Chapter18 Beam Subjected To Torsion &amp Bending II

BEAMS SUBJECTED TO TORSION & BENDING-II
18
1.0
BEAMS SUBJECTED TO TORSION AND BENDING - II

INTRODUCTION
In the previous chapter, the basic theory governing the behaviour of beams subjected to torsion was discussed. A member subjected to torsional moments would twist about a longitudinal axis through the shear centre of the cross section. It was also pointed out that when the resultant of applied forces passed through the longitudinal shear centre axis no torsion would occur. In general, torsional moments would cause twisting and warping of the cross sections. When the torsional rigidity (GJ) is very large compared with its warping rigidity (E), the section would effectively be in uniform torsion and warping moment would unlikely to be significant from the designer's perspective. Examples of this behaviour are closed hot-rolled sections (e.g. rectangular or square hollow sections) and rolled angles and Tees. Note that warping moment is developed only if warping deformation is restrained. Warping deformation in angle and T-sections are not small, only warping moment would be small. On the other hand, most thin walled open sections have much smaller torsional rigidity (GJ) compared with warping rigidity (E) values and these sections will be exhibiting significant warping moment. Hot rolled I sections and H sections would exhibit torsional behaviour in-between these two extremes and the applied loading is resisted by a combination of uniform torsion and warping torsion.
2.0
DESIGNING FOR TORSION IN PRACTICE
Any structural arrangement in which the loads are transferred to an I beam by torsion is not an efficient one for resisting loads. The message for the designers is "Avoid Torsion - if you can ". In a very large number of practical designs, the loads are usually applied in a such a manner that their resultant passes through the centroid. If the section is doubly symmetric (such as I or H sections) this automatically eliminates torsion, as the shear centre and centroid of the symmetric cross section coincide. Even otherwise load transfer through connections may - in many cases - be regarded as ensuring that the loads are effectively applied through the shear centre, thus eliminating the need for designing for torsion. Furthermore, in situations where the floor slabs are supported on top flanges of channel sections, the loads may effectively be regarded as being applied through the shear centre since the flexural stiffness of the attached slab prevents torsion of the channel. Where significant eccentricity of loading (which would cause torsion) is unavoidable, alternative methods of resisting torsion efficiently should be investigated. These include
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design using box sections, tubular (hollow) sections or lattice box girders which are fully triangulated on all faces. All these are more efficient means of resisting torsional moments compared with I or H sections. Unless it is essential to utilise the torsional resistance of an I section, it is not necessary to take account of it. The likely torsional effects due to a particular structural arrangement chosen should be considered in the early stages of design, rather than left to the final stages, when perhaps an inappropriate member has already been chosen. 3.0 PURE TORSION AND WARPING
In the previous chapter, the concepts of uniform torsion and warping torsion were explained and the relevant equations derived. When a torque is applied only at the ends of a member such that the ends are free to warp, then the member would develop only pure torsion. The total angle of twist ( ) over a length of z is given by GJ where Tq = applied torque GJ = Torsional Rigidity
Tq z
(1)
When a member is in non-uniform torsion, the rate of change of angle of twist will vary along the length of the member. The warping shear stress (w) at a point is given by
w =
E S wms t
(2)
where E = Modulus of elasticity Swms = Warping statical moment at a particular point S chosen. The warping normal stress (w) due to bending moment in-plane of flanges (bi-moment) is given by
w = - E .Wnwfs . ''
where Wnwfs = Normalised warping function at the chosen point S.
4.0
COMBINED BENDING AND TORSION
There will be some interaction between the torsional and flexural effects, when a load produces both bending and torsion. The angle of twist caused by torsion would be amplified by bending moment, inducing additional warping moments and torsional shears. The following analysis was proposed by Nethercot, Salter and Malik in reference (2). Version II 18 -2
4.1
Maximum Stress Check or "Capacity check"
The maximum stress at the most highly stressed cross section is limited to the design strength (fy /m). Assuming elastic behaviour and assuming that the loads produce bending about the major axis in addition to torsion, the longitudinal direct stresses will be due to three causes. M yt (3) byt = Zy w = E.Wnwfs . '' byt is dependent on Myt, which itself is dependent on the major axis moment Mx and the twist .
bx =
Mx Zx
Myt = Mx Thus the "capacity check" for major axis bending becomes:
(4)
bx + byt +w fy /m.
(5)
Methods of evaluating , , and for various conditions of loading and boundary conditions are given in reference (2).
4.2 Buckling Check
Whenever lateral torsional buckling governs the design (i.e. when pb is less than fy) the values of w and byt will be amplified. Nethercot, Salter and Malik have suggested a simple "buckling check" along lines similar to BS 5950, part 1
byt + w Mx Mx + 1 1 + 0.5 Mb f y / m Mb
(6) mx Mx
where M x , equivalent uniform moment
and Mb , the buckling resistance moment =
B + B 2 M E M p
ME M p
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in which
M p + ( LT + 1) M E 2
MP , the plastic moment capacity = fy . Zp / m Zp = the plastic section modulus ME , the elastic critical moment
=
Mp 2 E
where LT is the equivalent slenderness.

