the license-holder. [43] legal framework, works which inadvertently mix licenses may become unshareable." The compatibility issue is especially relevant because the most frequently used licenses, the non-free "non-commercial" licenses (CC BY-NC-SA or CC BY-NC-ND) and the open attributionshare-alike license (CC BY-SA, used, e. g., by Wikipedia) cannot be combined.

License misuse
Creative Commons is only a service provider for standardized license text, not a party in any agreement. Abusive users could brand the copyrighted works of legitimate copyright holders with Creative Commons licenses and re-upload these works to the internet. No central database of Creative Commons works is controlling all licensed works and the responsibility of the Creative Commons system rests entirely with those using the [44] This situation is, however, not specific to licences. Creative Commons. All copyright owners must individually defend their rights and no central database of copyrighted works or existing license agreements exists. The United States Copyright Office does keep a data-base of all works registered with it, but absence of registration does not imply absence of copyright.

Creative Commons guiding the contributors. This image is a derivative work of Liberty Leading the People by Eugne Delacroix.

Although Creative Commons offers multiple licenses for different uses, some critics suggest that the licenses still do not address the differences among [33] For example, one the media or among the various concerns that different authors have.
7 of 16 12/08/12 13:45

Creative Commons - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_commons

critic points out that documentary filmmakers could have vastly different concerns from [33] Additionally, people wishing to use a those held by a software designer or a law professor. Creative Commons-licensed work would have to determine if their particular use is allowed [33] under the license or if they need additional permission. Lessig wrote that the point of Creative Commons is to provide a middle ground between two extreme views of copyright protectionone demanding that all rights be controlled, and the [35] Creative Commons provides a third option other arguing that none should be controlled. that allows authors to pick and choose which rights they want to control and which they want [35] The multitude of licenses reflects the multitude of rights that can be passed to relinquish. [35] on to subsequent creators.

The Free Software Foundation

Some of Creative Commons licenses have been denounced by FSF founder Richard Stallman because, he says, they "do not give everyone [...] minimum freedom" "to share, [45] noncommercially, any published work". Mako Hill asserts that Creative Commons fails to establish a "base level of freedom" that all Creative Commons licenses must meet, and with which all licensors and users must comply. "By failing to take any firm ethical position and draw any line in the sand, CC is a missed opportunity.... CC has replaced what could have been a call for a world where 'essential rights are unreservable' with the relatively hollow call for 'some rights reserved.' " Some critics fear that Creative Commons' popularity may detract from the more stringent goals of other free [38] content organizations.

Other criticism of the non-commercial license

Other critics, such as Erik Mller, raise concerns about the use of Creative Commons' non-commercial license. Works distributed under the Creative Commons Non-Commercial license are not compatible with many open-content sites, including Wikipedia, which explicitly allow and encourage some commercial uses. Mller explains that "the people who are likely to be hurt by an -NC license are not large corporations, but small publications like [46] weblogs, advertising-funded radio stations, or local newspapers." Lessig responds that the current copyright regime also harms compatibility and that authors [47] Additionally, the can lessen this incompatibility by choosing the least restrictive license. non-commercial license is useful for preventing someone else from capitalizing on an author's [47] work when the author still plans to do so in the future.

Debian
The maintainers of Debian, a GNU and Linux distribution known for its rigid adherence to a [citation needed] rejected even the Creative Commons particular definition of software freedom, Attribution License prior to version 3 as incompatible with the Debian Free Software Guidelines (DFSG) due to the license's anti-DRM provisions and its requirement that [48] However, downstream users remove an author's credit upon request from the author.

8 of 16

12/08/12 13:45

Creative Commons - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_commons

version 3.0 of the Creative Commons licenses addressed these concerns[49] and is considered [50] to be compatible with the DFSG.

