PMC Sanitation Plan Acknowledgements

Acknowledgements
Solid Waste Management Department, PMC, expresses its gratitude towards Hon. Shri. Mohan Singh Rajpal, Mayor of Pune and Hon. Shri. Mahesh Pathak, Commissioner of Pune Municipal Corporation for entrusting the task of preparing City Sanitation Plan of Pune City. We are grateful to the Task Force and Implementing Body for their constant guidance and support. This report has been enriched with inputs and support from the entire team of All India Institute of Local Self Government (AIILSG), Mumbai, especially Dr. (Prof.) Sneha Palnitkar, Ms. Jayalaxmi Chekkala, Mr. Prakash Orpe, Mr. Nandadeep Palshetkar, Ms. Deepa Prabhu and Ms. Madhura Palnitkar. We extend our sincere thanks to all the PMC departments, ward offices and elected representatives for providing valuable inputs and experience in preparation of the report. A special thanks to the UCD department, PMC, especially the Samuha Sanghatikas (Group Organizers) and Resident Community Volunteers (RCVs) for conducting the Focused Group Discussion (FGD) and Community Mapping Exercise. We are grateful to the contribution and efforts taken by Dr Ketaki Ghatge, Mr Sudhakar Salunke to coordinate this project. We would also like to thank Mashal-Pune for providing us subject related maps, Janawani for their support in conducting awareness campaigns in the city and Center for Environment Education for information on school sanitation status. We are also thankful to the various NGOs who extended their cooperation in spreading awareness about sanitation issues in the city.
Table of Content
Chapter I. Overview of Pune City ..............................................................................1 1.1 Introduction ..........................................................................................................1 1.2 Physical Characteristics .......................................................................................1 1.3 Geographic area and City Governance ................................................................3 1.4 Demography and Growth Patterns .......................................................................5 1.5 Culture..................................................................................................................9 1.6 Land Use ............................................................................................................10 1.7 Housing ..............................................................................................................11 1.8 Connectivity .......................................................................................................14 1.9 Tourism & Other Attractions .............................................................................14 1.10 Economic Drivers of the City ..........................................................................15 Chapter II. National Urban Sanitation Policy and City Level Planning ..............21 2.1 The National Urban Sanitation Policy (NUSP) .................................................21 2.2 Initiative by Maharashtra State ..........................................................................23 2.3 National Rating Scheme for Sanitation..............................................................24 2.4 Pune City Sanitation Plan- Process ....................................................................26 Chapter III. Spatial Distribution of Population ......................................................36 3.1 Spatial distribution of Population ......................................................................36 3.2 Spatial Distribution of Floating Population .......................................................37 3.3 Slum Population .................................................................................................38 3.4 Details of BPL Families in the city ....................................................................40 Chapter IV. Toilet Facilities......................................................................................41 4.1 Situational Analysis ...........................................................................................41 4.2 Open Defecation ................................................................................................42 4.3 Areas for improving School Sanitation..............................................................45 4.4 Coverage of Toilets and SLB .............................................................................47 4.5 Proposed Future Plan for Improved Toilet Facility ...........................................47 4.6 Technical Options proposed for toilet................................................................49 4.7 Estimated Budget for providing Toilet Facility .................................................51 4.8 Viability Gap Analysis .......................................................................................51 4.9 A SWOT Analysis of Toilet Facilities ...............................................................52
Chapter V. Sewerage System ....................................................................................53 5.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................53 5.2 SLB and Gaps in Sewerage System ...................................................................54 5.3 Future Plans to improve Sewerage Facilities .....................................................59 5.4 Limitations .........................................................................................................61 5.5 Technical Option for Sewerage Treatment ........................................................61 5.6 Estimated Cost to strengthen Sewerage Services ..............................................62 5.7 Viability Gap Analysis .......................................................................................63 5.8 A SWOT Analysis of Sewerage System ............................................................64 Chapter VI. Solid Waste Management ....................................................................65 6.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................65 6.2 Situational Analysis ...........................................................................................68 6.3 SLB and Gaps in Solid Waste Management ......................................................75 6.4 Technical options proposed for strengthening SWM services in the city .........78 6.5 Estimated Costs Budget for strengthening the SWM Services. .........................82 6.6 Viability Gap Analysis .......................................................................................82 6.7 SWOT analysis of SWM services......................................................................82 Chapter VII. Storm Water Drainage .......................................................................84 7.1 Situational Analysis ...........................................................................................84 7.2 SLB and Gaps in Storm Water Drainage ...........................................................88 7.3 Limitations .........................................................................................................88 7.4 Proposed Plan for strengthening the Strom Water Drainage System ................90 7.5 Estimated budget to strengthen Storm Water Drainage System ........................91 7.6 Viability Gap Analysis .......................................................................................91 7.7 SWOT Analysis of Strom Water Drainage System ...........................................93 Chapter VIII. Water Supply .....................................................................................94 8.1 Situational Analysis ...........................................................................................94 8.2 SLB and Gaps in Water Supply Service ............................................................97 8.3. Technical Options proposed to improve water supply ...................................104 8.4 Proposed Plan for improved Water Supply .....................................................104 8.5 Limitations .......................................................................................................106 8.6 Estimated costs for strengthening Water Supply Services ..............................107 8.7 Viability Gap Analysis .....................................................................................108 8.8 A SWOT Analysis of Water Supply Services .................................................109
Chapter IX. Environment .......................................................................................110 9.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................110 9.2 Green Cover .....................................................................................................111 9.3 Tree Plantation .................................................................................................112 9.4 Biodiversity ......................................................................................................113 9.5 Bird, reptiles and animal species .....................................................................113 9.6 Pollution ...........................................................................................................114 9.7 Initiatives taken by PMC to Reduce and Prevent Pollution .............................118 9.8 Effects of Environment Pollution on Health ....................................................119 Chapter X. Information, Education and Communication ...................................121 10.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................121 10.2 Some IEC Concepts .......................................................................................121 10.3 Various channels for IEC activities ...............................................................121 10.4 Role of PMC as a facility provider ................................................................122 10.5 Motivation ......................................................................................................122 10.6 IEC Channels adopted by PMC .....................................................................123 10.7 Capacity Building of stakeholders .................................................................123 10.8 Budget for Awareness and IEC activities ......................................................124 10.9 Role of UCD department and NGOs .............................................................124 Chapter XI: Institutional Design ............................................................................126 11.1 Current Institutional Arrangements ...............................................................126 11.2 Current Staffing pattern of various Departments ...........................................128 11.3 Proposed Institutional Arrangement for implementing CSP .........................131 11.4 Mapping key stakeholders for CSP implementation .....................................138 11.5 Disaster Management.....................................................................................139 Chapter XII. Financial Outlay, Budget and Viability Gap Funding .................141 12.1 Income and Expenditure of PMC from 2009-10 to 2011-12 .........................142 12.2 Budgetary requirement for achieving Citywide Sanitation: ..........................143 12.3 Projected Demand of Sanitation Services ......................................................144 Chapter XIII. Suggestions and Recommendations ...............................................145 Chapter XIV. Conclusion ........................................................................................147
List of Tables
Table 1.3.1 Table 1.3.2a Table 1.4.1 Table 1.4.2a Geographic Area of Wards in the City Ward coverage in four zones of the city Population and Decadal Growth Pattern Population Projections Alternatives
Table 1.3.2b PMC at a Glance
Table 1.4.2b Annual growth rate for the city for next 25 years Table 1.4.4a. Alternatives for Migration trends Table 1.4.4b Net In migration - Alternatives Table 1.6.1 Table 1.6.2 Table 1.7.5 Table 2.4.1a Table 3.1 Table 3.2 Table 3.3a Table 3.3b Table 3.3c Table 3.4 Table 4.1a Table 4.1b Table 4.3 Table 4.4 Table 4.5a Table 4.5b Table 4.7 Table 4.8 Table 5.1 Table 5.1.2 Table 5.2.1 Table 5.2.2a Morphological Development of Pune City Land Use Pattern Growth Pattern of Slums Members of the Pune City Sanitation Task Force Spatial Distribution of population in Pune City Ward-wise Floating Population Ward-wise Status of Slums in Pune city Ward-wise Slum Population in the city Ownership of Land and Number of Slums Ward wise BPL families Ward wise Status of Access to Toilets Ward wise Status of Public Toilets Sanitation facility in PMC schools Coverage of Toilets Requirement of toilet seats Locations identified for urinals/toilets for women. Estimated cost for construction of toilet seats Viability Gap Analysis- Toilets Sewage System in Pune city- Facts Details of Sewage Treatment Plants Sewerage related SLB at a glance Status of underground coverage of drainage
Table 2.4.1b Other members of the Task Force
Table 5.2.2b Coverage of sewerage network services
Table 5.2.3 Table 5.2.4 Table 5.2.5 Table 5.2.6 Table 5.2.7 Table 5.2.8 Table 5.2.9 Table 5.3.4 Table 5.5.2 Table 5.6 Table 5.7 Table 6.2.2a Table 6.2.2c Table 6.2.3a Table 6.3.1 Table 6.3.2 Table 6.3.3 Table 6.3.4 Table 6.3.5 Table 6.3.6 Table 6.3.7 Table 6.3.8 Table 6.3.9 Table 6.5 Table 6.6 Table 7.1.2 Table 7.1.3a Table 7.1.4 Table 7.2.1 Table 7.6
Collection efficiency of sewerage network Adequacy of sewerage treatment plant Quality of sewerage Treatment Extent of reuse and recycling of sewage Efficiency in redressal of customer complaints Efficiency of cost recovery in sewerage management Efficiency in collection of sewerage charges Sewage treatment plant under construction Reuse of treated waste water Estimated Costs for strengthening Sewerage System Viability Gap Analysis- Sewerage System Ward-wise collection of wet waste by Ghanta trucks Ward wise details of Containers and Dumper Buckets Details of Transportation of Solid Waste SWM and Status of SLB Coverage of SWM services through door-to door collection of waste Efficiency of Collection of Municipal Solid Waste Extent of segregation of Municipal Waste Extent of Municipal Solid Waste recovered Extent of scientific disposal of waste in landfill sites Efficiency in redressal of Customer complaints Extent of Cost Recovery in SWM Charges Efficiency in Collection of SWM Charges Estimated costs for strengthening SWM services Viability Gap Analysis- SWM services Summary of Nallas and their Length Lakes in the PMC area Existing road side drains and cross drainage in the city SWD and SLB at a glance Viability Gap Analysis -SWD
Table 6.2.2b Waste collected by Hotel Trucks
Table 6.2.3b Ward-wise deployment of vehicles for solid waste transport
Table 7.1.3b Length of rives in the PMC area (natural drains)
Table 8.1.1a Table 8.1.4 Table 8.2 Table 8.2.1 Table 8.2.2 Table 8.2.3 Table 8.2.4 Table 8.2.6 Table 8.2.7a Table 8.2.7c Table 8.2.8a Table 8.2.9 Table 8.6 Table 8.7 Table 9.3 Table 9.6.1 Table 9.6.2a Table 9.6.3a Table 9.6.3c Table 10.8 Table 12.1 Table 12.2 Table 12.3
Sources of Water Supply in the city Water supply network in the city Water Distribution facts Water Supply related SLB at a Glance Coverage of Water Supply Connections Per Capita Supply Extent of metering of water connections Average number of hours of water supply Water treatment plants in Pune city Quality of water supplied Ward wise customer complaints Cost recovery in Water Supply Services Estimated Costs for strengthening Water Supply Services. Viability Gap Analysis- Water Supply Guidelines for tree plantation for private developers Water Level pollution in the city Air quality in Pune City Noise Pollution in Commercial Zone Silence Zone in the city Budgetary requirement for IEC Activities Income and Expenditure of PMC from 2009-10 to 2011-12 Estimate Budget for CSP Projected Demands of Sanitation Services
Table 8.1.1b Existing water storage capacity of dams in Pune city
Table 8.2.7b Ward wise Quality of water supplied
Table 8.2.8b Efficiency in redressal of customer complaints Table 8.2.10 Efficiency in Collection of Water Supply related Charges
Table 9.6.2b Average for period January 2010 to December 2010 Table 9.6.3b Noise Pollution in Residential Zone
Table 11.2.3 Number of employees in SWM department of PMC
List of Abbreviations
ANC: API: BARC: BI: BPMC Act BRTS: BSUP: BOOT: CBSE: CD: CDAC: CEE: CSP: CT: DBOOT: DMA: DP: DPR: EBT: ESR: 3EBT: EWS: FGD HH: HI: HOD: IECC: IMR: IISER: ILCS: IT: JnNURM: LPCD: MDG: MIDC: Antenatal Care Annual Parasite Index Bhaba Atomic Research Centre Batrue Index Bombay Provincial Municipal Corporations Act Bus Rapid Transit System Basic Services to the Urban Poor Build Own Operate Transfer Central Board of Secondary Education Compact Discs Centre for Development of Advanced Computing Center for Environment Education City Sanitation Plan Computed Tomography Design-Build-Own-Operate-Transfer District Metering Area Development Plan Detailed Project Report Effective Biogas Technology Elevated Service Reservoir Economical Efficient Eco-friendly Bio Technology Economically Weaker Sections Focus Group Discussion Household Health Index Head of the Department Information, Education and Campaign Communication Infant Mortality Rate Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Integrated Low Cost Sanitation Scheme Information Technology Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission Liter Per Capita Per Day Millennium Development Goals Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation
MLD: MMR: MRI: MSRTC: MSW: M&E: MT: MTD: NRCD: NSCC: NGO: NICMAR: NUSP: ODF: O&M: PcPNDT: PMC: PMPML: PPP: RCC: SCADA: SLSC: SPR: SRA: STP: SWM: SWaCH: TMC: TPD: UASBT: ULB: WTP:
Million Litres per Day Maternal Mortality Rate Magnetic Resonance Imaging Maharashtra State Road Transport Corporation Municipal Solid Waste Monitoring & Evaluation Metric Tonnes Metric Tonnes per Day National River Conservation Development National Society for Clean Cities Non Government Organization National Institute of Construction Management and Research National Urban Sanitation Plan Open Defecation Free Operations & Maintenance Pre-conception & Pre-natal Diagnostic Techniques Pune Municipal Corporation Pune Mahanagar Parivahan Mahamandal Ltd. Public Private Partnership Reinforced Compacted Concrete Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition State Level Sanctioning Committee Slide Positivity Rate Slum Rehabilitation Authority Sewage Treatment Plant Solid Waste Management Solid Waste (Collection and Handling) Cooperative Thousand Million Cubic Feet Tonnes per Day Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Technology Urban Local Body Water Treatment Plant
NASSCOM: National Association of Software and Service Companies
List of Annexure
Annexure I Annexure II Annexure III Annexure IV Annexure IVa Annexure IVb Annexure IVc Annexure IVd Annexure IVe Annexure V Annexure Va Annexure Vb Annexure Vc Annexure Vc Annexure Vd Annexure Ve Annexure Vf Annexure Vg Baseline Survey Data of Administrative Zones Unit Rates Standards and Norms Maps Administrative Map of Pune City Map of Toilet, Open Defecation Spots and Slum Pockets Map showing containers, hospitals and slaughter house Storm Water Drainage Network Water Supply Network Backup Material Element and Priority Wise Budget details Social Mapping FGD Summary SWD- DPR Summary IEC material PMC Budget Summary Details of Water Logging Spots List of Open Defecation spots Details of Meetings/ Workshops conducted
List of References
1. Census of India, 2001 2. City Development Plan, 2006-2012 3. Demographic Projections for Pune Municipal Corporation, 2001-2027, Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics, 2008. 4. Socio Economic Survey of Pune City, Karve Institute of Social Service, 2010 5. Environment Status Report, Pune Municipal Corporation, 2006-07 6. Environment Status Report, Pune Municipal Corporation, 2007-08 7. Environment Status Report, Pune Municipal Corporation, 2008-09 8. Bombay Municipal Provincial Corporation (BPMC) Act -1949 9. Municipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling) Rules 2000 10. Detailed Project Report for Storm Water Drainage, Pune Municipal Corporation 11. Detailed Project Report for Water Supply, Pune Municipal Corporation 12. Pune Municipal Corporation, Budget 2009-2010 13. Pune Municipal Corporation, Budget 2010-2011 14. Pune Municipal Corporation, Budget 2011-2012 15. Assessment of WASH program of schools, a study by Kirloskar Foundation and Centre for Environment Education (Urban Programs Group), 2010. 16. www.punecorporation.org 17. www.maharashtra.gov.in 18. www.urbanindia.nic.in
Executive Summary
The National Urban Sanitation Policy 2008 (NUSP) introduced by Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India with a vision to make all Indian cities totally sanitized, healthy and livable and ensures and sustains good public health and environmental outcomes for all their citizens with special focus on hygienic and affordable sanitation facilities for urban poor and women. This policy provides the required framework to move towards urban sanitation in an integrated manner with addressing the issues related to urban poor in cities. While this policy pertains to management of human excreta and associated public health and environmental issues, it recognized that integral solutions need to be taking account of other elements of environmental sanitation, viz solid waste management, water supply, sewerage and storm water management. The task of preparing the City Sanitation Plan (CSP) started with the constitution of Task Force Implementing Agency in the month of July 2010. Task force consists of Hon. Mayor as the chair person and Hon Municipal Commissioner as its implementer. Other members of the Task Force includes Hon. Deputy Mayor, Hon Chairman Standing Committee, Hon Leader of House, Opposition leader, Party leaders, Chairperson of various committees ( Women and Child Welfare Committee, City Improvement Committee and Law Committee) and zones, NGOs etc. The Implementing Agency is headed by Hon. Municipal Commissioner and heads of the concerned departments are included as members. The preparation of this plan is guided by inputs given by All India Institute of Local Self Government, Mumbai. Several meetings, workshops and training programs have been conducted to crystallize and formulate the CSP. Baseline data collection was started in November 2010. Sanitary Inspector and Junior Engineers collected the baseline data in their respective wards. All the data collected was subjected to verification, checking and then complied at zonal and city level with the active participation of ward officers and deputy engineers of water supply, sewerage and storm water management. Awareness campaigns for citizens regarding sanitation plan was also carried out. Various competitions such as essay writing, slogans and painting were organized among the school children on the subject of
sanitation. Awareness was done through banners, posters, pamphlets, leaflets calendar, press releases handouts etc. Participatory approaches are needed to consult the poor settlement and involve them in the process of planning and management of sanitation arrangements mainly at community was being practiced. In order to build capacities for preparation of city sanitation plans involving poor community, social mapping exercise was conducted. In this process around 350 R.C.V.s from various slums were trained, baseline data collected in specified formats, maps prepared and conclusion withdrawn after completion and summarization of this need based data. This exercise helped to identify existing service delivery gaps at slum level, to indicate the required actions, to consolidate and mainstream several areas of work done by ULBs and also provided opportunity to bring the community together. City Profile: Pune city, the second largest metropolitan city in Maharashtra and sixth largest in India is fast changing its character from Pensioners city to Educational Administrative Center and now to an important Industrial hub with reference to the IT Center. The city also reflects the change in its ethos from highest number of bicycle users to a large number of automobiles, from Wada culture to large multiplexes and high risers and the growth of slums. Pune (180 31' N, 730 51' E) is a plateau city situated near the western margin of the Deccan plateau. It lays on the leeward side of the Sahyadri i.e. the Western Ghats and is hardly 50 km from the crest of the Ghat country. It is 100 km east from the Konkan i.e. the west coast. It is almost 160 kms southeast of Mumbai Growth of the city: The city under PMC jurisdiction covers a geographic area of 243.84 sq. km. The city appears to be growing in the southeast and southwest directions, away from the Old city (mainly the Peth area). City Governance: The entire jurisdiction of PMC is divided in to 144 electoral wards, 14 administrative wards and 4 zones. The city administration is run by the Pune Municipal Corporation through its various departments.
Population: The current population of the city is approximately 39.33 lakhs with almost one million households. The citys floating population is around 3.4 lakhs. There are 564 slums with a population of 10.53 lakhs. Most slums are on Private and Government Lands. The total number of BPL families in the city is 9441. To cater to the above population the following sanitation components were studied in detail. Toilets: Out of the 916886 households, 786011 households have individual toilet facilities. There are 4009 community toilet seats, 13110 public toilets seats and 631 group toilet seats in the city. Approximately 24,000 properties in the city do not have access to a toilet within walking distance. There are 103 open defecation spots in the city. Plans to construct community toilets, promote individual toilets and construct separate toilets for the floating population, differently abled, children and women are proposed. Sewage: The coverage of sewage network is 97.57 percent. Most of the toilets are connected to the underground drainage system. The existing septic tanks are also connected to the underground system. Thus all types of toilets can be categorized as safe. Out of the total 744 MLD of sewage generated, 70.83 percent is treated of which 5.38 percent is reused for irrigation purpose. Efficiency of cost recovery in sewage management is 76.05 percent. Constructions of new STPs are underway to treat more sewage and achieve the goal of 100 percent treatment. Solid Waste Management: PMC has stopped the practice of Open Dumping and is scientifically processing 100 percent of solid waste (1400 MTD). Efficiency of door to door collection of garbage is 52 percent and segregation is approximately 30 percent. 90 Ghanta trucks are deployed for door to door collection of waste. The ghanta trucks collect about 95,000 Kg of wet waste every day. PMC has also deployed 23 separate trucks for collection of hotel waste, which is segregated at source. SWaCH, a PMC initiative is a registered society of waste pickers which has a total strength of 5500 members. Out of these, 1963 members are involved in door to
door collection of waste. Waste is also dumped in 936 containers and 412 compactor buckets placed all over the city. Centralized and decentralized wet waste processing plants adopting various technologies such as bio methanization, vermi- composting, mechanical composting, bio sanitizer, waste to energy options are currently practiced, leading to 100 percent waste processing. Storm Water Drainage: The source of storm water drains are the rivers, road side drains and cross drainage works. The total length of road side drains is 150 kms and number of cross drains is 662. Rapid urbanization of the city and concretization of roads has narrowed the natural drains. The existing drains are blocked due to garbage thrown. The city has been experiencing intense rainfall for short duration causing heavy flooding in most parts of the city, but the capacity of network of drains that are built are based on calculations of a particular amount of rainfall. The department has plans to utilise the storm water through nalla channelization, up gradation and also through surface water collection. Water Supply: The water is supplied to the city from natural sources as mentioned below: Rivers (Mula, Mutha & Pawana) Lakes (Pashan & Katraj lake) Dams (Khadakwasla, Panset, Warasgaon & Temghar) Ground Water (399 dug wells & 4820 bore wells)
The total water supplied to the city is 1123 MLD. Coverage of Water supply connections is 94.19 percent and per capita water supplied is 194 lpcd. The metering of water connections is 29.71 percent and non revenue water is almost 32 percent. On an average the city receives water supply for 4-6 hours a day in two shifts, but with variations from ward to ward. Some wards receive 24x7 supply of water. The cost recovery is 70.67 percent.
Though the water supply per capita is above specified norms, issues such as in equal distribution, metering the entire supply chain, ensuring 24 x 7 water supply, reducing NRW needs to be looked in to. Environment: Pune which was well known as a Cycle City is now known for its two wheelers. At this hour of rapid development in IT, theatre, education and computer animation, Pune is also emerging as an environmentally aware city, slowly but steadily. This CSP document comprises of 13 chapters as follows: Chapter 1 captures the city profile. Chapter 2 describes processes implemented for preparing Pune City Sanitation Plan. Also outlines the Mission Statement, Vision and the Objectives of Pune CSP. It also throws light on the city ranking on sanitation related aspects as per NUSP National Rating Scheme for Sanitation. Chapter 3 gives details about the current population scenario and projected population growth. It also projects the need of the population in terms of sanitation facilities till year 2030 Chapter 4 gives the status of Open Defecation Spots, toilets facilities in the city. Chapter 5 gives details of sewerage system, gaps in service delivery and means to improve the service delivery. The phased wise budgetary requirement is also detailed out in this chapter. Chapter 6 gives details of Solid Waste Management System in the city, gaps identified with respect to SLB, plans for improvement and budgetary requirement Chapter 7 is about current Storm Water Drainage facility and improvement plans for the same along with phase wise budgetary requirement Chapter 8 describes the existing Water Supply scenario, identifies gaps in service delivery, details out plan carried out and proposed to strengthen the water supply system along with budgetary provisions needed for the same.
Chapter 9 gives a glimpse of the Environment Status of the city with plans and budget for improvement. Chapter 10 is on use of IEC as a tool to seek peoples participation in reaching the goal of totally sanitized city. Chapter 11 describes in detail the current institutional arrangement of PMC, proposed design for implementation, monitoring and evaluation of CSP. Chapter 12 is an analysis of the phase wise budgetary requirement of CSP components, the contribution of PMC to the same and an analysis of the viability gap fund. Chapter 13 is on Suggestions for effective CSP implementation. Chapter 14 is a Conclusion of the report.
To further improve the sanitation system in the city and make the city totally sanitized PMC will take concrete steps in a phased manner. Priority will placed on construction of toilets to make the city Open Defecation Free, 100 percent treatment of sewage, construction of storm water drains in flood prone areas, 24x7 water supply, equal distribution of water and water metering. The total budgetary requirement for CSP is as follows: For the successful implementation of all CSP components, PMC requires a total of Rs. 3215.02 crores. The contribution from PMC for achieving city wide sanitation objectives will be Rs. 603.61 crores. The goal of Totally Sanitized City can be achieved by contribution of Rs. 1719.36 crores from the State and Central Government.
CSP component Total Budgetary Requirement (in crores) Funds from other schemes (in crores) Contribut ion from PMC (in crores) Funds expected for CSP (in crores) Remark
Toilet Facility Sewerage System
70.88 845.48 715.05
14.18 130.43
56.70 0 Rs. 715.05 crores