4.3
LT 2
fy
Applied loading having both Major axis and Minor axis moments
When the applied loading produces both major axis and minor axis moments, the "capacity checks" and the "buckling checks" are modified as follows:
Capacity check:
bx + byt +w + by fy/m
Buckling check:
My byt + w Mx Mx + + 1 + 0.5 1 Mb fy Zy / m fy / m Mb
(7)
(8)
where M y = m y M y
byt = M y / Z y
4.4 Torsional Shear Stress
Torsional shear stresses and warping shear stresses should also be amplified in a similar manner: Mx vt = ( t + w ) 1 + 0.5 (9) Mb This shear stress should be added to the shear stresses due to bending in checking the adequacy of the section.
5.0 DESIGN METHOD FOR LATERAL TORSIONAL BUCKLING
The analysis for the lateral torsional buckling is very complex because of the different types of structural actions involved. Also the basic theory of elastic lateral stability cannot be directly used for the design purpose because
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the formulae for elastic critical moment ME are too complex for routine use and there are limitations to their extension in the ultimate range A simple method of computing the buckling resistance of beams is given below. In a manner analogous to the Perry-Robertson Method for columns, the buckling resistance moment, Mb, is obtained as the smaller root of the equation (ME - Mb) (Mp - Mb) = LT. ME Mb As explained in page 3, Mb is given by, ME M p Mb = B + B2 M E M p (10)
where
M p + ( LT + 1) M E 2
= = = = Elastic critcal moment fy . Zp / m Perry coefficient, similar to column buckling coefficient Plastic section modulus]
[ As defined above, ME Mp
LT
Zp
In order to simplify the analysis, BS5950: Part 1 uses a curve based on the above concept (Fig. 1 ) (similar to column curves) in which the bending strength of the beam is expressed as a function of its slenderness (LT ). The design method is explained below. The buckling resistance moment Mb is given by Mb= pb .Zp (11)
where pb = bending strength allowing for susceptibility to lateral -torsional buckling. Zp = plastic section modulus. It should be noted that pb = fy for low values of slenderness of beams and the value of pb drops, as the beam becomes longer and the beam slenderness, calculated as given below, increases. This behaviour is analogous to columns. The beam slenderness (LT) is given by,
LT = 2
E LT fy
(12)
where
LT =
Mp ME
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300
Beam fails by yield
200
Beam buckling
pb N/mm2
100
0 50 100
LT
150
200
250
Fig.1 Bending strength for rolled sections of design strength 275 N/mm2 according to BS 5950
Fig. 2 is plotted in a non-dimensional form comparing the observed test data with the two theoretical values of upper bounds, viz. Mp and ME. The test data were obtained from a typical set of lateral torsional buckling data, using hot-rolled sections. In Fig. 2 three distinct regions of behaviour can be observed:-
stocky beams which are able to attain the plastic moment Mp, for values of LT below about 0.4. Slender beams which fail at moments close to ME, for values of LT above about 1.2 beams of intermediate slenderness which fail to reach either Mp or ME . In this case 0.4 < LT < 1.2
Beams having short spans usually fail by yielding. So lateral stability does not influence their design. Beams having long spans would fail by lateral buckling and these are termed "slender". For the practical beams which are in the intermediate range without lateral restraint, design must be based on considerations of inelastic buckling. In the absence of instability, eqn. 11 permits that the value of fy can be adopted for the full plastic moment capacity pb for LT < 0.4 . This corresponds to LT values of around 37 (for steels having fy= 275 N/mm2) below which the lateral instability is NOT of concern.
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Plastic yield
1.0
ME / MP
0.8
0.6
M / Mp
0.4
stocky
0.2
intermediate
slender
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
LT =
MP ME
Fig.2 Comparison of test data (mostly I sections) with theoretical elastic critical moments
For more slender beams, pb is a function of LT which is given by ,
LT = uv
ry
(13)
u is called the buckling parameter and x, the torsional index.