Legal cases
Creative Commons have been defended in several jurisdictions.[51] Some notable cases are:

Dutch tabloid
A Creative Commons license was first tested in court in early 2006, when podcaster Adam Curry sued a Dutch tabloid who published photos without permission from his Flickr page. The photos were licensed under the Creative Commons Non-Commercial license. While the verdict was in favor of Curry, the tabloid avoided having to pay restitution to him as long as they did not repeat the offense. An analysis by Professor Bernt Hugenholtz, director of the Institute for Information Science of the University of Amsterdam and main creator of the Dutch CC license of the decision states, "The Dutch Court's decision is especially noteworthy because it confirms that the conditions of a Creative Commons license automatically apply to the content licensed under it, and bind users of such content even without expressly agreeing [52][53] to, or having knowledge of, the conditions of the license."

Virgin Mobile
In 2007, Virgin Mobile launched an Australian bus stop ad campaign promoting their cellphone text messaging service using the work of amateur photographers who uploaded their work to Flickr using a Creative Commons-BY (Attribution) license. Users licensing their images this way freed their work for use by any other entity, as long as the original creator was attributed credit, without any other compensation required. Virgin upheld this single restriction by printing a URL leading to the photographer's Flickr page on each of their ads. However, one picture, depicting 15 year-old Alison Chang at a fund-raising carwash for her [54] caused some controversy when she sued Virgin Mobile. The photo was taken by church, Alison's church youth counselor, Justin Ho-Wee Wong, who uploaded the image to Flickr [54] In 2008, the case (concerning personality rights under the Creative Commons license. [55][56] rather than copyright as such) was thrown out of a Texas court for lack of jurisdiction.

CC-Music Spanish Court (2006)

The issue in this case was not whether the CC license was enforceable, but instead whether the major collecting society in Spain could collect royalties from a bar that played CC-licensed music. In this case, the main Spanish collecting societySociedad General de Autores y Editores ("SGAE") sued a disco owner for the public performance of music supposedly managed by the collecting society. However, the Lower Court rejected the collecting society's claims because the owner of the bar proved that the music he was using was not managed by [57] the society, since it was under CC licence.

GateHouse Media, Inc. vs. That's Great News, LLC

On June 30th, 2010 GateHouse Media filed a lawsuit against That's Great News
9 of 16 12/08/12 13:45

Creative Commons - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_commons

(http://www.thatsgreatnews.com/) . GateHouse Media owns a number of local newspapers, including Rockford Register Star, which is based in Rockford, Illinois. That's Great News is a company that makes plaques out of newspaper articles and sells them to the people featured [58] GateHouse in the articles, so those people can memorialize their "15 minutes of fame." sued That's Great News for copyright infringement and breach of contract, because their publications were licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommerial-NoDerivs License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/) , which doesn't allow commercial use of the publications. The case was settled on August 17th, 2010, though the settlement was [58] [59] not made public.

See also
CC PDF Converter Comparison of wiki farms Copyleft Copyright Creative Commons licenses Free content Free Culture movement List of works available under a Creative Commons License Open content Open source Public domain Share-alike

References
1. ^ "Frequently Asked Questions" (http://wiki.creativecommons.org/FAQ) . Creative Commons. http://wiki.creativecommons.org/FAQ. Retrieved 20 December 2011. 2. ^ "Wikimedia Foundation Terms of Use" (http://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Terms_of_Use) . http://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Terms_of_Use. Retrieved June 11, 2012. 3. ^ "Creative Commons: History" (http://creativecommons.org/about/history) . http://creativecommons.org/about/history. Retrieved 2011-10-09. 4. ^ Plotkin, Hal (2002-2-11). "All Hail Creative Commons Stanford professor and author Lawrence Lessig plans a legal insurrection" (http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/g/a/2002/02/11 /creatcom.DTL) . SFGate.com. http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/g/a/2002/02/11 /creatcom.DTL. Retrieved 2011-03-08. 5. ^ "History of Creative Commons" (http://creativecommons.org/about/history/) . http://creativecommons.org/about/history/. Retrieved 2009-11-08. 6. ^ "History of Creative Commons" (http://creativecommons.org/about/history/) . http://creativecommons.org/about/history/. Retrieved 2010-02-05. 7. ^ Kremerskothen, Kay (5 October 2011). "200 million Creative Commons photos and counting!" (http://blog.flickr.net/en/2011/10/05/200-million-creative-commons-photos-and-counting/) . Flickr Blog. http://blog.flickr.net/en/2011/10/05/200-million-creative-commons-photos-and-counting/. Retrieved 20 December 2011. 8. ^ Broussard, Sharee L. (September 2007). "The copyleft movement: creative commons licensing" (http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_7081/is_3_26/ai_n28457434?tag=content;col1) . Communication Research Trends. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_7081/is_3_26

10 of 16

12/08/12 13:45

Creative Commons - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_commons

9.