expected under NRCD scheme. The DPR has been submitted for approval
SWM SWD Water Supply Services IEC Total
170.00 957.00 1167.50 4.16 3215.02
0 177.00
34.00 191.40 233.50 0.10
136.00 588.60 JNNURM funds received

for work on 4 basins
934.00 4.06 PMC will contribute 10 1719.36

lakh of the total budgetary requirement for two years.
892.05
603.61
Estimated Budgets for CSP
Chapter I. Overview of Pune City

1.1 Introduction
Pune city, the second largest metropolitan city in Maharashtra and sixth largest in India is fast changing its character from Pensioners city to Educational Administrative Center and now to an important Industrial hub with reference to the IT Center. The city also reflects the change in its ethos from highest number of bicycle users to a large number of automobiles, from Wada culture to large multiplexes and high risers and the growth of slums. This chapter gives a glimpse of Pune City.
1.2 Physical Characteristics

1.2.1 Topography
Pune (180 31' N, 730 51' E) is a plateau city situated near the western margin of the Deccan plateau. It lays on the leeward side of the Sahyadri i.e. the Western Ghats and is hardly 50 km from the crest of the Ghat country. It is 100 km east from the Konkan i.e. the west coast. It is almost 160 kms southeast of Mumbai, by road. It is situated at a height of 560m above the mean sea level, near the confluence of Mula and Mutha rivers. Two more rivers, Pavana and Indrayani transverse the northwestern outskirts of the urban area. Mula-Mutha later empty into the Bhima River. In a sense, the city is located in the upper Bhima basin. The city is surrounded by hills on the east and the south. The Sinhagad-Katraj-Dive ghat range is the southern boundary of the urban area. The highest point within the city is the Vetal hill (800 m) whereas the highest point of the urban area is the Sinhagad fort (1400 m).
PUNE CITY SANITATION PLAN
1.2.2 Climate
Pune experiences three distinct seasons-summer, monsoon and winter. Typical summer months are from March to May, with temperature ranging from 35 0 C to 39 0 C. The city receives moderate annual rainfall of 722 mm, mainly between June and September. In the winter season (November to February) the day temperature hovers around 290 C, while the night temperature dips below 10o C for most of December and January, often dropping 5 or 60 C.
1.3 Geographic area and City Governance