For flanged sections symmetrical about the minor axis,
4 Z p2 4 u = 2 2 x = 0.566 hs A and J A h s For flanged sections symmetrical about the major axis I y Z p 2 u = A2
1 4
( )
and
A x = 1.132 Iy J
In the above Zp = plastic modulus about the major axis

Iy = 1 Ix A = cross sectional area of the member
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J hs t1, t2 b1, b2
We can assume
= = = = =
torsional warping constant
hs t1 t2 b1 b2
12 t1 b13 + t2 b23
the torsion constant the distance between the shear centres of the flanges flange thicknesses flange widths
u = 0.9 for rolled UBs, UCs, RSJs and channels = 1.0 for all other sections. v = a function of , x is given in Table 14 of BS5950: Part I ry (for a preliminary assessment v = 1) x = D/T providing the above values of u are used.
5.1 Unequal flanged sections
For unequal flanged sections, eqn. 11 is used for finding the buckling moment of resistance. The value of LT is determined by eqn.13 using the appropriate section properties. In that equation u may be taken as 1.0 and v includes an allowance for the degree of monosymmetry through the parameter N = Ic / (Ic + It ) . Table 14 of BS5950: Part 1 must now be entered with (E /ry )/x and N .
5.2 Evaluation of differential equations
For a member subjected to concentrated torque with torsion fixed and warping free condition at the ends ( torque applied at varying values of L), the values of and its differentials are given by
Tq
(1-
For
0 z
sinh a Tq .a z z = + cosh sinh (1 ) a a a GJ tanh a
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Tq = (1 ) GJ
Tq
sinh a z + cosh cosh a a tanh a
sinh a z cosh sinh GJa a a tanh a

sinh a z cosh cosh a a tanh a
Tq G J a2
Similar equations are available for different loading cases and for different values of . Readers may wish to refer Ref. (2) for more details. We are unable to reproduce these on account of copyright restrictions.
6.0 SUMMARY
This chapter is aimed at explaining a simple method of evaluating torsional effects and to verify the adequacy of a chosen cross section when subjected to torsional moments. The method recommended is consistent with BS 5950: Part 1.
7.0 REFERENCES
(1)
(2) (3) (4)
British Standards Institution, BS 5950: Part 1: 1985. Structural use of steelwork in Building part 1: Code of Practice for design in simple and continuous construction: hot rolled sections. BSI, 1985. Nethercot, D. A., Salter, P. R., and Malik, A. S. Design of Members Subject to Combined Bending and Torsion , The Steel construction Institute , 1989. Steelwork design guide to BS 5950: Part 1 1985, Volume 1 Section properties and member capacities. The Steel Construction Institute, 1985. Introduction to Steelwork Design to BS 5950: Part 1, The Steel Construction Institute, 1988.
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Structural Steel Design Project