10. 11.

12.

13. 14.

15. 16.

17. 18. 19.

20.

21. 22. 23.

24.

25.

/ai_n28457434?tag=content;col1. ^ Berry, David (15 July 2005). "On the "Creative Commons": a critique of the commons without commonalty" (http://www.freesoftwaremagazine.com/articles/commons_without_commonality/) . Free Software Magazine. http://www.freesoftwaremagazine.com/articles /commons_without_commonality/. Retrieved 20 December 2011. ^ Lessig, Lawrence (2004) (PDF). Free Culture (http://www.free-culture.cc/freeculture.pdf) . New York: Penguin Press. p. 8. ISBN 1-59420-006-8. http://www.free-culture.cc/freeculture.pdf. ^ Ermert, Monika (2004-06-15). "Germany debuts Creative Commons" (http://www.theregister.co.uk /2004/06/15/german_creative_commons/) . The Register. http://www.theregister.co.uk/2004/06 /15/german_creative_commons/. ^ Lessig, Lawrence (2006). "Lawrence Lessig on Creative Commons and the Remix Culture" (http://web.archive.org/web/20080205034639/http://talk.talis.com/archives/2006/01 /lawrence_lessig.html) (mp3). Talking with Talis. Archived from the original (http://talk.talis.com /archives/2006/01/lawrence_lessig.html) on 2008-02-05. http://web.archive.org /web/20080205034639/http://talk.talis.com/archives/2006/01/lawrence_lessig.html. Retrieved 2006-04-07. ^ a b c d "Board of Directors - Creative Commons" (http://creativecommons.org/board) . http://creativecommons.org/board. Retrieved 2010-09-26. ^ "CC Affiliate Network" (http://web.archive.org/web/20110108080154/) . Creative Commons. Archived from the original (http://creativecommons.org/affiliates) on 8 January 2011. http://web.archive.org/web/20110108080154/. ^ "Creative Commons Korea" (http://www.cckorea.org/xe/?mid=main) . CCkorea.org. http://www.cckorea.org/xe/?mid=main. Retrieved 20 December 2011. ^ "CC Asia Conference 2010" (http://wiki.creativecommons.org/CC_Asia_Conference_2010) . Creative Commons. 21 July 2010. http://wiki.creativecommons.org/CC_Asia_Conference_2010. Retrieved 20 December 2011. ^ a b "Licenses - Creative Commons" (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/) . http://creativecommons.org/licenses/. Retrieved 2009-07-20. ^ "About CC0 "No Rights Reserved"" (http://creativecommons.org/about/cc0) . http://creativecommons.org/about/cc0. Retrieved 2009-07-20. ^ "Creative Commons GNU LGPL" (http://web.archive.org/web/20090622222019/http: //creativecommons.org/license/cc-lgpl) . Archived from the original (http://creativecommons.org /license/cc-lgpl) on 2009-06-22. http://web.archive.org/web/20090622222019/http: //creativecommons.org/license/cc-lgpl. Retrieved 2009-07-20. ^ "Creative Commons GNU GPL" (http://web.archive.org/web/20090622080830/http: //creativecommons.org/license/cc-gpl) . Archived from the original (http://creativecommons.org /license/cc-gpl) on 2009-06-22. http://web.archive.org/web/20090622080830/http: //creativecommons.org/license/cc-gpl. Retrieved 2009-07-20. ^ "Content Directories" (http://wiki.creativecommons.org/Content_Directories) . creativecommons.org. http://wiki.creativecommons.org/Content_Directories. Retrieved 2009-04-24. ^ "Case Studies" (http://wiki.creativecommons.org/Casestudies) . Creative Commons. http://wiki.creativecommons.org/Casestudies. Retrieved 20 December 2011. ^ Benenson, Fred (2009-01-13). "Al Jazeera Launches Creative Commons Repository" (http://creativecommons.org/weblog/entry/12049) . creativecommons.org. http://creativecommons.org/weblog/entry/12049. Retrieved 2009-01-19. ^ Steuer, Eric (2009-01-13). "Al Jazeera Announces Launch of Free Footage Under Creative Commons License" (http://creativecommons.org/press-releases/entry/12166) . creativecommons.org. http://creativecommons.org/press-releases/entry/12166. Retrieved 2009-01-19. ^ Cohen, Noam (2009-01-11). "Al Jazeera provides an inside look at Gaza conflict" (http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/11/technology/11iht-jazeera.4.19256575.html) . International