1.3.1 Geographic Area
According to the Pune Zilla Census handbook of 1951, the total area under Pune Municipal Corporation jurisdiction in 1951 was 125 sq. km. with the population size of around 4,88,419 people. In 2001 the Pune Municipal Corporation covered a total area of 243.84 sq. km with a population size of over 25 lakhs. The current population of the city is expected to be around 39.33 lakhs. The entire jurisdiction of PMC is divided in to 144 electoral wards. Ward Name Aundh Warje- Karvenagar Kothrud Ghole Road Nagar Road Sangamwadi Dhole Patil Road Kasba Vishram Bhavani Peth Sahakarnagar Tilak Road Hadapsar Bibewadi Dhankawdi Total Geographic area (in sq. kms) 40.75 15.21 16.26 12.75 29.10 29.35 14.64 05.00 02.90 09.20 14.71 24.78 18.35 10.84 243.84
Table 1.3.1 Geographic area of wards of the city
1.3.2 Pune Municipal Corporation

Prior to 1950, the Pune City Municipality & Pune Sub Urban Municipality governed the city of Pune. Since the population of both these Municipalities reached a considerable number, the State Government constituted the Pune Municipal Corporation (PMC) on 15
th
February 1950, which is governed by the Bombay
Provincial Municipal Corporations Act, 1949. The Chief Executive of the PMC is the Municipal Commissioner. It consists of directly elected Corporators headed by the Mayor. The General Body of PMC is involved in policy making and its Standing Committee takes financial decisions.
Zone 1 Aundh Ghole Road Kothrud WarjeKarve Road Zone 2 Dholepatil Road Nagar road Sangamwadi Zone 3 Bhavani Peth Kasba-Vishram Sahakar Nagar Tilak Road Zone 4 Bibwevadi Dhankawdi Hadapsar
Table 1.3.2a Ward coverage in four zones of the city

Establishment Day Population (2001) Area of Pune City No of Wards Electoral of Representative Municipal Employees Class-1 Class-2 Class-3 Class-4 Total Employees On Contract Basis Approx. Budget 2011-12 Municipal Markets Municipal gardens Boating Centers Zoo Snake park Aquarium Swimming tank Fire bridged center Municipal printing press Primary schools Pre primary schools Primary school students 15th February 1950 25,38,473 243.84 Sq.km. 144 144+5 88 363 4084 13242 17333 2500 Rs. 3247 Cr 27 83 2 1 1 1 10 10 1 275 239 84191 Pre primary school students Higher Secondary Schools Secondary Schools Secondary Vidhyaniketan Industrial Training institute Technical secondary school Secondary school students Boys Girls Total ITI Students Boys Girls Total Hostel (Dr. Ambedkar) Boys Municipal hospitals Municipal Maternity homes Municipal clinic Patients Slums Water supply per day Sewage Generation Solid Waste Generation 13684 5 17 3 1 1 5923 5558 11481 170 45 215 300 2 14 42 + 2 (Mobile) Daily 9000 (Average) 564 (unauthorized 211) 1123 MLD 744 MLD 1360 TPD
Table 1.3.2b PMC at a Glance
The city is divided in to 4 zones as mentioned in the above table. The administrative wing of PMC is divided into 14 wards, each headed by a ward officer. The total strength of officers and employees in PMC is about 17333, as against the approved employment level of about 17,986. Following are the prime functional departments of PMC: General Administration Public Health Municipal Secretary Solid Waste Management Tax Assessment and Collection Octroi Security Water Supply & Sewerage Law Department Urban Community Development Land and Estate Street Lighting Accounts and Audit Education Slum Clearance/Improvement City Development Primary Health Public Works- Roads Transport Department/Workshop Development Planning and Building Permission Fire Department Public Relation Officer
1.4 Demography and Growth Patterns

1.4.1 Population Size
Population of the city has increased from 4.8 lakhs in 1951 to over 25.38 lakhs in 2001. Due to restructuring of the election ward boundaries and addition of new areas in the PMC limits, there is a variation in ward wise population estimates and Census 2001 data. It is estimated that the current population of the city is around 39.33 lakhs. Census Year 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2010 Population 488419 606777 856105 1203363 1691430 2538473 3933140 (approx.) Decadal Growth Rate 24.23 41.09 40.56 40.56 50.08 Area (Sq km) 125.00 125.00 138.76 146.00 146.00 243.84 243.84
Table 1.4.1 Population and Decadal Growth Pattern
The population density of Pune city was 10,412 per square km as per the 2001 census. The area in the centre of the city, (old city), is densely populated. According to a report prepared by Gokhale Institute Pune, 2008, the population density of the city was as high as 14,353.67 per square km. The dynamic process of population growth is beyond the control of the authorities; it is actually a function of land prices and ease of accessibility to work place and availability of basic services. As a result, population growth is being witnessed in the fringe areas of the city and just outside the PMC limits, especially in the southwest direction.
1.4.2 Population Projection

A study on Demographic Projections done by Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics, Pune in 2008 has estimated the population of the city to reach 55 to 60 lakhs by year 2026. A detailed analysis is given in the table below.
Alternative I: 12% of the initial population for the beginning years of quinquennia 200106, 2006-11, 2011-16, 2016-21 & 2021-26 Year Population Male Female 2001 25,36,848 13,20,438 12,16,410 2006 30,35,532 15,82,432 14,53,100 2011 36,04,323 18,84,376 17,19,947 2016 44,05,866 23,13,791 20,92,075 2021 51,82,952 27,32,610 24,50,342 2026 60,33,473 31,92,969 28,40,504
Alternative II: (Realistic) Year Calculations Population Male Female 2001 12% 25,36,848 13,20,438 12,16,410 2006 12% 30,35,532 15,82,432 14,53,100 2011 12% 36,04,323 18,84,376 17,19,947 2016 10 % 43,29,259 22,72,805 20,56,454 2021 10% 49,97,755 26,32,674 23,65,081 2026 8% 55,97,346 29,58,207 26,39,139
Table 1.4.2 a Population Projections Alternatives
7000000 6500000 6000000 5500000 5000000
Population
4500000 4000000 3500000 3000000 2500000 2000000 1500000 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006 Year 2011 2016 2021 2026 2031
Alternative I
Alternative II
Core Pune
Graph1: Population Projection till Year 2031
The annual growth growth-rate (in percentage) for the city for next 25 years under the two alternatives is expected as follows:
Alternative I 1991 2001 2001 2006 2006 2011 2011 2016 2016 2021 2021 2026 Growth rate 4.82 3.59 3.43 4.01 3.25 3.04 Alternative - II 1991 2001 2001 2006 2006 2011 2011 2016 2016 2021 2021 2026 Growth rate 4.82 3.59 3.43 3.67 2.87 2.27
Table 1.4.2 b The annual growth rate for the city for 25 years From the above table it can be derived that the population growth rate would remain around 4 percent till 2016 and after that till 2026 would be around 2.27 -3.04 percent taking in to consideration the two alternatives.
1.4.3 Population Characteristics

Pune was well known as Pensioners Paradise, with people moving in to the city after retirement. But the excellent educational opportunities and rapid industrial growth has changed these basic characteristics of the city.
A socio economic study of the city conducted in 2008 reflects that 40 percent of the total population falls in the age group of 21-40 years, while another 32 percent falls in the age group of below 20 years. Around 20 percent of the total population is 40 plus and senior citizens constitute around 8 percent of the total population. The sex ratio as per Census 2001 is 921. But according to the study on Demographic Projections done by Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics, Pune in 2008, the sex ratio may decline further on account of the male-oriented migration to the city in future.
1.4.4 Migration
A study on Demographic Projections done by Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics, Pune in 2008 reflected that the amount of in-migration towards the city has increased significantly, Secondly, the migration has become more male-oriented; thirdly the proportion of migrants from Uttar Pradesh /Bihar is increasing but still is at a lower level; fourthly, the proportion of migrants with personal reason is declining. The past trends imply that the migration is mainly due to economic reasons. During 1981-91, there were 3.1 lacs in-migrants in Pune city, while during 1991-2001, the figure went up to 7.4 lacs, amounting to about 13 and 20 per cent of the total population respectively. It should be noted that this difference could partly be due to the different coverage in the two census studies. Nevertheless, the stepping up is remarkable. The study reveals that the share of' within the state' migrants to the total in-migration was quite significant with 73 and 65 percent respectively. Estimation of Migration Trend: The study has outlined two alternative sets of assumptions for migration in future. They are as follows;
Alternative I Alternative II 12% of the initial population for the beginning years of quinquennia 2001-06, 2006-11, 2011-16, 2016-21 & 2021-26 2001-06 12 % 2006-11 12 % 2011-16 10 % 2016-21 10 % 2021-26 8%
Table 1.4.4 a. Alternatives for Migration trends
It is assumed that Alternative II is more realistic, taking in to consideration the migration growth pattern of cities similar to Pune like Bangalore and Hyderabad. The net in-migration figures given below reflect the estimation for migration during 1991-2001 and the assumptions for the future under the two alternative paths.
Year Range 1991 2001 2001 2006 2006 2011 2011 2016 2016 2021 2021 2026 Alternative - I Net In-migration 3,66,983 2,91,410 3,64,265 4,25,515 5,28,705 6,21,955 Alternative - II Net In-migration 3,66,983 2,91,410 3,64,265 3,60,430 4,32,925 3,99,820
Table 1.4.4 b Net In migration as per the two Alternatives From the above it can be concluded that the net in migration would be around 6.21 lakhs as per alternative I and 3.99 lakhs as per alternative II in the period 2021-2026. The PMC has to consider the growth of in migrant population while planning for provision of basic infrastructure facility.
1.5 Culture
Pune is said to be the cultural capital of the state of Maharashtra. It epitomizes the Marathi culture, which lays emphasis on education, arts and crafts, music, and theatre. Pune culture reflects a blend of traditions with modernity. Irrespective of their faiths, people participate in Ganesh Utsav celebrations, Chaturshrungi Fair, Christmas and New Year festivities. The city also hosts various art and craft festivals, music and dance festivals, food festivals, etc. The city also boasts an active nightlife. Close to Pune City is the villages Alandi and Dehu to which Sant Dnyaneshwar and Sant Tukaram belong. Each year thousands of pilgrims from all over Maharashtra gather here and organize 'Wari. The Samadhi of Sant Sopandev, the brother of Sant Dnyaneshwar is situated at Saswad near Pune. Osho Ashram, one of the world's largest spiritual centers, has over 200000 visitors annually from over 100 countries.
The year round events in the city, attracts large number of people which impacts the sanitation services especially toilet facilities and solid waste management.
1.6 Land Use 1.6.1 Morphological Development of Pune City

From a small area around Kasba Peth, Pune has grown dramatically; in 1958, small pockets of land in parts of the villages of Katraj, Dhankavadi, Lohagaon, Dapodi, etc. were added increasing the area within PMCs jurisdiction. The last such annexation took place in 1997 wherein 23 villages with an area of 97.84 sq. km were added to Pune city. As a result, the PMC area increased to 243.9 sq.km.
Year 1857 Total Area (Sq Km) 7.74 Area Added (Sq. Km) - South Shankarsheth road to Ambila road, North East Right bank of Mutha river, East- Welesly road to new Modikana near Nagzari 1889 1890 1931 1935 1958 1975 1981 1983 1997 9.86 18.04 18.79 19.05 138.98 138.05 146.95 146.11 243.84 2.12 Area between Shankarsheth road, Satara Road and Golibar Maidan 8.17 Erandwana and Bhamburda villages 0.75 Parvathi Gaothan and area till Hingne 0.26 Chaturshringi Area 119.93 Inclusion of 18 villages (-)0.848 Exclusion of some part 7.33 Inclusion of Sutarwadi 0.0149 Inclusion of survey no. 79 of Ghorpadi 97.73 Inclusion of 23 villages Name of Areas added
Table 1.6.1 Morphological Development of Pune City
1.6.2 Land Use as per Development Plan

The combined land use distribution as per the Development Plans indicates that about 42 percent is allocated for residential use, 13.04 per cent of the area is allocated for transport, and 11.91 per cent is for reserved and forest areas.
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Land Use Residential Commercial Industrial Public and Semi Public Public Utilities Transport Reserved, Forest & Agriculture Water Bodies Hills and Hill Slopes Recreational Total Old 50.58 2.35 7.26 15.22 1.38 22.00 2.35 12.04 12.45 12.73 138.38
Area in sq km New Areas 53.16 1.57 2.62 1.45 0.00 9.81 26.70 2.48 0.00 7.79 105.58
Total 103.74 3.93 9.88 16.67 1.38 31.81 29.05 14.52 12.45 20.40 243.84
Distribution in Per cent 42.52 1.61 4.05 6.83 0.57 13.04 11.91 5.95 5.11 8.41 100.00
Table 1.6.2 Land Use Pattern
1.7 Housing
The housing pattern in Pune is varied, ranging from Wadas to independent bungalows and slums.
1.7.1 Wadas Pune is known for its wada system of houses, which have its origin in
the Peshwa period. Some of these wadas are still exiting today and are occupied by residences and commercial offices.
1.7.2 Chawls Around 1900 to 1940s the joint family system slowly gave way to the
emergence of nuclear families. To meet the demand of these nuclear families a new concept of chawls- buildings with several independent small houses came up. These were either two or three storied buildings with open space in front or back of the building. Each house in the chawl had independent drawing rooms, bedrooms and kitchens. But there were several common toilets in the chawl. These chawls came up in the south and east of the main Gaothan areas.
1.7.3 Gunthewari System (paddhat): According to the Maharashtra Regional