CALCULATION SHEET
Job No. Sheet 1 of 14 Rev. Job title: Design of members subjected to bending and torsion Worked Example. Flexural member Made by RSP Checked by RN Date Jan. 2000 Date Jan. 2000
Example 1
The beam shown below is unrestrained along its length. An eccentric load is applied to the bottom flange at the centre of the span in such a way that it does not provide any lateral restraint to the member. The end conditions are assumed to be simply supported for bending and fixed against torsion but free for warping. For the factored loads shown, check the adequacy of the trial section.
W = 100 kN 2000mm = 4000 mm
e = 75 mm
Stiffener to prevent flange and web buckling W = 100 kN
Replace the actual loading by an equivalent arrangement, comprising a vertical load applied through the shear centre and a torsional moment as shown below.
=
e W W
Tq = W.e negative angle of twist due to Tq
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CALCULATION SHEET
Loadings due to plane bending and torsion are shown below.

W
Tq
(i) Plane
(ii) Torsional
Loading (Note: These are factored loads and are not to be multiplied by f) Point load, W = 100 kN Distributed load (self weight), w = 1 kN/m (say) Eccentricity, e = 75 mm Bending effects ( at U.L.S) Moment at B, Shear at A, Shear at B, Torsional effects ( at U.L.S) Torsional moment, Tq = W.e Tq = 100 75 10-3 = 7.5 kNm This acts in a negative sense, Tq = -7.5 kNm Generally wide flange sections are preferable to deal with significant torsion. In this example, however, an ISWB section will be tried. Try ISWB 500 250 @ 95.2 kg/m Section properties from steel tables. Depth of section Width of section D = 500 mm B = 250 mm MxB = 102 kNm FvA = 52 kN FvB = 50 kN
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CALCULATION SHEET
Job No. Sheet 3 of 14 Rev. Job title: Design of members subjected to bending and torsion Worked Example. Flexural member Made by RSP Checked by RN
B = 250 mm
Date Jan. 2000 Date Jan. 2000
Web thickness Flange thickness Moment of inertia Moment of inertia Radius of gyration Elastic modulus Elastic modulus Cross sectional area Additional properties Torsional constant, =
t T Ixx Iyy ry Zx Zy A
= 9.9 mm = 14.7 mm = 52291 cm4 = 2988 cm4 = 49.6 mm = 2092 cm3 = 239 cm3 = 121.2 cm2
9.9 mm
D = 500 mm
14 7 mm
J =
1 2 250 14.7 3 + (500 2 14.7 ) 9.9 3 3

4 2 2988 10 4 (500 14.7 ) 4 = I y h2
1 2BT 3 + (D 2T ) t 3 3
]
= 682 103 mm4
Warping constant, = Shear modulus,
= 1.76 1012 mm6
E 2 (1 + )
2 10 5 2 = 2 (1 + 0.3) = 76.9 kN / mm
Torsional bending constant,
E GJ
1 2
2 10 5 1.76 1012 76.9 10 3 682 10 3
= 2591 mm
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CALCULATION SHEET
Normalized warping function,
Wnwfs
= =
=
hB 4 (500 14.7 ) 250 4
Warping statical moment,
S wms
30331 mm2 h B2 T = 16 485.3 250 2 14.7 = 16 = 2787 104 mm4 = Af . yf = ( 120.05 14.7) 242.7 = 428.2 103 mm3
Statical moment for flange,
Qf
Statical moment for web,
Qw
= (A/2) yw
yw
235.3 14.7 250 242.7 + 9.9 235.3 2 = 14.7 250 + 9.9 235.3
= 194.2 mm
Qw
= 6061 194.2 = 1166 103 mm3
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CALCULATION SHEET
250 1.15 250 500 2 240.1 470.6 2 4 4

= 507 kNm
Material Properties
Shear modulus, G = 76.9 kN/mm2
Design strength, py = 250 / m = 250 / 1.15

Check for Combined bending and torsion
= 217 N/mm2
(i)
Buckling check
( at Ultimate Limit State)
byt + w Mx Mx + 1 + 0.5 fy Mb Mb m
Mx m = m M xB = 1.0
M x = 1.0 M xB = 102 kNm
Effective length E = 1.0 L The buckling resistance moment,