11 of 16

12/08/12 13:45

Creative Commons - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_commons

26.

27.

28.

29.

30.

31. 32.

33.

34. 35. 36.

37. 38.

39.

40.

Herald Tribune. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/11/technology/11iht-jazeera.4.19256575.html. Retrieved 2009-01-19. ^ "Al Jazeera Announces Launch of Free Footage under Creative Commons License" (http://cc.aljazeera.net/content/launch-press-release) . Al Jazeera Creative Commons Repository. http://cc.aljazeera.net/content/launch-press-release. Retrieved 2009-01-19. ^ Andrews, Robert (2009-11-14). "Al Jazeera Offers Creative Commons Video, Lessig Lends Backing" (http://paidcontent.co.uk/article/419-al-jazeera-offers-creative-commons-video-lessig-lendsbacking/) . paidcontent.co.uk. http://paidcontent.co.uk/article/419-al-jazeera-offers-creativecommons-video-lessig-lends-backing/. Retrieved 2009-01-19. ^ Ito, Joi (2009-01-14). "Al Jazeera Launches Creative Commons Repository" (http://joi.ito.com /weblog/2009/01/14/al-jazeera-laun.html) . joi.ito.com. http://joi.ito.com/weblog/2009/01/14/aljazeera-laun.html. Retrieved 2009-01-19. ^ "Worldwide" (http://web.archive.org/web/20091221084154/) . Creative Commons. Archived from the original (http://creativecommons.org/worldwide) on 21 December 2009. http://web.archive.org /web/20091221084154/. ^ Tth, Pter Benjamin (2009). Creative Humbug (http://www.indicare.org/tikiread_article.php?articleId=118) . Indicare Project. http://www.indicare.org/tikiread_article.php?articleId=118 ^ a b John Dvorak (July 2005). Creative Commons Humbug (http://www.pcmag.com/article2 /0,2817,1838244,00.asp) . PC Magazine. http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,1838244,00.asp ^ a b Schaeffer, Maritza (2009). "Note and Comment: Contemporary Issues in the Visual Art World: How Useful are Creative Commons Licenses?" (http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_7081/is_3_26 /ai_n28457434?tag=content;col1) . Journal of Law and Policy. http://findarticles.com/p/articles /mi_7081/is_3_26/ai_n28457434?tag=content;col1. ^ a b c d e f Elkin-Koren, Niva (2006). "Exploring Creative Commons: A Skeptical View of a Worthy Pursuit" (http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=885466) . The Future of the Public Domain (P. Bernt Hugenholtz and Lucie Guibault, eds.). http://papers.ssrn.com /sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=885466. ^ "About" (http://creativecommons.org/about) . Creative Commons. http://creativecommons.org /about. Retrieved 20 December 2011. ^ a b c d e Lessig, Lawrence (2004). "The Creative Commons". 65 Mont. L. Rev. 1. ^ a b c Moss, Giles (2005). "On the Creative Commons: A Critique of the Commons Without Commonality" (http://www.freesoftwaremagazine.com/articles/commons_without_commonality) . Free Software Magazine. http://www.freesoftwaremagazine.com/articles /commons_without_commonality. ^ "Open Definition" (http://www.opendefinition.org) . http://www.opendefinition.org. ^ a b Benjamin Mako Hill (29 July 2005). "Towards a Standard of Freedom: Creative Commons and the Free Software Movement" (http://mako.cc/writing/toward_a_standard_of_freedom.html) . http://mako.cc/writing/toward_a_standard_of_freedom.html. ^ CC Learn Explanations: Remixing OER: A guide to License Compatibility (http://learn.creativecommons.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/10/cclearn-explanations-cc-licensecompatability.pdf) . Creative Commons CC Learn. http://learn.creativecommons.org/wp-content /uploads/2009/10/cclearn-explanations-cc-license-compatability.pdf. Retrieved 29 November 2010 ^ "Can I combine two different Creative Commons licensed works? Can I combine a Creative Commons licensed work with another non-CC licensed work?" (http://wiki.creativecommons.org /FAQ#Can_I_combine_two_different_Creative_Commons_licensed_works.3F_Can_I_combine_a_Crea tive_Commons_licensed_work_with_another_non-CC_licensed_work.3F) . FAQ. Creative Commons. http://wiki.creativecommons.org /FAQ#Can_I_combine_two_different_Creative_Commons_licensed_works.3F_Can_I_combine_a_Crea tive_Commons_licensed_work_with_another_non-CC_licensed_work.3F. Retrieved 16 September 2009.
12/08/12 13:45