Town Planning Act 1966, agricultural land could not be used for construction purpose until layout plan was determined. But many people had constructed illegal housing without following the rules. This led to haphazard development. Encroachment was rampant. These areas were deprived of the basic civic amenities like road, water and electricity. So people in these areas approached government for these amenities. Government resolved this issue by laying certain rules. It asked people to take the
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photograph of the construction site, and to submit the drawings of the house to the local authority. Then PMC charged fine on the built-up area. It structured the charges of the Gunthewari and then the land was regularized by charging penalties. In 2001, Government of Maharashtra passed the Gunthewari law. Accordingly PMC regularized around 1 lakh constructions in Pune, mainly in the fringe villages and suburban areas, which came up on agricultural plots that were sold by the farmers on the guntha system of measurement ( 1 Guntha = 1089 sq.ft). The regularization charges were fixed at Rs 69 per square meter.
1.7.4 Cooperative Housing Societies: The evolution of the Cooperative Housing

Societies in the city started since 1922, with Deccan Gymkhana Housing society being the first ever venture in this direction. These buildings are made up of cement and bricks and iron, catering to the housing needs of several families. The concept was to make maximum utilization of space and also provide all facilities to the members according to their personal needs. The members own the buildings jointly.
1.7.5 Slums: The urban poor population (slum population) in Pune is estimated at
about 35-40 per cent of the total population of the city. The rapid growth of slums is largely an outcome of economic activity and job creation capacity of the city. The non- availability of EWSLIG housing and inadequate service levels in some pockets of the slums has led to deteriorating environmental problems in the urban areas. An analysis of the growth of slums in Pune reveals that annual growth rate of slums is higher than annual growth rate of the city.
Year 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 Total Population 606777 856105 1203363 1691430 2538473 Slum Population 92101 239701 377000 569000 1025035 Slum Population Annual Growth % of total 15.18 28.00 31.33 33.64 40.38 Rate of City 2.19 3.50 3.46 3.46 4.14 Annual Growth Rate of Slums 9.63 10.04 4.63 4.20 6.06
Table 1.7.5 Growth Pattern of Slums
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As per PMC data, there are 564 slums in Pune city, of which 353 are declared and 211 undeclared slums. Around 11-12 lakh people live in slums, the growth rate being 6 percent in 2001.The density in slums (person/sq.km.) is about six times that of the overall density prevailing in the rest of the city. 27 percent of the citys population resides in declared slums and they occupy only four percent of the total city area.
1.7.6 Slum Redevelopment

The Government Redevelopment Scheme was introduced to enable free construction of houses of about 270 sq.ft. built-up area. This scheme is being implemented in about 78 slums.
A Typical Slum Pocket and Housing under Slum Rehabilitation Scheme in Pune Another scheme implemented by the PMC with support from the GoI is the ValmikiAmbedkar Awas Yojna wherein slum dwellers below the poverty line who are residing in slums since 1/1/95 get Rs. 50,000 subsidy for a house of 225sq.ft. Under this scheme, PMC has already built (or is in the process of building) 800 houses in different slums. About 1200 houses are being constructed near Hadapsar. PMC is in the process of building about 2000 houses for the low income groups under the Lok Awas Yojna. In order to recognize their identity and to provide slum improvement scheme to real beneficiaries, PMC has started the Photo Pass scheme -- photo passes are issued to slum dwellers as identification proofs. In order to get a photo pass, a slum dweller should be residing in a particular area since 1/1/95. To develop housing stock and improve the infrastructure at a faster pace, GoM has created the Slum Rehabilitation Authority (SRA) covering Pune Corporation and PCMC area including areas of MIDC.
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Pune city has been covered under the Rajiv Gandhi Awas Yojana (RAY) of GoI, which aims at Slum Free Cities.
1.8 Connectivity
The city is well connected with the state capital and surrounding district headquarters through road and rail network. The road network consists of express highways, national highways, state highways and major district roads. The rail network consists of both broad gauge (electrified and non-electrified) double track as well as single track lines. The district headquarter has connectivity through airways for transport and trade to major airports within the country and to select international destinations.
1.9 Tourism & Other Attractions

The city of Pune is a major tourist attraction and cultural capital of Maharashtra. Various cultural, sports, arts and craft events are held throughout the year which attract tourists from India and abroad. The Pune Festival, Savai Gandharva Festival, CYG, Pune Marathon are some events in the city which have become very popular over the years. Shaniwar Wada, Lal Mahal, Aga Khan Palace, Kelkar Museum, Shinde Chattri, Omkareshwar and Pataleshwar temples, Osho Ashram, Dagdu Seth Mandir, Parvati , Saras Baug are famous tourist spots.
Balgandharva, Tilak Smarak Mandir, Ganesh Kala Krida Kendra, and Dr. Ambedkar Sanskruti Bhavan are some of the famous natyagrihas where cultural activities are conducted. E-SQUARE, City Pride, Lakshminarayan, Nilayam, and Alka are some of the famous theaters, which attract large population of the city. Olympus Health Club, Maharashtriya Mandal, and Shahu Tank are some famous swimming pools in the city. Malls have become the new source for entertainment in Pune. There are various shopping bazaars such as Nucleus Mall, Westside Departmental Store, Shoppers Stop, Big Bazaar, Central, National Handloom Corporation etc.
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Bund Garden, also known as the Mahatma Gandhi Udyan is a popular place for visitors to take a leisurely stroll. Empress Garden, the botanical garden has pretty lawns and well laid out benches and is a hot picnic spot. Snake Park is one of the reputed zoos in India comprising about 300-350 snakes of 40 different species. The park is an artificial habitat for various other wild animals like leopard, deer and other reptiles. These gardens and also Pashan Lake, University Park, Agakahan Palace Garden etc add to the "green" attractions of Pune as entertainment center.
1.10 Economic Drivers of the City

Two important events in the citys history affected its growth and development. The first event was the infamous flood of 1961, when huge amounts of water unleashed by the collapse of the Panshet dam upstream swamped Pune and destroyed several homes. The old city along the banks of the river Mutha literally crumbled. A number of colonies were destroyed and many middle class families re-settled on the outskirts of Pune. Secondly, the citys educational base has also provided vital inputs to Punes foray into the modern, technology-based world. The third major event was the establishment of the new industrial township of PimpriChinchwad. These changes have radically altered the trajectory of Punes urban growth and economy.
Economic Drivers of Pune City - Education and Industries

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1.10.1 Pune: An Educational Centre

Pune, with more than a hundred educational institutes and nine universities, has rightly acquired a reputation as "The Oxford of the East". Students from all over the world study at various schools, colleges and universities. a. School Education: Education is imparted at the tender age of two and schooling per say ends at 15 years at the completion of tenth standard. Schools following various pattern of education like the State Secondary Certificate, CBSE, ICSE and International Baccalaureate have been established, providing people with a variety of choices of education patterns to choose from. Public schools (known locally as "municipal schools") are run by the Pune Municipal Corporation, and are affiliated with the Maharashtra State Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education. Private schools are run by educational trusts or individuals. According to the Education department of PMC, there are 290 private aided and 313 private un- aided schools in the city. b. University Education: The College of Engineering, Pune, founded in 1854, is the third oldest engineering college in Asia. The Deccan Education Society was founded by several local citizens in 1884, including social and political activist Bal Gangadhar Tilak, and was responsible for founding Fergusson College in 1885. The Pune University, The National Defense Academy, Film and Television Institute of India, Dnyaneshwar Vidyapeeth, National Film Archives, Armed Forces Medical College and National Chemical Laboratory were established in Pune after the independence of India. Pune University, Deccan College Post Graduate and Research Institute, Tilak Maharashtra Vidyapeeth , Gokhale Institute of Politics & Economics , Symbiosis International Education Centre , Bharati Vidyapeeth , Defence Institute of Advanced Technology are some of the well known universities and deemed universities in the city. c. Research Institutes: In addition to the University of Pune, the city is home to several research institutions of national importance. Located adjacent to the university is the National Chemical Laboratory, one of the Indian Institute of
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Science Education and Research (IISER) and the Centre for Materials for Electronics Technology, while the university campus houses the Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (CDAC), Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics (IUCAA), the National Centre for Radio Astrophysics and the National Centre for Cell Science. CDAC developed the super computer of India in 1988 post the denial of import of super computer from the US. The KEM Hospital Research Centre, Central Water and Power Research Station, Directorate of Onion and Garlic Research, Rajgurunagar, National Institute Of Bank Management, National Informatics Centre, the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, the Agharkar Research Institute, the Automotive Research Association of India, and the Unit for Research and Development of Information Products are all in and around Pune. The Administrative Training Institute of Maharashtra is situated next to the Raj Bhavan in Pune. The Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute was established in 1917 and is a world-renowned institute for research and instruction in the Sanskrit and Prakrit languages and houses more than 20,000 ancient manuscripts. The National Institute of Virology, National AIDS Research Institute, National Institute of Construction Management and Research (NICMAR) at Balewadi was set up in 1985 and National Insurance Academy are located in Pune. The city also houses the Tata Research Development and Design Centre, a research unit of Tata Consultancy Services, working in the areas of computer science and modeling/simulation for materials processing.
1.10.2 Industrial Growth

The industrial efflorescence of Pune began with the entry of the Kirloskar Oil Engine Ltd in 1946. In 1960, MIDC set up a huge industrial estate on 4000 acres of land at Bhosari, leading to a spate of engineering-ancillary industries. The establishment of the commercial motor vehicle unit of Telco in Pimpri-Chinchwad transformed the pace and rhythm of Pune. Availability of skilled manpower and later, supply of ancillary development based entrepreneurs in and around Pune became the major 17
drivers of Punes industrialization. Thus 1965 is a turning point in Punes economic history. Its present reputation as the Detroit of India is a consequence of its development since mid sixties. For the next two decades, industries around Pune were largely spurred by the presence of Telco, Bajaj Auto and Bajaj Tempo. This development had two major consequences. It triggered the development of a new satellite township Pimpri-Chinchwad Municipal council (later Municipal Corporation) and Pimpri Chinchwad New Municipal Town Development Authority. In addition to educational opportunities, industrial employment opportunities gave a fillip to in-migration. Moreover, the development of industrial estates by Mahrashtra Industrial Development Corporation (MIDC) on the then outskirts of Pune (Parvati, Hadapasar,) and declaration of the C zones for sales tax exemption in Pirangut and Shivapur expanded the industrial activity map of Pune in almost all the major geographic directions. This was further strengthened by the emergence of MIDC estates areas around Ranjangaon, Daund and Karkumbh. a. The IT BT Sector: The first software technology park in India was set up in Pune. TCS, Wipro, Infosys, Mahindra British Telecom, Mastek and PCS have a significant presence in the city. Global majors like HSBC Global Technology, IBM, Sasken, Avaya, T-systems and Syntel also have set their base in Pune. During the last eight years, the IT business in Pune has grown from Rs. 250 crores to Rs.6500 crores. Three areas, noted for their professional training setups, have merged in the last two decades: management education, IT and computer education, and engineering. Moreover, a number of established educational institutions have introduced new courses and research areas (for example NCL, NIV and NARI in cell research in the department of bio-informatics in Pune University). This course of events helped Pune emerge as an IT-BT centre. b. Real Estate: Real estate markets of Pune have cyclically soared. Some parts of the city have grown at a historically unparalleled pace. (Kothrud in 1980s and 90s or Aundh in the 1990s.) Construction activity and other related activities (including in situ furniture and interior decoration) have provided growing employment in Pune. Most of the labourers engaged in these
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industries are migrant workers from other states. Similarly, repair services, hotels and restaurants have grown phenomenally. c. Pune as an Agro Business Centre: The hinterland of Pune witnesses intense farming of sugar and grapes, horticulture, and floriculture. Given the distinctive characteristics of this industry, many value-added industries like food processing have flourished in and around Pune. Pune has a locational advantage, being close to to several demand driven markets such as Mumbai, Nasik, Nagpur, and Aurangabad. Consequently, Pune is fast evolving as a sunrise city; already some big names in this sector have established their presence, namely Gits Food Products, Weikield Products, and Chitale Bandhu. Thus the main drivers of the economy in Pune are: Auto and auto ancillary -- The Detroit of India The prime higher education centre -- The Oxford of East Established and huge potential to develop as the IT hub of India Potential to emerge as a BT hub Growing agro and food processing industry
A study of the past three Census (1981, 1991, 2001) data on employment and population pattern of Pune city reflects that certain sectors have traditionally been the main economic drivers of the city. These sectors include automobile and its components, electronics, printing, food, readymade garments, engineering goods and services, auto garages and since the 90s IT and IT enabled services. One can observe a gradual shift from dependence on secondary sector to service sector. These have been stable drivers of the economy for almost three decades and will continue to remain so. Recent industrial growth is seen in a radius of 60-65 kms from the main city of Pune. Certain industrial hubs can be identified such as Hadapsar, Hinjewadi, Chakan, Talegaon. Ranjangoan, Kharadi. Entrepreneurial history, climate, education opportunities, especially higher and IT education and its proximity to major cities of Maharashtra are some of the elements that has helped Pune gain a status of one of the preferred cities for earning and living.
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Taking into consideration the population growth of the city, it is quite evident that the load on the basic services and amenities like water supply, sewage, solid waste management, storm water and toilet facilities for citizens, especially the poor and floating population will increase by the day. The launch of National Urban City Sanitation Plan by the Central Government of India will play a major role in guiding the formation of the plan at city level.
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Chapter II. National Urban Sanitation Policy and City Level Planning
2.1 The National Urban Sanitation Policy (NUSP)
NUSP defines sanitation as safe management of human excreta, including its safe confinement, treatment, and disposal and associated hygiene related practices. While the NUSP pertains to management of human excreta and associated public health and environmental impacts, it is recognized that integral solutions need to take account of other elements of environmental sanitation, i.e. solid waste management; generation of industrial and other specialized / hazardous wastes; drainage; as also the management of drinking water supply. With the projected explosion of population in the urban areas, primarily because of migration and people moving to urban areas in search of work opportunities, there is tremendous pressure on the existing infrastructure in urban areas. It becomes the primary responsibility of the Urban Local Bodies (henceforth referred to as ULBs) to provide basic services like water, sanitation and public health facilities to its citizens. The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) enjoin upon the signatory nations to extend access to improved sanitation to at least half the urban population by 2015, and 100% access by 2025. This implies extending coverage to households with improved sanitation, and providing proper sanitation facilities in public places to make cities open defecation free. The City Sanitation Plan is a comprehensive document which details out the short, medium and long term measures for the issues related to governance, technical, financial, capacity enhancement, awareness and pro-poor interventions to achieve the goal of NUSP to create community driven, totally sanitized, healthy and livable cities and towns.
2.1.1 The vision for Urban Sanitation in India is