Mb
E = 4000 mm
=
B + B 2 M E M p
M p + ( LT + 1) M E 2
ME M p
B
where ME = elastic critical moment Mp = plastic moment capacity = fy.Zp / m =
BS 5950: Part I App.B.2
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CALCULATION SHEET
= Mp 2 E
Elastic critical moment,
ME
LT 2 p y
LT
= the equivalent slenderness = nuv = the minor axis slenderness = E / ry = 4000 / 49.6 = 80.7 u = 0.9
BS 5950: Part I App.B.2.2
n = 0.86,
v = slenderness factor (according to N and /x) I cf N = = 0.5 ( for equal flanged sections) I cf + I tf
x A = 1.132 I y .J
1 2
BS 5950: Part I Table 14
12122 1.76 1012 = 1.132 2988 10 4 681.6 10 3
BS 5950: Part 1 App.B.2.5

2
= 36.63
/x
v
= 80.7 / 36.6 = 0.948 = nuv =
= 2.2
LT
0.86 0.9 0.948 80.7 = = 583 10 6 2 2 10 5 59.2 2 217 1143 kNm
59.2
ME
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CALCULATION SHEET
M p + ( LT + 1) M E 2

BS 5950: Part 1 App.B.2.3
B
The Perry coefficient,
LT
= b ( LT - LO )
2 E = 0.4 py 2 2 = 3 8 .2 = 0.15
1 1
Limiting equivalent slenderness, LO
LT
2 2 10 5 = 0.4 217 = 0.007 ( 59.2 38.2 )
B
Mb =
507 + (0.15 + 1) 1143 2 ME M p
= 911 kNm
B + B2 M E M p
= 911 + 911 Myt = Mx .
)1 2
)
1
1143 507
2
= 411 kNm
1143 507 2
To calculate
/ a = 4000 / 2591 = 1.54 = 0.5 z = , = 0.5 4000 = 2000 / a = 0.77
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CALCULATION SHEET
Ref. 2.0 App. B
sinh a Tq .a z z = + cosh sinh (1 ) GJ a a a tanh a 76.9 10 = 0.023 rads = 7.5 10 6 2591

3
cosh0.77 sinh0.77 (1 0.5 ) 0.77 + tanh1.54 681.6 10 3
sinh0.77
Myt =
102 0.023
M yt Zy
= 2.36 kNm
= 9.89 N / mm 2
byt =
2.36 10 6 = 239 10 3
E . Wnwfs .
To calculate
sinh Tq z a cosh sinh a a GJa tanh a

7.5 10 6 76.9 10 681.6 10 1.8 10 8 = 109 N / mm2
3 3
Ref. 2.0 App. B
= =
sinh0.77 tanh1.54 cosh 0.77 sinh0.77 2591
= 2 105 30331 1.8 10-8
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CALCULATION SHEET
1
byt + w Mx Mx + 1 + 0.5 fy Mb Mb m
102 10 6 411 10 6 +
(9.9
+ 109.2 250 1.15
102 10 6 1 + 0.5 411 10 6
0.86
<
(i)
Buckling is O. K Local "capacity" check
bx + byt + w bx
= Mx / Zx
fy / m
= 102 106 / 2092 103 = 48.8 N / mm2
48.8 + 9.9 + 109.2 = 168 N / mm2 < 217 N / mm2 O. K