12 of 16

Creative Commons - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_commons

41. ^ "Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike 3.0 Unported" (http://creativecommons.org/licenses /by-sa/3.0/) . Creative Commons. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/. Retrieved 18 November 2009. 42. ^ "Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike 3.0 Unported" (http://creativecommons.org/licenses /by-nc-sa/3.0/) . Creative Commons. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/. Retrieved 18 November 2009. 43. ^ Michael Fitzgerald (December 2005). "Copyleft Hits a Snag" (http://www.technologyreview.com /InfoTech-Software/wtr_16073,300,p1.html) . http://www.technologyreview.com/InfoTech-Software /wtr_16073,300,p1.html. 44. ^ Orlowski, Andrew (July 2009). "The Tragedy of the Creative Commons" (http://andreworlowski.com/2009/07/16/the-tragedy-of-the-creative-commons/) . http://andreworlowski.com/2009/07/16/the-tragedy-of-the-creative-commons/. 45. ^ Stallman, Richard M.. "Fireworks in Montreal" (http://www.fsf.org/blogs/rms/entry20050920.html) . FSF Blogs. http://www.fsf.org/blogs/rms/entry-20050920.html. Retrieved 18 November 2009. 46. ^ Erik Moeller (2006). "The Case for Free Use: Reasons Not to Use a Creative Commons -NC License" (http://www.technologyreview.com/InfoTech-Software/wtr_16073,300,p1.html) . Open Source Jahrbuch. http://www.technologyreview.com/InfoTech-Software/wtr_16073,300,p1.html. 47. ^ a b Lessig, Lawrence (2005). "CC in Review: Lawrence Lessig on Important Freedoms" (http://creativecommons.org/weblog/entry/5719) . Creative Commons. http://creativecommons.org /weblog/entry/5719. 48. ^ Evan Prodromou (3 April 2005). "Summary of Creative Commons 2.0 Licenses" (http://evan.prodromou.name/ccsummary/ccsummary.html) . debian-legal (mailing list). http://evan.prodromou.name/ccsummary/ccsummary.html. 49. ^ Garlick, Mia (2007-02-23). "Version 3.0 Launched" (http://creativecommons.org/weblog/entry /7249) . Creative Commons. http://creativecommons.org/weblog/entry/7249. Retrieved 2007-07-05. 50. ^ "The DFSG and Software Licenses - Creative Commons Share-Alike (CC-SA) v3.0" (https://wiki.debian.org/DFSGLicenses#CreativeCommonsShare-Alike.28CC-SA.29v3.0) . Debian Wiki. https://wiki.debian.org/DFSGLicenses#CreativeCommonsShare-Alike.28CC-SA.29v3.0. Retrieved 2009-03-16. 51. ^ "Creative Commons Case Law" (http://wiki.creativecommons.org/Case_Law) . http://wiki.creativecommons.org/Case_Law. Retrieved 31 Aug 2011. 52. ^ "Creative Commons License Upheld by Dutch Court" (http://www.groklaw.net /article.php?story=20060316052623594) . Groklaw. 2006-03-16. http://www.groklaw.net /article.php?story=20060316052623594. Retrieved 2006-09-02. 53. ^ "Creative Commons Licenses Enforced in Dutch Court" (https://creativecommons.org/weblog /entry/5823) . https://creativecommons.org/weblog/entry/5823. Retrieved 31 Aug 2011. 54. ^ a b Cohen, Noam. "Use My Photo? Not Without Permission." (http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10 /01/technology/01link.html) . New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/01/technology /01link.html. Retrieved 2007-09-25. "One moment, Alison Chang, a 15-year-old student from Dallas, is cheerfully goofing around at a local church-sponsored car wash, posing with a friend for a photo. Weeks later, that photo is posted online and catches the eye of an ad agency in Australia, and the altered image of Alison appears on a billboard in Adelaide as part of a Virgin Mobile advertising campaign." 55. ^ Evan Brown (January 22, 2009). "No personal jurisdiction over Australian defendant in Flickr right of publicity case" (http://web.archive.org/web/20110713050011/http://blog.internetcases.com /2009/01/22/no-personal-jurisdiction-over-australian-defendant-in-flickr-right-of-publicity-case/) . Internet Cases, a blog about law and technology. Archived from the original (http://blog.internetcases.com/2009/01/22/no-personal-jurisdiction-over-australian-defendantin-flickr-right-of-publicity-case/) on 2011-07-13. http://web.archive.org/web/20110713050011/http: //blog.internetcases.com/2009/01/22/no-personal-jurisdiction-over-australian-defendant-in-flickr-