All Indian cities and towns become totally sanitized, healthy and livable and ensure and sustain good public health and environmental outcomes for all their citizens with
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a special focus on hygienic and affordable sanitation facilities for the urban poor and women. In order to achieve the above Vision, following key policy issues must be addressed: a. Poor Awareness: Sanitation has been accorded low priority and there is poor awareness about its inherent linkages with public health. b. Social and Occupational aspects of Sanitation: Despite the appropriate legal framework, progress towards the elimination of manual scavenging has shown limited success, Little or no attention has been paid towards the occupational hazard faced by sanitation workers daily. c. Fragmented Institutional Roles and Responsibilities: There are considerable gaps and overlaps in institutional roles and responsibilities at the national, state, and city levels. d. Lack of an Integrated City-wide Approach: Sanitation investments are currently planned in a piece-meal manner and do not take into account the full cycle of safe confinement, treatment and safe disposal. e. Limited Technology Choices: Technologies have been focused on limited options that have not been cost-effective, and sustainability of investments has been in question. f. Reaching the Un-served and Poor: Urban poor communities as well other residents of informal settlements have been constrained by lack of tenure, space or economic constraints, in obtaining affordable access to safe sanitation. In this context, the issues of whether services to the poor should be individualized and whether community services should be provided in nonnotified slums should be addressed. However provision of individual toilets should be prioritized. In relation to Pay and Use toilets, the issue of subsidies inadvertently reaching the non-poor should be addressed by identifying different categories of urban poor. g. Lack of Demand Responsiveness: Sanitation has been provided by public agencies in a supply-driven manner, with little regard for demands and preferences of households as customers of sanitation services. The overall goal of this policy is to transform Urban India into community-driven, totally sanitized, healthy and livable cities and towns. The specific goals are:
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Awareness Generation and Behavior Change, Open Defecation Free Cities, Integrated City-wide Sanitation.
2.2 Initiative by Maharashtra State

Maharashtra State is taking initiative to improve the sanitation and water supply services in the state through various schemes. In Maharashtra, the Ministry of Water Supply and Sanitation along with the department of Water Supply and Sanitation was created in 1996 to exclusively concentrate on the poor coverage and access to these essential services in both urban and rural areas. The Ministry is headed by the Minister of Water Supply and Sanitation and is supported by the State Minister for Water Supply and Sanitation. The Secretary heads the Water Supply and Sanitation Department (WSSD). The WSSD is supported by two technical wings viz: Maharashtra Jeevan Pradhikaran (MJP) and Groundwater and Survey Development Agency (GSDA). Maharashtra is developing a state sanitation strategy in lines with the National Policy on Urban Sanitation. A key milestone to ensure success is the Sant Gadge Baba Urban Sanitation Campaign. It encourages cities to prevent open defecation, safely manage waste water, etc. It forges a spirit of competition among the Urban Local Bodies through performance evaluation and rewards. The state has also launched Swarna Jayanti Sujal and Nirmal Maharashtra 2010 Abhiyan. The aim is to prioritize sanitation and develop individual strategies suiting local context. 2.2.1 Sant Gadge Baba Urban Sanitation Campaign: The campaign is being implemented in all Urban Municipal Corporations of Maharashtra State since 2002-03. The parameters in this contest are very helpful in continuous improvement and strengthening of sectors such as water supply, sewerage, solid waste management, renovation of historical places, tree plantation, city beautification, etc. This helps in changing the overall scenario of the city and leads to improvement in the standard of living and health of the citizens. This campaign is carried out each year in the period starting 2nd October and ends on 10th June. The progress made during this period is evaluated as per baseline (2nd
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October) and end line data collected (10th June).Depending upon the performance the best Municipal Corporations are awarded. This campaign is also carried out at District and State levels. This is the only Sanitation Campaign which was originally launched in rural areas and replicated in urban areas. 2.2.2 Swarna Jayanti Sujal & Nirmal Maharashtra 2010 Abhiyan This campaign aims at continuous improvement and strengthening of urban water supply and sewerage sectors. In the first phase, Eighty Two cities would be provided monetary assistance for carrying out new infrastructure development and improvement works in these two sectors.
2.3 National Rating Scheme for Sanitation

In order to rapidly promote sanitation in urban areas of the country (as provided for in the National Urban Sanitation Policy and Goals, 2008), and to recognize excellent performance in this area, the Government of India has instituted an annual rating and award scheme for cities. The award (Nirmal Shahar Puraskar) is based on the premise that improved public health and environmental standards are two key outcomes that cities must seek to ensure for their citizens. In doing so, governments in states and urban areas will need to plan and implement holistic citywide sanitation plans, thereby putting in place processes that help achieve outputs pertaining to safe collection, confinement and disposal (including conveyance, treatment, and/or reuse without adverse impacts on the environment in and around the cities). The first rating of cities with regard to their performance in sanitation improvements, based on a set of objective indicators of outputs, processes and outcomes, was carried out in 2010 to set the baseline ranking. Cities are expected to undertake an objective self-assessment from time to time. Pune ranked 66 out of 423 with 42.73 points and falls in the black category in the baseline survey. The NUSP document on ratings states that those in the black category are Cities needing considerable improvement.
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Summary of NUSP ranking and Score City Name State Name City category Population (as per 2001Census) Population (as on Jan 2010 as per ULB estimates/projection) Total score for the city (with colour code) 1. Output related indicators 2. Process related indicators 3. Outcome related indicators Pune City Ranking on Sanitation Related Indicators
Sr. Indicator No OUTPUT RELATED INDICATORS A No Open Defecation Access and use of toilets by urban poor and other un-served households (including slums) by individual and community I sanitation facilities Access and use of toilets for floating and institutional Ii populations - adequate public sanitation facilities Iii Proportion of field visits where OD was visible Iv Manual Scavenging Practice Proportion of total properties with safe collection arrangements B for human excreta Proportion of total black waste water generation that is treated C and safely disposed off Proportion of total grey waste water generation that is treated D and safely disposed off Proportion of treated wastewater that is recycled and reused for E non potable applications Proportion of total storm-water and drainage that is efficiently F and safely managed (3 points for 100%) Proportion of total solid waste generation that is regularly G collected Proportion of total solid waste generation that is treated and H safely disposed off Points Pune Score
Pune Maharashtra Big Class 1 2,538,479 3,500,000 42.73 20.92 16.21 5.60
4 4 4 4 6 3 0 3 3 4 4
1.00 3.00 1.17 4.00 4.50 1.50 0.00 1.00 1.00 1.75 2.00
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City wastes cause no adverse impacts on surrounding areas outside city limits (5 points for 100%) Total Output related score PROCESS RELATED INDICATORS A M&E systems are in place to track incidences of open defecation All sewerage systems in the city are working properly and there B is no ex-filtration Septage / sludge is regularly cleaned, safely transported and C disposed after treatment, from on-site systems in the city D Storm water drainage systems functioning and maintained I Solid waste management (collection and treatment) systems are efficient Documented operational system and clear institutional F responsibility assigned for the services Sanctions for deviance on part of polluters and institutions is G clearly laid out and followed in practice Total Process related score OUTCOME RELATED INDICATORS A Quality of drinking water B Water Quality in water bodies in and around city Reduction in water Bourne disease incidence amongst city C population Total Outcome related score E
5 50 4 5 5 4 5 4 3 30 7 7 6 20
0.00 20.92 0.00 4.41 1.00 1.00 2.30 2.00 2.50 16.21 5.6 0.00 0.00 5.60
GRAND TOTAL 2.4 Pune City Sanitation Plan- Process
42.73
In 2008, the Pune Municipal Corporation (henceforth referred to as PMC) embarked on the path of becoming Totally Sanitized. The timing for this could not have been any better as 2008 was The International year of Sanitation and the Government of India launched the National Urban Sanitation Policy (NUSP). The challenge before the city was to respond to the local situation by carrying out a series of activities following the principles of the National Urban Sanitation Policy. The following steps have been initiated in the city in compliance with the NUSP since 2010: 2.4.1 Initialization Stage A decision was taken by the PMC to prepare the City Sanitation Plan through participation of stakeholders involved in day to day activities related to sanitation and water supply services. This was done in consultation with All India Institute of Local
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Self Government which is the nodal agency appointed by the State Government of Maharashtra. The responsibility of preparing the plan was entrusted to Deputy Commissioner of Solid Waste Management Department. It was decided to prepare the plan in house rather than outsource it to a consultant/agency keeping in mind the following objectives: To encourage community and private participation to ensure a sense of ownership in creation and maintenance of sanitation infrastructure To ensure coordination between various PMC departments involved directly and indirectly in providing water supply and sanitation services To ensure an optimum use of funds allocated by the 12th and 13th Finance Commissions for solid waste management and other sanitation-related projects. To coordinate various externally aided projects for their optimum results. To undertake novel projects by introducing new and adaptable technologies in areas of solid waste management, reuse of waste water, river conservation and sanitation Mobilization of funds through tax reforms, public private partnerships, exploring the private market, user charges, beneficiary contribution, etc
The framework provided by NUSP was followed while preparing the CSP.
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Generic Elements of Planning, Implementation and M&E of City Wide Sanitation The activities undertaken are: 2.4.1.a Stakeholder mobilization: Mobilized various stakeholders to elevate the consciousness about sanitation in the minds of municipal agencies, government agencies and most importantly, amongst the people of the city. 2.4.1.b Formation of City Sanitation Task Force: A meeting was convened on 30th July 2010 to constitute a multi-stakeholder City Sanitation Task Force. The Task Force would be headed by the Mayor, followed by; Commissioner of PMC as Executive Head and Deputy Mayor as Deputy Head. The following table gives details of the members of the Task Force: Head Deputy Head Executive Head Member Member Member Hon . Mayor, Pune Hon. Deputy Mayor Hon. Municipal Commissioner, Pune Municipal Corporation Hon. Chairman, Standing Committee Hon. Leader of house Hon. Leader of Opposition
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Member Member Member Member Member Member Member Member
Hon. Group leader , NCP Hon. Group Leader, BJP Hon. Group Leader, Shiv Sena Hon. Group Leader, MNS Hon. Additional Municipal Commissioner (General) Hon. Deputy Commissioner( Solid Waste Management) Hon Executive City Engineer ( Water Supply) Hon Executive City Engineer (Sewerage ) Table 2.4.1 a Members of the Pune City Sanitation Task Force
Organizations/societies who are working in urban sanitation urban poverty and urban development Representatives of commercial establishments shop Organizations working on water suppy, sanitation, urban development, urban planning and slum improvement and sanitation etc Union of Safai Kamgar, recycling agent Representative of contractors who are working in the field of urban sanitation Representative of educational departments
Chairman Dr. Nanasaheb Parulekar, Trust President National Society for Clean Cities Community Development Department of PMC President , Hotel Associations, President, Grocery vendors President Samarth Bharat Vyaspeeth, Representative Centre for Environment Education, Representative Janwani Representative Pune Safai Kamgar Union, Representative Kamgar kalian Adhikari Representative Kagad kach Kachara kashakari Panchyat and SWaCH Waste pickers cooperative HOD, Educational Department
Individuals working in the field of health, Hon. Deputy Commissioner, Urban
Other important people who are interested Representative of Sakal Social Foundation in working for city sanitation plan Table 2.4.1b Other Members of the Task Force
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The task force decided upon the vision, mission and goals for the Sanitation Plan of Pune City.
Vision:
Strengthening & Upgrading the existing water & sanitation service system through capacity building & participation of all the stakeholders including citizens from all sectors of society leading to the self sustained & affordable city.
Mission:
Increased access to safe drinking water & sanitation service to all the communities at affordable cost in an environmentally sustainable manner including emphasis on water recharging measures & making the city free of open defecation through provision of quality service delivery by local self governments with community participation wherever possible.
Goals:
Sewerage To provide 100 percent toilet facility To provide 100 percent waste water network services. To provide 100 percent Collection efficiency of the waste water network To provide 100 percent Adequacy of waste water treatment capacity. To provide 100 percent Quality of waste water treatment. Extent of reuse and recycling of treated waste water should be at least 20%. To provide 100 percent Cost recovery in waste water management. To provide 99 percent Efficiency in redressal of consumer complaints. To provide 90 percent Efficiency in collection of sewage charges. To provide 100 percent Capacity utilization of waste water treatment Facility
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Solid Waste Management To provide 100 percent Household level coverage of Solid Waste Management. To provide 100 percent Efficiency of Collection of Municipal Solid Waste. To achieve 100 percent Extent of Segregation of Municipal Solid waste. To provide 80 percent Extent of Municipal Solid waste recovered. To provide 100 percent scientific disposal of Municipal Solid waste. To provide 99 percent Efficiency in redressal of customer complaints. To provide 100 percent cost recovery in SWM services. To provide 99 percent Efficiency in collection of SWM charges.
Strom Water Management To provide 100 percent coverage of strom water drainage network. To achieve 0 percent incidence of water logging or flooding.
Water Supply To provide 100 percent Coverage of Water Supply Connection. Equal distribution of water throughout the city To provide 100 percent Coverage of metering of Water connection. To reduce Extent of Non-Revenue Water to 20 percent To maintain Continuity of water Supply for 6 to 8 hours. To maintain Efficiency in redressal of consumer complaints at 100 percent To maintain 100 percent Quality of water Supplied at the user end. To maintain 100 percent Cost recovery in water supply services. To maintain Efficiency in collection of water supply related charges at 90 percent. Number of Persons receiving less than 70 lpcd should be zero percent
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2.4.2 Formation of Implementing Agency: PMC, the implementing agency was entrusted the tasks of: Day-to-day coordination, management and implementation of the sanitation programs on a city-wide basis Coordinating with other public agencies/ NGOs for preparing and disseminating materials for IEC Conducting baseline surveys and stakeholder consultations Maintaining a comprehensive database Implementing physical works and supervising O&M management contracts
2.4.2.a Awareness Generation and Launch Of 100 percent Sanitation Campaign NGOs like Centre for Environment Education, Sakal Foundation and Janwani were involved in creating awareness about importance of sanitation. Drawing, painting, elocution competitions were organized at various schools and colleges of the city. Other activities conducted were cleanliness drive, waste segregation drive, health camps and tree-plantation.
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For the process of awareness generation: CEE, Janwani, NSCC and other institutes helped to organize slogans, essay writing, posters & paintings competitions Conducted programs to create awareness during Ganesh Festival Cycle rally to promote Clean Surroundings & Segregation of Waste Identifying issues in various wards and addressing the same with the help of Mohalla Committees Organizing meetings with Societies, Apartments and Slum areas Training volunteers and Anganwadi Sevika on sanitation issues Tree plantation drives Conducting health camps in schools and health checkup of sweepers Declaring 26th January, 15th February, 15th August and 31st December as zero garbage days in the city 2.4.2.b Collection of Baseline Data and Creating Database All India Institute of Local Self Government, Mumbai designed the Baseline Survey template consisting of eight sections like general ward wise information, toilet, sewerage, storm water drainage, solid waste management, water supply, environment and budget. Workshops were conducted for HODs, core teams, sanitary inspectors and ward level officers to familiarize them with the template and gather election ward level information for creating a city level database. The collected baseline data was verified with the concerned officials of the electoral wards and department heads. Gaps identified were resolved and finalized. The ward wise data collected was entered in excels files for consolidation at city level. 2.4.2.c Social Mapping NUSP emphasizes the need for participatory approach and consulting the poor settlements and their involvement in the process of planning and management of sanitation arrangements. Several studies have shown that It has been observed that urban poor can act as active agents of positive changes of community level and several examples can be listed in India, Nepal, Philippines, Srilanka, and South
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Africa. Trained slum level change agents and behavior promoters play a significant role in health and sanitation and it is essential to engage urban poor communities for sanitation improvement, capacity building of slum communities to a demand sanitation. To fulfill this requirement, All India Institute of Local Self Government and Centre for Study of Social Change (CSSC), Mumbai incorporated the concept of social mapping to reach the unserved population and urban poor in the city. Social mapping enables understanding the presence of the social structures and institutions found in a particular area. It also helps us to learn about social and economic differences between the households. Three social mapping training were conducted for Samuha Sanghatika (Group Organizers) and Residential Community Workers (RCVs) to familiarize them with the techniques( personal interview, focus group discussion, time line, transect walk, community mapping) of social mapping.(Details of the trainings conducted is annexed herewith). The RCVs conducted focused group discussions and carried out the exercise of community mapping in 104 slums of the city. This enabled to get a glimpse of the grass root level situations and problems faced by the slum dwellers. 2.3.2.d Preparation of the City Sanitation Report All India Institute of Local Self Government designed a template to guide the 19 Municipal Corporations of Maharashtra. The framework consists of: I. II. III. IV. V. VI. VII. VIII. IX. Overview of Pune City National Urban Sanitation Policy and City Level Planning Spatial Distribution of Population Toilet Facility Sewerage System Solid Waste Management Storm Water Drainage Water Supply Environment
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X. XI. XII. XIII. XIV.
Information, Education and Communication Institutional Design Financial Outlay, Budget and Viability Gap Funding Suggestions and Recommendations Conclusion
2.4.2.e Relevance of Service Level Benchmark (SLB) while preparing City Sanitation Plan In the urban sector there have been a number of performance indicators related to urban management and service delivery. To measure the performance of various services provided by ULBs, Ministry of Urban Development (henceforth referred to as MoUD), Government of India has specified minimum standards of performance parameters that are commonly understood and used by all stakeholders. PMC decided to prepare the CSP based on the SLBs in order to analyze the current situation, identify gaps in service delivery and propose future plans to meet the SLB requirements. The next sections on Water supply, Toilet, Sewerage, Solid Waste Management and Storm Water drainage will be analyzed on the basis of SLB performance indicators.
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Chapter III. Spatial Distribution of Population