Strictly the shear stresses due to combined bending and torsion should be checked, although these will seldom be critical. Shear stresses due to bending (at Ultimate Limit state) At support:In web,
bw
FVA . Qw I x .t
= =
52 10 3 1166 10 3 52291 10 4 9.9 11.7 N / mm 2
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CALCULATION SHEET
= = 52 10 3 428.2 10 3 52291 10 4 14.7 2.9 N / mm 2
In flange,
bf
FVA . Q f I x .T
At midspan :In web,
bw
= =
11.3 N / mm2 2.8 N / mm2
In flange, bf
Shear stresses due to torsion ( at Ultimate Limit state ) Stress due to pure torsion, Stress due to warping,
t
w
=
=
G.t. E . S wms . t
z cosh a
To calculate and sinh a Tq = (1 ) + GJ tanh a
cosh
Ref. 2.0 App.B
At = 0.5, a sinh
sinh a G J a 2 tanh a
Tq = 0.5 4000 2591 cosh
z cosh cosh a a 0.77 = 1.313, tanh a = 0.913
= 0.851,
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CALCULATION SHEET
Job No. Sheet 11 of 14 Rev. Job title: Design of members subjected to bending and torsion Worked Example. Flexural member Made by RSP Date Jan. 2000 Checked by RN Date Jan. 2000
At support,
z = 0
z a = 2000 cosh cosh z a = cosh(0) = 1.0
At midspan, z
= cosh(0.77) = 1.313
At support
= = = =
7.5 106 76.9 10 3 681.6 10 3 25912 0.812 10 11 7.5 106 76.9 10 3 681.6 10 3 1.7 10 5
0.851 0.913 1.313 1
0.851 (1 0.5 ) + 0.913 1.313 1
Stresses due to pure torsion. In web,
tw tw
= = =
G.t. 76.9 103 9.9 (-1.7 10-5 ) - 12.95 N / mm2 G. T . 76.9 103 14.7 (-1.7 10-5) - 19.22 N / mm2
In flange,
tf tf
= = =
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CALCULATION SHEET
Stresses due to warping in flange, E. S wms . wf = T 2 10 5 2787 10 4 0.812 10 11 wf = 14.7 At midspan
= 3.1 N / mm 2
= 0
= = 7.5 10 6 0.851 1.313 1.313 3 3 2 76.9 10 681.6 10 2591 0.913 1.06 10 11
Stresses due to pure torsion, In web, In flange,
tw tf
= =
G.t. G.T.
= 0 = 0
Stresses due to warping in flange, E. S wms . wf = T 2 10 5 2787 10 4 1.06 10 11 wf = 14.7
= 4.02 N / mm 2
By inspection the maximum combined shear stresses occur at the support.
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CALCULATION SHEET
0 1 2 3
At support
vt
( t
tw vt
Mx + w ) 1 + 0.5 Mb = =
In web at 3,
12.95 N / mm 2 102 12.95 1 + 0.5 411 = 14.6 N /mm 2
This must be added to the shear stresses due to plane bending.
bw
vt
= - 26.3 N / mm2( acting downwards)
= 11.7 - 14.6
In the top flange at 1,
tf wf
= - 19.2 N / mm2 = - 3.1 N / mm2
vt
= bf + vt
( 19.2
102 3.1) 1 + 0.5 411
= 25.1 N / mm 2
= - 27.9 N / mm2 ( acting left to right)
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CALCULATION SHEET
Shear strength, fv Since
= 0.6 fy / m = 0.6 250 /1.15 = 130 N / mm2 27.9 < 130 N / mm2
< fv
Section is adequate for shear
Referring back to the determination of the maximum angle of twist , in order to obtain the value at working load it is sufficient to replace the value of torque Tq with the working load value as is linearly dependent on Tq. Since Tq is due to solely the imposed point load W, dividing by the appropriate value of f will give :-
Working load value of Tq is
7.5 1.6
= 4.7 kNm
0.026 = 0.016 rads = 0.93 1.6 On the assumption that a maximum twist of 2 is acceptable at working load, in this instance the beam is satisfactory. the corresponding value of =
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CALCULATION SHEET
Job No. Sheet 1 of 6 Rev. Job title: Design of members subjected to bending and torsion Worked Example.Flexural member Made by RSP Date Jan 2000 Checked by RN Date Jan 2000
Example 2 Redesign the member shown in example 1, using a rectangular hollow section.
Try 300 200 8 @ 60.5 kg / m R. H. S Section properties. Depth of section Width of section Web thickness Flange thickness Area of section Moment of inertia Radius of gyration Elastic modulus Elastic modulus Plastic modulus Additional properties Torsional constant t3 h + 2 K Ah 3 Area enclosed by the mean perimeter of the section, Ah = (B - t ) (D - T) (neglecting the corner radii) = ( 200 - 8 )(300 - 8) J =
=
D B t T A Ix ry Zx Zy Zp
= 300 mm = 200 mm = 8 mm = 8 mm = 77.1 cm2 = 9798 cm4 = 8.23 cm = 653 cm3 = 522 cm3 = 785 cm3
8 mm D = 300
8 mm
200
56064 mm2
The mean perimeter,
= =
2[(B - t) + ( D - T)] 2[( 200 - 8) + ( 300 - 8)] = 968 mm
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CALCULATION SHEET
2 56064 8 968 = = =
2 Ah t h
927 mm 2
Torsional constant, J
8 3 968 + 2 927 56064 3 104 106 mm 4