13 of 16

12/08/12 13:45

Creative Commons - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_commons

56. 57.

58.

59.

right-of-publicity-case/. Retrieved 25 September 2010. ^ "Lawsuit Against Virgin Mobile and Creative Commons FAQ" (https://creativecommons.org /weblog/entry/7680) . https://creativecommons.org/weblog/entry/7680. Retrieved 31 Aug 2011. ^ Mia Garlick (March 23, 2006). "Spanish Court Recognizes CC-Music" (http://creativecommons.org /weblog/entry/5830) . Creative Commons. http://creativecommons.org/weblog/entry/5830. Retrieved 25 September 2010. ^ a b Evan Brown (July 2nd, 2010). "New Copyright Lawsuit Involves Creative Commons" (http://blog.internetcases.com/2010/07/02/new-copyright-lawsuit-involves-creative-commons/) . Internet Cases: A blog about law and technology. http://blog.internetcases.com/2010/07/02/newcopyright-lawsuit-involves-creative-commons/. Retrieved 20 April 2012. ^ CMLP Staff (August 5th, 2010). "GateHouse Media v. That's Great News" (http://www.citmedialaw.org/threats/gatehouse-media-v-thats-great-news#description) . Citizen Media Law Project. http://www.citmedialaw.org/threats/gatehouse-media-v-thats-greatnews#description. Retrieved 20 April 2012.

Bibliography
Ardito, Stephanie C. (2003). "Public-Domain Advocacy Flourishes". Information Today 20 (7): 17, 19. Asschenfeldt, Christiane. "Copyright and Licensing IssuesThe International Commons. (http://indico.cern.ch/conferenceDisplay.py?confId=a035925) " In CERN Workshop Series on Innovations in Scholarly Communication: Implementing the Benefits of OAI (OAI3), 1214 February 2004 at CERN, Geneva, Switzerland. Geneva: CERN, 2004. (video) Brown, Glenn Otis. "Academic Digital Rights: A Walk on the Creative Commons. (http://web.archive.org/web/20110614224322/http://www.syllabus.com /article.asp?id=7475) " Syllabus Magazine (April 2003). . "Out of the Way: How the Next Copyright Revolution Can Help the Next Scientific Revolution. (http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.0000009) " PLoS Biology 1, no. 1 (2003): 3031. Chillingworth, Mark. "Creative Commons Attracts BBC's Attention. (http://web.archive.org/web/20100228042054/http://www.iwr.co.uk/iwreview/1155821/) " Information World Review, 11 June 2004. Conhaim, Wallys W. "Creative Commons Nurtures the Public Domain. (http://newsbreaks.infotoday.com/nbreader.asp?ArticleID=17167) " Information Today 19, no. 7 (2002): 52, 54. "Delivering Classics Resources with TEI-XML, Open Source, and Creative Commons Licenses" (http://xml.coverpages.org/ni2004-04-28-a.html) . Cover Pages. 28 April 2004. http://xml.coverpages.org/ni2004-04-28-a.html. Denison, D.C. "For Creators, An Argument for Alienable Rights." Boston Globe, 22 December 2002, E2. Ermert, Monika (15 June 2004). "Germany Debuts Creative Commons" (http://www.theregister.co.uk/2004/06/15/german_creative_commons/) . The Register. http://www.theregister.co.uk/2004/06/15/german_creative_commons/. Fitzgerald, Brian, and Ian Oi. "Free Culture: Cultivating the Creative Commons. (http://eprints.qut.edu.au/122/) " (2004). Hietanen, Herkko "The Pursuit of Efficient Copyright Licensing How Some Rights Reserved Attempts to Solve the Problems of All Rights Reserved (https://www.doria.fi /handle/10024/42778) " (2008) PhD dissertation.