This chapter examines the ward wise demographic status of the city, details of floating population, slum population and BPL families. The data is derived from baseline survey conducted in all wards of the CSP. An analysis of the demographic status of the city will give an insight in to the pressure on existing services and resources.
3.1 Spatial distribution of Population

From Table 3.1 it is evident that the current population of the city is 39.33 lakhs. The Pune city is now a bustling centre of activity providing numerous opportunities and hence has become an attractive destination for students and professionals alike.
Ward Zone 1 Aundh Ghole Road Kothrud WarjeKarve Road Zone 2 Dholepatil Road Nagar road Sangamwadi Zone 3 Bhavani Peth Kasba-Vishram Sahakar Nagar Tilak Road Zone 4 Bibewadi Dhankawdi Hadapsar Total 328859 264484 343490 3933140 73439 54331 79452 916886 264787 294217 218032 253347 64881 57424 55711 71222 189784 262897 297894 49722 59918 71512 341344 230463 245266 398276 70556 56989 65508 86221 Population Households
Table 3.1: Spatial Distribution of population in Pune City
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The city appears to be growing in the southeast and southwest directions. Population in Warje Karvenagar, Aundh, Bibwewadi and Hadapsar wards is very high. In most other wards too the population size is above 2.3 lakhs. This shows that the city is growing away from the Old city, mainly the Peth areas. households in the city, including slum households is 916886. The total number of
3.2 Spatial Distribution of Floating Population

Table 3.3 provides information on the ward-wise floating population in the city. The total floating population is approximately 3.4 lakh, which amounts to 8.5 percent of the total population. There is a high concentration of floating population in Dhole Patil road, Ghole Road, Sahakar Nagar and Kasba Peth wards. This population too is dependent on some of the basic services like drinking water, toilets, solid waste management, etc.
Ward Name Dhankawdi Hadapsar Bibewadi Nagar road Sangamwadi Dholepatil Road Aundh Ghole Road Kothrud WarjeKarve Road Tilak Road Bhavani Peth Sahakar Nagar Kasbapeth Total Floating Population 5,500 18,750 8,500 16,635 6,525 78,000 8,500 55,000 7,539 9,477 4,590 4,000 62,350 56,250 341,616
Table 3.2 Ward-wise Floating Population
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3.3 Slum Population

Basic services need to be provided to people living in declared and undeclared slums. Table 3.4 provides the ward-wise declared and undeclared slums in the city. There are 564 slums in the city, of which 353 (64 percent) are declared 211 (36 percent) are undeclared slums.
The number of slum pockets in Bhavani Peth is the highest, followed by Dhole Patil Road and Kothrud. It is also seen that number of undeclared slums in these wards is also more than the declared slums.
Name of Ward Declared Aundh Kothrud WarjeKarve Road Ghole Road Shakar nagar Bibvewadi Bhavani Peth Dhole Patil Road Nagar Road Tilak Road Hadapsar Sangamwadi Dhankwadi Kasba Peth Total 28 42 2 27 32 18 51 44 12 14 34 23 4 22 353 No of Slums Undeclared 16 29 4 18 12 16 30 33 9 12 15 12 2 3 211 Total 44 71 6 45 44 34 81 77 21 26 49 35 6 25 564
Table 3.3a Ward-wise Status of Slums in Pune city Based on the number of declared and undeclared slums, table 3.4a indicates the total slum population. There are approximately 11.89 lakh people residing in slums, which constitute about 30 percent of the total population in the city.
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Name of Ward Aundh Kothrud WarjeKarve Road Ghole Road Shakar nagar Bibvewadi Bhavani Peth Dhole Patil Road Nagar Road Tilak Road Hadapsar Sangamwadi Dhankwadi Kasba Peth Total
Slum Information Population 72540 141742 37730 98851 78529 68235 106851 84073 76408 201010 100794 99581 11330 12050 1189724 No of HHs 9661 13344 18228 19235 7339 41028 21118 2695 16406 17035 28596 19426 4775 1983 211206
Table 3.3b Ward-wise Slum Population in the city

No of Slums 3 3 13 21 16 135 233 140 564
Occupying Land on Defence Forest Irrigation Railway Government and Private land Government Land Private Not recorded Total
Table 3.3c Ownership of Land and Number of Slums

Source: Survey Conducted by Shelter Associates, Pune
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The figures presented in the above table about indicate that some slums tenements are in critical locations which need to be relocated to safer areas in order to develop these locations and also in the interests of the safety of slums dwellers.
3.4 Details of BPL Families in the city

Ward Name Aundh Warje- Karvenagar Kothrud Ghole Road Nagar Road Sangamwadi Dhole Patil Road Kasba Vishram Bhavani Peth Sahakarnagar Tilak Road Hadapsar Bibewadi Dhankawdi Total Number of BPL families 511 213 211 226 331 888 964 143 1184 866 814 2904 163 21 9441
Table 3.4 Ward Wise BPL families The total number of BPL families in the city is around 9441, which is 1.02 percent of the total population of the city. The following chapters give details of existing and required sanitation services to cater to the population of the city.
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Chapter IV. Toilet Facilities

4.1 Situational Analysis
This section examines the facts related to, open defecation and toilet facilities in the city. Availability of toilets is an important indicator of sanitation. Providing adequate and clean toilets, to the citizens is a key responsibility of the PMC. Besides individual toilet facilities, PMC had undertaken the enormous tasks of providing public/community toilet facility to the urban poor in the year 1999-2000. In this period 7250 seats were constructed in 414 toilet blocks. Special toilets were constructed for children. This led to reduction in open defecation to a large extent. In spite of these efforts, the practice of open defecation is common in slum areas of the city.
Ward Name No of Individual Toilet 60959 79328 57741 40630 56427 54631 33167 54729 52445 53087 62610 62245 68664 52349 786011 No of Community Toilet Seats 431 35 192 775 24 450 539 192 412 595 168 24 119 53 4009 No of Group Toilet Seat 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 120 0 0 168 0 0 0 288 No of Pay and use toilet seats 1132 712 961 1504 317 924 1732 476 687 1686 1166 1261 304 248 13110
Aundh Warje Karve Road Kothrud Ghole Road Nagar road Sangamwadi Dholepatil Road Kasba Vishramwada Bhavani Peth Sahakar Nagar Tilak Road Hadapsar Bibewadi Dhankawdi Total
Table 4.1.a Ward-wise Status of access to Toilets
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Ward Name Aundh Warje Karve Road Kothrud Ghole Road Nagar road Sangamwadi Dholepatil Road Kasba Vishramwada Bhavani Peth Sahakar Nagar Tilak Road Hadapsar Bibewadi Dhankawdi Total
Number of Public Toilet Blocks 22 18 12 63 24 5 73 34 8 55 0 32 40 28 414
Table 4.1.b Ward-wise Status of Public Toilet Blocks The total number of households in the city is 916886, out of which 786011households have individual toilets facilities. These are mainly the household in the apartments, housing complexes, bungalows, chawls and some slums. 157390 households use community, group and pay and use toilets. This shows that 24153 households do not have access to toilet facilities within walk able distance.
4.2 Open Defecation

An estimated 103 open defecation spots are used by approximately 8500 to 9000 people on a daily basis. A total of 24,153 properties do not have access to toilets within walking distance. Another area of concern is lack of toilet facilities for the physically challenged. Open defecation has serious ramifications on the health of the people and the image of the city as well. Some of the reasons for open defecation are: Lack of individual toilet facility in slums
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Lower socioeconomic strata people face budgetary constraints & cannot build toilets at individual level. Lack of space to construct toilets especially in slums. Children dont hesitate to practice open defecation & later it becomes habitual. This was also opined by the slum dwellers during the social mapping exercise carried out to understand their view.
Due to lack adequate toilet facility lack of water and electric facility in existing toilets lack of maintenance and repairs people especially children practice open defecation.
Lack of toilet facilities for construction workers at work site. Floating population- who are not aware about availability of proper facility. Separate facilities not available for females No separate provision for children and physically challenged.
4.3 Overview of School Sanitation and Hygiene in schools in Pune