J t + K t 104 106 8 + 927 8
Torsional modulus constant, C
= =
= 840 10 3 mm3
Material properties
Shear modulus, G Design strength, py
E = 2 (1 + )
2 10 5 = 76.9 kN / mm 2 2 (1 + 0.3)
250 / 1.15 = 217 N / mm2
= 250 / m =
Check for combined bending and torsion (i) Buckling check
( byt + w ) 1 + 0.5 M x Mx + fy Mb Mb
m
Since slenderness ratio (E / ry = 4000 / 82.3 = 48.6) is less than the limiting value 350 275 250 = 385 given in BS 5950 Part 1, table 38, lateral torsional 250 f y buckling need not be considered..
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CALCULATION SHEET
Job No. Sheet 3 of 6 Rev. Job title: Design of members subjected to bending and torsion Worked Example.Flexural member Made by RSP Date Jan 2000 Checked by RN Date Jan 2000 Mcx 0.6 fy / m . Av
Hence
Mb
= =
Shear capacity Pv Shear area Av
Pv
Since FVB Mcx
D 300 2 = D + B A = 300 + 200 77.1 = 46.3 cm 2 = 0.6 (250 /1.15) 46.3 10 10-3 = 604.3 kN
< 0.6 Pv = fy. Zp / m
50 < 363
1.2 fy / m. Zx ( for plastic sections)

BS 5950: Part 1 4.2.5 BS 5950: Part 1 4.3.7.2 table 13
Mcx
M m M To calculate
= 1.2 (250 /1.15) 653 10-3 = 170 kNm = m M xB = 1.0 = 1.0 102 = 102 kNm
The 100 kN eccentric load gives a value of Tq = 100 0.75 = 7.5 kNm
100 kN 100 kN 75 mm
L T0 = Tq / 2 T0 = Tq / 2
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CALCULATION SHEET
T0
= =
T0 z GJ Tq 2 = 7.5 2 = 3.75 kNm
At centre of span,
z =
= / 2 = 2000 mm 3.75 106 2000 76.9 10 3 104 106 = 0.001 radians
Myt =
. MxB
M yt Zy =
= 0.001 102 = 0.102 kNm
byt
0.102 10 6 = 0.195 N / mm 2 3 522 10
Warping stresses ( w ) are insignificant due to the type of section employed. Check becomes Mx Mb
byt
fy
Mx 1 + 0.5 Mb =
102 0.195 102 + 1 + 0.5 170 250 170 1.15
0.6
<1
O. K
(ii ) Local capacity check
bx + byt + w bx
fy /m
= MxB / Zy
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CALCULATION SHEET
Job No. Sheet 5 of 6 Rev. Job title: Design of members subjected to bending and torsion Worked Example.Flexural member Made by RSP Date Jan 2000 Checked by RN Date Jan 2000 = 196 N / mm 2
=
bx
102 106 522 10 3
196 + 0.195 + 0
196.2
< 217 N / mm2
O. K Shear stresses due to bending ( at Ultimate Limit state) Maximum value occurs in the web at the support.
200
bw
Qw A1
FVA . Qw I x .t1
= = A 2
A1 y
150
150 8
150 2 + 184 8 146 2 10 3 = A1 = A1 395 A1 = = 395 cm3
395 cm A1
Qw
bw
52 10 3 395 10 3 9798 10 4 2 8
13.1 N / mm 2
Shear stresses due to torsion T0 C
( at Ultimate limit State) Tq 2C 7.5 106 = 2 837 10 3
= 4.5 N / mm 2
Version II
18 -28