14 of 16

12/08/12 13:45

Creative Commons - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_commons

Johnstone, Sally M. "Sharing Educational Materials Without Losing Rights." Change 35, no. 6 (2003): 4951. Lessig, Lawrence (2003). "The Creative Commons". Florida Law Review 55: 763777. Mller Erik, The Case for Free Use: Reasons Not to Use a Creative Commons -NC License (http://web.archive.org/web/20080410233936/http://www.opensourcejahrbuch.de /download/jb2006/chapter_06/osjb2006-06-02-en-moeller.pdf) , in Open Source Jahrbuch 2006 (http://www.opensourcejahrbuch.de/) . Plotkin, Hal (11 February 2002). "All Hail Creative Commons: Stanford Professor and Author Lawrence Lessig Plans a Legal Insurrection" (http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin /article.cgi?file=/gate/archive/2002/02/11/creatcom.DTL) . SFGate.com (http://www.sfgate.com/) . http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/gate/archive /2002/02/11/creatcom.DTL. Schloman, Barbara F. (13 October 2003). "Creative Commons: An Opportunity to Extend the Public Domain" (http://www.nursingworld.org/ojin/infocol/info_12.htm) . Online Journal of Issues in Nursing. http://www.nursingworld.org/ojin/infocol/info_12.htm. Stix, Gary (March 2003). "Some Rights Reserved" (http://web.archive.org /web/20050915115752/http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?chanID=sa006&colID=7& articleID=000C2691-4F88-1E40-89E0809EC588EEDF) . Scientific American 288 (3): 46. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0303-46 (http://dx.doi.org /10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0303-46) . Archived from the original (http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?chanID=sa006&colID=7& articleID=000C2691-4F88-1E40-89E0809EC588EEDF) on 2005-09-15. http://web.archive.org /web/20050915115752/http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?chanID=sa006&colID=7& articleID=000C2691-4F88-1E40-89E0809EC588EEDF. Weitzman, Jonathan B., and Lawrence Lessig. "Open Access and Creative Common Sense. (http://www.biomedcentral.com/openaccess/archive/?page=features&issue=16) " Open Access Now, 10 May 2004.

External links
Official website (http://creativecommons.org/) Creative Commons wiki (http://wiki.creativecommons.org/) (English) (German) (Spanish) (Catalan) (French) (Hebrew) (Italian) (Portuguese) (Russian) Creative Commons Videos with subtitles (http://wiki.creativecommons.org/Videos) Short Flash animation describing Creative Commons (http://mirrors.creativecommons.org/) Creative Commons Explained: Lawrence Lessig (http://www.cbc.ca/strombo/?id=975) on The Hour with George Stroumboulopoulos Search Creative Commons Photos (http://eng.letscc.net/) Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Creative_Commons& oldid=506828446" Categories: Creative Commons Organizations established in 2001 Organizations based in San Francisco, California Computer law Free music Copyleft This page was last modified on 11 August 2012 at 15:19.

15 of 16

12/08/12 13:45

Creative Commons - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_commons

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. See Terms of use for details. Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.

16 of 16

12/08/12 13:45