Pune city has over 1200 Balwadis & Anganwadis, 1000 primary and 400 secondary schools. The details of PMC schools and toilet facilities in these schools are as follows:
School details Total number of School 1st to 7th Std Total number of toilet blocks Total number of Urinals Total number of Schools 8th to 10th Std Total number of toilet blocks+ urinals Table 4.3 Details of sanitation facility in PMC schools Number 163 1061 1206 20 101
The city is well known as an educational hub. The first school for girls in India was started in Pune. In spite of this, it is unfortunate that School Sanitation and Hygiene Education (SSHE/ WASH) is given lowest priority by the school management.
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To mark the importance of Water Sanitation and Hygiene facilities in schools Kirloskar Foundation and Centre for Environment Education (Urban Programs Group) conducted a city level Global Information Service based study Assessment of WASH program of schools in the city in 2010. A sample size of 40 percent was selected for the study. The findings of the same are as follows:
WASH Components Hand Wash Facilities Status in Schools
8 schools have separate hand wash facility inside the toilet 248 schools use drinking water for hand wash facility No school has soap for hand washing at toilet or at drinking water facility Separate toilets for boys 102 schools have common toilets for all. and girls 95 schools have toilets for boys, girls, and staff 59 schools have separate toilets for boys and girls. 3 schools do not have toilets (PMC-174 B, PMC-175 B Urdu, PMC-126 B) Usability Indicators Child friendly toilet pans : 29 schools Toilet doors (privacy) 50 % i.e. 128 schools have damaged toilet doors which require repairs. 41 schools do not have water facility in toilet 215 schools have water facility in toilets Water Storage Capacity = 1090100 lit i.e. average 12.85 lts /student Water testing reports in school: 183 schools have test reports. 76 schools do not have water testing reports.
Availability of water in toilets Water Related data
Over all findings 1. Lack of motivation about school water sanitation and hygiene education (WASH) at all levels of school and other administration 2. The cleaning schedules does not match School schedules 3. Administrative response is slow 4. Ambiguity about the Operations & Maintenance of toilets constructed under SSA Key findings from the study and WASH Pilot Project in the city. System related Multiple entities
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1. School Board, Ward Office, Principals plan and construct school facilities without understanding the space, time patterns of use and needs of schools 2. Transfer of officials, Principals is a challenge Community 1. Vandalism of toilets by community 2. Lack of exposure to toilet use and hygiene practices at home 3. Elected representatives have a key role in the school management but there is need to bring them on board for improving WASH facilities in the school 4. Need to develop ways to build community ownership and responsibility Health information 1. Personal health checkups are not regular 2. Disease wise data not available 3. Initiate discussion with state and local health agencies and doctors to develop new disease data capturing methods and formats 4. Scope to develop Health, hygiene passport as a tool for students Design and Construction cost related 1. Designs used to prepare tender documents need to change to be childfriendly 2. Architects Design Data book could be developed in discussion with PMC, with a view to influencing tender Terms of Reference
4.3 Areas for improving School Sanitation

School based soft ware activities 1. City Sanitation Cell and School Board should develop a data base of all the PMC as well as Private school sanitation and hygiene of Pune city area. 2. This data should be updated every year for analysis and relevant policy decision. 3. Water Sanitation and Hygiene(WASH) Teachers 4. WASH Club adapted to A Day in a School approach and other Location modules developed by UNICEF and CEE. 5. Teacher training events based on UNICEF and other organization modules 6. WASH/ School Sanitation Bulletin Board at every school 7. WASH Illustrations/ Paintings competitions PUNE CITY SANITATION PLAN 45 Peti for WASH Volunteers,
8. System for sanitary napkins disposal specially in the secondary schools 9. Hygiene Passport concept 10. WASH Leadership Training for Principals 11. Quick-fix Teams at PMC and each school level 12. City level sanitation Mela for schools and organizations working on Urban Sanitation issues. Community Outreach 1. Staff preparing and serving Mid Day Meal through Urban Community Development Department of PMC 2. Involvement UCD Samuh Sanghatikas on WASH issues and products: Soaps, Sanitary Napkins etc 3. Community based organizations and self help groups to be part of the community outreach strategy in and around schools 4. Special capacity building module for the UCD and SHGs on urban sanitation and hygiene education 5. City level innovation competition for solving sanitation related issues and problems Networking and Sharing 1. Adaptation of Governance in Urban Sanitation publication in Marathi in the context of National Urban Sanitation Policy (Municipal staff, citizens groups and other Corporate Social Responsibility groups interested in WatSan) 2. Linkages with Health programs and developing Hygiene Passport at school level. 3. Quarterly e-news letter for teachers and volunteers (computer print outs for sharing)
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4.4 Coverage of Toilets and SLB

Description Total number of properties with access to individual or community toilet within walk able distance Total number of properties without toilet within walk able distance Coverage of Toilets in percent 24,153 97.36 Number 916886
Table 4.4 Coverage of Toilets The above table reflects that 2.63 percent properties do not have access to toilet facility .This leads to practice of open defecation, especially in slums which are not notified.
4.5 Proposed Future Plan for Improved Toilet Facility

PMC proposes to build toilets as per plan given below: Toilet Coverage: Constructing 7088 Toilet seats for floating, slum population and differently abled. Particulars Number of households without toilet blocks Floating population Requirement of seats for differently-abled Total seats required Numbers 24153 341616 Additional Toilet Calculations seats required 3450 1 seat for 7 properties/households 2846 1 seat for 60 people* 792 2 percent of total population 7088
Table 4.5 a Requirement of toilet seats The new toilets constructed will be connected to the existing underground sewerage system. Note*: To cater to the seasonal variation of floating population during various cultural festivities in the city, PMC feels the need to provide additional toilet facility, following the norm of 1 seat for 60 persons. PUNE CITY SANITATION PLAN 47
Toilet Blocks and Urinals for Females

PMC has taken in to consideration the need for providing separate toilet blocks for women. Currently there are 320 blocks with 2018 seats in community/public toilets across 14 wards in the city reserved for women, the O & M of which is managed by PMC. 5347 seats in 430 blocks of pay and use toilets are also available to cater to the female population. The maintenance of these toilets is handed over to NGOs like SPARC and local mandals. A user fee of Rs. 10 is charged per month for this facility.Urinal facility is also made available at public places and markets. There are 374 seats in 180 urinal blocks in different parts of the city. To cater to the large female working force and migrating population, PMC felt the need to construct more urinals and toilet blocks and has undertaken it on priority basis since 2009-10. Identifying appropriate space has been a challenge and hence only 15 seats were constructed in 2009-10 period. With the help of Corporators and NGOs 63 spaces were identified across the city to construct 152 urinal seats, 273 toilet seats and 56 bathrooms. A budgetary allocation (in the annual PMC budget year 2011-12) of Rs. 5.38 crores has been made to construct community urinals and toilets for females. In addition to this Rs. 17.95 crores has been reserved for construction of community/ pay and use toilets in fringe areas. PMC is also considering reservation of areas at convenient places for future construction of toilets for females in the new Development Plan (DP) which is to be finalized.
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Details of locations Identified for Urinals/Public Toilets for Females

Ward Name Aundh Warje Karve Road Kothrud Ghole Road Nagar road Sangamwadi Dholepatil Road Kasba Vishramwada Bhavani Peth Sahakar Nagar Tilak Road Hadapsar Bibewadi Dhankawdi Total Identified locations 3 3 3 3 4 2 11 5 6 4 10 4 3 2 63 Public urinals (seats) 12 8 0 0 46 0 51 4 0 20 4 4 0 3 152 Public toilets (seats) 20 25 8 24 23 2 53 10 56 24 12 7 0 6 273
Table 4.5 b Locations Identified for Urinals/Public Toilets for Women These toilets would be constructed on PMC owned land/gardens near to slums. In cases where slum households will be evacuated for toilet construction, the households will be rehabilitated by providing alternative houses. Regular O & M of PMC school toilets is undertaken on priority basis.
4.6 Technical Options proposed for toilet

To achieve the goal of 100 percent defecation free city PMC will consider different options for providing toilet facilities.
4.6.1 To eradicate open defecation

Coverage of the entire population by providing sanitary toilets Creating awareness and imparting appropriate health education to follow hygienic practices and protect the public health and environment.
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4.6.2 Toilets
Three options will be considered Encourage people to construct own private toilets in slums wherever feasible. Construction of group toilets in slums where space is an issue. Construction of pay and use toilets in slums Financial support to construction individual toilets especially to urban poor.
The options will be selected on the basis of Suitability and preference of the beneficiary population. Availability of space within the household for a individual toilet and public space for community toilet. Affordability of the user households. Ease of operation and maintenance. Institutional adequacy for O&M of public toilets. Sustainability of the system.
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4.7 Estimated Budget for providing Toilet Facility

Capital investment plan & Operation & Maintenance Cost for basic need as per rating for requirement of CSP. Approximately 24,153 properties in the city do not have access to a toilet within walking distance. There is a need to have separate toilets for the floating population and the physically challenged population. Besides capital investment made to provide toilet facilities, allocations need to be made for the regular O & M of these toilets to ensure sustainable use.
Sr. No. 1. 2. 3. 4. Component Toilet Blocks for open defecation spots (3450 seats @ Rs. 1 lakh per seat) Renewal & Reconstruction of old toilet blocks Toilet Blocks for floating population (2846 seats @ Rs. 1 lakh per seat) Toilet Blocks for handicapped population (792 seats @ Rs. 1 lakh per seat) Total 70.88 8.77 7.92 0.23 _ 28.46 6.66 0.85 Amount ( in crores) 34.50 O.& M. ( in crores) 1.03
Table 4.7 Estimated Cost for construction of toilet seats To make city open defecation free, total amount needed is 70.88 crores for constructing toilet blocks. O& M cost will be Rs. 8.77 crores for one year. PMC undertakes civil works for pay and use toilets, while the daily maintenance like cleaning is done by the private party involved (NGO/ CBO) by charging user fee.`
4.8 Viability Gap Analysis

Total Budgetary Requirement(in crores) 70.88 Contribution from PMC 100 percent of yr 2011-12 and 20 percent for yr 2012-13 14.18 Funds expected for CSP (in crores) 56.7
Table 4.8 Viability Gap Analysis- Toilets
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The PMC aims to make the city ODF free by year 2012-13, PMC will contribute Rs. 14.18 crores (20 percent). The remaining amount of 56.7 crores is expected as contribution from State and Central Government. The cost of O& M will be borne by PMC.
4.9 A SWOT Analysis of Toilet Facilities

Strengths
Good toilet coverage Safe disposal of waste through underground sewerage network Strong Grievance redressal system
Weakness
Inadequate toilets for females, children, differently abled, floating population Lack of availability of land to construct new toilet blocks/ facilities.
Opportunities
Awareness through IEC Web based Grievances redressal system.
Threats
Open defecation Environment pollution
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Chapter V. Sewerage System

5.1 Introduction
Sewerage system consists of collection network, conveyance line, pumping stations and sewage treatment plants. The first drainage line (13 lakhs) was permitted in 1910. Underground drainage system was implemented from 1915-16. In 1997, the total main sewer length in all of the zones was approximately 146.83 kms, while currently it is 1260.6 km in length.
Total population of Pune City Total Water Supply Losses in Water supply 20% + Net water supply Sewage generation (approx) Other sewage generated in the city Total sewage generation 39.33 Lakhs 1123 MLD 337 MLD 786 MLD 629 MLD 115 MLD 744 MLD
Table 5.1 Sewerage system in Pune city - Facts The net water supply in the city is 786 MLD, out of which 80 percent is generated as sewage (based on the standards derived from various studies). The total sewage generated in Pune city is 744 MLD. 5.1.1 Collection network The total length of sewers in the city is 1260.6 km. All the developed areas in the city are provided with sewer collection network and sewage is collected and pumped through nine pumping stations located at different places.
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5.1.2 Pumping Stations and Sewage Treatment Plants

Sr. No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Name Bhairoba Erandwane Tanajiwadi Bopodi Naidu (Old) Mundhwa Vitthalwadi Naidu (New) Baner TOTAL Capacity in MLD 130 50 17 18 90 45 32 115 30 527 Method of treatment Activated Sludge Process Modified Activated Sludge Process Biotech with extended Aeration Extend Aeration Process Activated Sludge Process Sequential Batch Reactor Process Activated Sludge Process Activated Sludge Process Sequential Batch Reactor Process
Table 5.1.2 Details of Sewage treatment Plants The above table shows the location of various treatment plants, their capacity and the method of treatment. It can be derived that there are a total of 9 sewage treatment plants with a total treatment capacity of 527 MLD.
5.2 SLB and Gaps in Sewerage System

PMC has a decentralized system for sewerage. The entire sewerage system is divided into 48 zones, each zone has a specified area of service. These zones are different from the administrative wards. PMC has already identified gaps in the existing system and prepared DPR to overcome the gaps. The gaps identified in the baseline data collected has been compared with the DPR details and the framework of action has been accordingly prepared.
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5.2.1 Sewerage related SLB at a glance

Sr. No. Performance Indicator 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Sewer network coverage Collection Efficiency of sewerage network Treatment cap. Adequacy Quality of treatment Complaint Redressal Recycle and reuse Revenue Collection efficiency Cost Recovery Expected indicators (in percent) 100 100 100 100 80 20 90 100 Current status (in percent) 97.60 73.35 70.83 100.00 99.99 5.38 68.81 76.06
Table 5.2.1 Sewerage related SLB at a glance This section compares the sewerage system in the city with the SLB indicators, thus identifying the gaps.
5.2.2 Coverage of sewerage network services

Ward Name Toilets connected to underground drainage No of individual toilets 60895 72877 52194 37754 52579 49094 28605 54729 48475 38676 58428 60026 68664 52349 735343 No of community toilets 37 24 21 80 3 46 75 33 46 49 23 3 17 9 466 No of pay and use toilets 63 31 43 59 31 109 74 29 68 58 69 107 18 11 770
Aundh Warje Karve Road Kothrud Ghole Road Nagar road Sangamwadi Dholepatil Road Kasba Vishramwada Bhavani Peth Sahakar Nagar Tilak Road Hadapsar Bibewadi Dhankawdi Total
Table 5.2.2 a Status of underground coverage of drainage PUNE CITY SANITATION PLAN 55
Description Total number of properties in the service area Total number of properties with direct connection to sewerage network Coverage of sewerage network in percent
Number 995578 971425 97.57
Table 5.2.2 b Coverage of sewerage network services From the above table it can be derived that out of the total 995578 properties, 971425 properties are directly connected to sewerage network. All individual, community, public, pay and use and group toilets are connected to underground sewerage system. Septic tanks have also been connected to the sewerage network. Thus all types of toilets can be categorized as safe. Gap Identified: There is a need to provide toilets for 24153 households in the slums. Toilets constructed for these households would be connected to the sewerage network in order to meet the SLB standard of 100 percent coverage.
5.2.3 Collection efficiency of sewerage network