CALCULATION SHEET
Total shear stress
( at Ultimate Limit State )
vt
= =
bw
vt
Mx + w ) 1 + 0.5 Mb ( 4.5 + 0 ) 1 + 0.5 102 = 170 = 13.1 + 5.9 = 19 N / mm2
( t
5.9 N / mm 2
Shear strength Since
pv
0.6 fy / m = 0.6 250 /1.15 = 130 N /mm2 19 < 130 N / mm2
< pv
BS 5950: Part 1 4. 2. 3
the section is adequate for shear.
Version II
18 -29

Chapter18 Beam Subjected To Torsion &amp Bending II

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Chapter18 Beam Subjected To Torsion &amp Bending II

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BEAMS SUBJECTED TO TORSION & BENDING-II

BEAMS SUBJECTED TO TORSION AND BENDING - II

DESIGNING FOR TORSION IN PRACTICE

BEAMS SUBJECTED TO TORSION & BENDING-II

COMBINED BENDING AND TORSION

BEAMS SUBJECTED TO TORSION & BENDING-II

Maximum Stress Check or "Capacity check"

where M x , equivalent uniform moment

and Mb , the buckling resistance moment =

BEAMS SUBJECTED TO TORSION & BENDING-II

where LT is the equivalent slenderness.

BEAMS SUBJECTED TO TORSION & BENDING-II

BEAMS SUBJECTED TO TORSION & BENDING-II

Beam fails by yield

BEAMS SUBJECTED TO TORSION & BENDING-II

For more slender beams, pb is a function of LT which is given by ,

u is called the buckling parameter and x, the torsional index.

In the above Zp = plastic modulus about the major axis

BEAMS SUBJECTED TO TORSION & BENDING-II

torsional warping constant

sinh a Tq .a z z = + cosh sinh (1 ) a a a GJ tanh a

BEAMS SUBJECTED TO TORSION & BENDING-II

sinh a z + cosh cosh a a tanh a

sinh a z cosh sinh GJa a a tanh a

(2) (3) (4)

BEAMS SUBJECTED TO TORSION & BENDING-II

Structural Steel Design Project

W = 100 kN 2000mm = 4000 mm

Stiffener to prevent flange and web buckling W = 100 kN

Tq = W.e negative angle of twist due to Tq

BEAMS SUBJECTED TO TORSION & BENDING-II

Structural Steel Design Project

Loadings due to plane bending and torsion are shown below.

BEAMS SUBJECTED TO TORSION & BENDING-II

Structural Steel Design Project

Date Jan. 2000 Date Jan. 2000

1 2 250 14.7 3 + (500 2 14.7 ) 9.9 3 3

Warping constant, = Shear modulus,

= 1.76 1012 mm6

2 10 5 1.76 1012 76.9 10 3 682 10 3

BEAMS SUBJECTED TO TORSION & BENDING-II

Structural Steel Design Project

Normalized warping function,

hB 4 (500 14.7 ) 250 4

Warping statical moment,

Statical moment for flange,

Statical moment for web,

= 6061 194.2 = 1166 103 mm3

BEAMS SUBJECTED TO TORSION & BENDING-II

Structural Steel Design Project

Date Jan. 2000 Date Jan. 2000

Shear modulus, G = 76.9 kN/mm2

Design strength, py = 250 / m = 250 / 1.15

( at Ultimate Limit State)

M x = 1.0 M xB = 102 kNm

Effective length E = 1.0 L The buckling resistance moment,

BS 5950: Part I App.B.2

BEAMS SUBJECTED TO TORSION & BENDING-II

Structural Steel Design Project

Date Jan. 2000 Date Jan. 2000

Elastic critical moment,

BS 5950: Part I App.B.2.2