Description Net Water Supply Estimated water use from other sources Waste water treated at STP Collection efficiency in percent Number 842 MLD 56 MLD 527 MLD 73.35
Table 5.2.3 Collection efficiency of sewerage network The total water supply to the city is 1123 MLD. The leakages, losses and NRW and theft are calculated at more than 25 percent, which is 280 MLD. 842 MLD is supplied and used and 56 MLD of water is used for other purposes. Considering this, the collection efficiency of sewerage network is estimated to be 73.35 percent as against 100 percent SLB standard.
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Identified Gaps: Expansion of existing drainage lines Constructing new main trunk lines Ward office works Collection system in Baner, Balawadi Trunk sewer main & conveyance main
5.2.4 Adequacy of sewage treatment capacity

Description Total Waste Generated in City
Rated capacity of all STP. Treatment plant capacity in percent Number 744 MLD 527 MLD 70.83
Table 5.2.4 Adequacy of sewage treatment capacity It can be inferred from the above table that out of the total 744 MLD of sewerage generated, 29.16 percent is left untreated. Identified Gaps: Construction of New Sewage treatment Plants Sewerage Pumping Stations Rising mains
5.2.5 Quality of Sewerage Treatment

Total wastewater received samples tested Total number of samples meeting the specific secondary treatment standards Quality in percent 100 One sample from each STP is taken every day for analysis and assessing the performance of the STP. 8 each day
Table 5.2.5 Quality of Sewerage Treatment
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Identified Gaps: O& M of existing and new sewerage systems
5.2.6 Extent of reuse and recycling of sewerage

Description Waste water recycled or reused after appropriate treatment Sewerage Volume Treated Number Treated sewerage from Bahiroba STP is being recycled for irrigation. As per flow meter records. 40 MLD Presently there are 8 sewage treatment plants in operation with a treatment capacity of 527 MLD. Recycle / reuse in percent 7.59
Table 5.2.6 Extent of reuse and recycling of sewerage The above table reflects that only 5.38 percent of sewerage is recycled, as against the SLB standard of 20 percent. The project such as Garden nallas, River Improvement Scheme could be undertaken for maximum reuse and recycle of waste water. Identified Gaps: Construction of Jackwells and related works
5.2.7 Efficiency in redressal of customer complaints

Description Total number of Complaints of Waste water received Total number of waste water complaints redressed in 24 hours Efficiency in redressal of complaints Monthly Complaints 2306 2301 99.90 percent
Table 5.2.7 Efficiency in redressal of customer complaints The efficiency in redressal complaints is almost 100 percent, which is above the SLB standard.
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5.2.8 Efficiency of cost recovery in sewerage management

Description Total annual operating expenses Total annual operating revenue Cost Recovery in percent Number (Rs. in crores) 57.95 44.07 76.05
Table 5.2.8 Efficiency of cost recovery in sewerage management PMC does not levy separate sewerage tax. It is included in the property tax amounting to 4 percent of the total tax levied. The cost recovery in sewerage management is falling short of the SLB standards. The cost recovery is only 76.05 percent, where as the expected level is 100 percent
5.2.9 Efficiency in collection of sewerage charges

Description Current revenue collected Current revenue billed Collection Efficiency in percent Number (Rs. in crores) 44.07 64.04 68.81
Table 5.2.9 Efficiency in collection of sewerage charges
The collection efficiency of sewerage charges is below the SLB standard of 90 percent.
5.3 Future Plans to improve Sewerage Facilities

5.3.1 Coverage:
PMC implementing additional sewerage projects under NRCP to improve the coverage of sewerage network (collection and conveyance) up to 100 percent
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5.3.2 Treatment and Disposal:

Environmental friendly decentralized treatment. Additional 230 MLD capacity of STP work identified & implementation for 100 percent treatment of waste water generated in PMC limits Source reduction by separation of sullage and sewage Implementing SCADA system to monitor of sewerage inflow and outflow at STPs For housing colonies of 80 tenements and above and commercial establishments of 2000 sq. mts. and above it is made mandatory to construct its own sewage treatment plant and reuse the effluent thus resulting into Zero discharge of sewage in to the Municipal Sewer. Reservation of land for new STPs in fringe areas has been made while preparing Development Plans for those areas. Considering the future growth of the city & need for sewage treatment PMC has prepared detailed project report as per NRCD guidelines & the same is being forwarded to NRCD for approval & sanction of funds. Identify, delineate and protect natural water courses and drainage.
5.3.3 Quality of Service:

Prevention of river pollution by treating 100 percent sewage generated Increase supply of treated waste water for irrigation purpose to farmers. Web Based Compliant Redressal System
5.3.4 Details of ongoing project

No. 1. Name Kharadi Capacity in MLD 40 Method of treatment Sequential Batch Reactor Process
Table 5.3.4 Sewage treatment plant under construction
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The project mentioned in table 5.4.c is under construction and will start working with its full capacity from June 2011. After construction and commissioning of Kharadi plant the Sewage treatment capacity will be 567 MLD (527+40=567) After construction of this project approx 567 MLD sewerage will be collected and treated through all the 10 STPs. Considering the future growth of the City & to treat the sewerage in a scientific manner detailed project report has also been prepared and sanctioned by hon. General Body of PMC through Hon. Standing Committee. For implementation of this project approx. Rs. 427.87 crores expenditure is expected which will be funded through NRCD project of the Govt. for the next two years and budgetary provision shall also be made accordingly.
5.4 Limitations
Lack of proper system to treat sewerage and sullage separately. Lack of sufficient sewage treatment plants leading to 217 MLD of sewerage left untreated.
5.5 Technical Option for Sewerage Treatment

The sewage treatment plants are constructed with technologies such as Sequential Batch Reactor (SBR) Modified Extended Aeration Process, Bio-Towers, etc. The operation & maintenance of the same has been outsourced to private contractors. PMC has planned to augment its sewage treatment facilities by constructing STPs at different locations. The treated sewage by PMC is discharged into the river safely in as per MPCB norms. Even after commissioning and implementation of all the sewage treatment plants with their full capacity, around 177 MLD of sewage will be left untreated.
5.5.1 ECOSAN method

PMC proposes to implement ECOSAN method on pilot basis. The aim would be to identify and implement the project in a municipal or government office building as a model. If the pilot project is successful, then PMC would through a separate cell, promote
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the use of this method in new constructions. PMC is giving rebates in property tax for eco friendly practices practiced by builders and promoters. The same will be extended to those promoting ECOSAN method in future.
5.5.2 Options for reuse of treated waste water

Products Treated colorless and odorless effluent Treated sludge with high manure value Bio gas from the digested sludge Uses For tertiary use like gardening, flushing, Ac makeup, floor washing etc. For agriculture and gardening. The sludge has a good calorific value and can be used as fuel To generate electricity by gas
Table 5.5 2 Reuse of treated waste water
5.6 Estimated Cost to strengthen Sewerage Services

Sr. No. Indicator Total Project Cost (Rs. In Crores) 10.40 228.74 299.66 226.68 80.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 845.48 Financial Plan Year 1 2011-12 2.60 43.57 4.93 18.59 0.76 0.00 0.00 0.00 70.45 Year 2 2012-13 2.00 42.00 75.00 50.00 20.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 189.00 Year 3 2013-14 2.00 40.00 75.00 60.00 20.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 197.00 Year 4 2014-15 1.90 53.00 75.00 60.00 20.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 209.90 Year 5 2015-16 1.90 50.17 69.73 38.09 19.24 0.00 0.00 0.00 179.13
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Coverage of sewerage network services Collection efficiency of the sewerage network Adequacy of sewage treatment capacity. Quality of sewage treatment. Extent of reuse and recycling of sewage. Efficiency in redressal of consumer complaints Extent of Cost recovery in sewerage management. Efficiency in collection of sewerage charges Total
Table 5.6.Estimated Costs for strengthening Sewerage Services
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The total budgetary requirement for improving the sewerage system is Rs. 845.48 crores. PMC has earmarked Rs. 70.45 cores in the year 2011-12. The phase wise cost requirement for 2012-16 period is also detailed. A DPR has been submitted to NRCP for approval of funds. On non availability of funds from NRCP, the same is expected through CSP provision.

Total Project Cost (in crores) 845.48 Fund Expected from NRCP scheme in crores (as per submitted DPR) 715.05 Balance Amount for project (In Crores) 130.43 Contribution from PMC Funds expected for CSP (in crores) 0.0
130.43
Table 5.7 Viability Gap Analysis- Sewerage System Out of the total requirement of Rs. 845.48 crores, Rs 715.05 crores is expected under NRCP scheme. If this fund is sanctioned through NRCP, then the balance amount of Rs. 130.43 crores will be borne by PMC in a phased manner.
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5.8 A SWOT Analysis of Sewerage System

Strengths
Safe disposal of waste through underground sewerage network Quality of sewerage treated is good Strong Grievance redressal system
Weakness
Lack of proper system to treat sewage and sullage separately. Lack of sufficient sewage treatment plants leading to 170 MLD of sewerage left untreated.
Opportunities
Reuse of treated waste water Web based Grievances redressal system. Construction of Additional sewage treatment plants Implementing SCADA system
Threats
Environment pollution
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Chapter VI. Solid Waste Management

6.1 Introduction
Municipal Solid Waste includes commercial and residential wastes generated in a municipal or notified area in either solid or semi-solid form excluding industrial hazardous wastes but including treated biomedical wastes. PMC is responsible for the proper and scientific segregation, collection, transportation, processing and disposal of municipal solid waste within the limits of its jurisdiction, in compliance with: BPMC Act 1949 section 63, 290 to 294, schedule chapter 14 & other relevant sections. Government of India Municipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling) Rules 2000. Maharashtra Non-biodegradable Garbage Control Act, 2006. Maharashtra Government Resolution no. Gha. Ka. Vya.1001/ Pra. Kra 546/ Papu-22 dated 5 January 2002 to municipalities concerning waste-pickers and allotting them the works of picking wastes and garbage from houses, shops and market places. The Bio Medical Waste Management and handling Rules 1998/2000/2003 amended The Hazardous Waste Management and Handling Rules 2000/2003 amended The Guidelines/Rules in making the waste from EEE
PMC is responsible to provide the following services: Primary and secondary collection of waste Segregation and storage and waste reduction at source Transportation Processing and disposal Estimate and analysis of waste Waste minimization Public awareness and enforcement
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Resource management Prohibition of littering
6.1.1 Characteristic of waste generated

The total number of households in PMC area are 916886. The total waste generated is in the range of 1300 to 1400 metric tonnes (MT) per day (per capita of 400 grams per day). The waste generated was collected, transported and disposed at land fill site which is about 20 km away from Pune, viz at Devachi Uruli. From the 1st of June 2010, PMC has stopped open dumping and total waste generated is processed scientifically. Various types of waste generated in the city include Organic Waste Inorganic Waste Bio medical waste E-Waste Construction & Debris Material Industrial hazardous waste Household hazardous waste
Approximately 270 MT of total waste is recyclable in nature and consists of paper, glass, ferrous/ non ferrous metals and plastic. Organic /Inorganic Waste is mostly generated at household level, the details of which is explained in the next section. Bio Medical Waste: The Biomedical Waste Act 1998 defines medical waste as "Any solid waste that is generated in the diagnosis, treatment or immunization of human beings or animals, in research pertaining to, or in the production or testing of biological." Biomedical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules 1998 makes it mandatory to all hospitals and dispensaries to segregate the biomedical waste from other solid waste and to set up an effective collection, treatment and disposal infrastructure for PUNE CITY SANITATION PLAN 66
managing the waste. PMC has provided biomedical waste disposal facility through M/s Pasco Environmental Solutions Pvt. Ltd. Pune city produces approximately l200 kg of biomedical waste per day and this gets disposed by incinerators. Bio-medical waste in the city, from hospitals and clinics, is collected by eight biomedical waste collection vans. This facility serves 550 nursing homes, 141 pathology laboratories, 11 blood banks, 1048 clinics and also the area beyond 10 kms from PMC limit. E-waste is defined as "a waste from relatively expensive and essentially durable product used for data processing, telecommunications or entertainment in private households and businesses." The range of these products is given below: Mobiles/Telephones VCD/DVD players Microwave ovens CDs/pen drives/floppies Scrapped computers and laptops, etc.
The Pune region generates about 2500 MT of E-waste per year as per MPCB. In order to prevent future problems related to E-waste, PMC has identified near about 150 primary collection points and separate disposal site for storage and treatment of Ewaste, and according to CPCB/ MPCB guidelines. Construction and Demolition (C&D) Waste: The construction boom has led to large quantities of C&D waste being generated in the city. It is recommended that a C&D policy should be prepared which may include the following: Identify sites in the city for dumping C&D waste in accordance with other environment rules and regulations. Set up agencies which would be responsible for certain sectors of the city and would charge developers as per set rates for collection, transport and proper disposal for C&D waste at designated areas. Also create a service that will allow smaller generators of C&D waste.
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Investigate the possibility of reuse of some of the waste (either in products or in landscaping projects).

The following section presents the current status of SWM services in the city.
6.2.1 Waste Segregation

While segregation of waste at source is an important activity, not all waste is segregated at source. The status of segregation is given below: Total waste segregated 48 percent to 50 percent Varies in between 20 percent to 65 percent among wards About 42 percent properties practice segregation In societies 30 percent In bungalows 47 percent Slums & Chawls 32 percent Hotels & restaurants 85 percent
6.2.2 Waste Collection

Waste is collected from door to door, disposed in bins and through Ghanta trucks. Ghanta Trucks 90 Ghanta trucks are deployed for door to door collection of waste. The ghanta trucks collect about 95,000 Kg of wet waste every day.
No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Name of Ward office Aundh Ghole road Nagar road Dholepatil road Warje karvenagar Kothrud Sangamwadi Sahakar nagar Dhankawadi Bibwewadi Tilak road Bhavani peth Kasba vishram Hadapsar Total Ghanta truck 5 6 7 5 8 8 12 6 3 3 9 8 6 4 90
Table 6.2.2 a Ward-wise collection of wet waste by Ghanta trucks PUNE CITY SANITATION PLAN 68
Solid Waste collected through Hotel trucks PMC has deployed 23 separate trucks for collection of hotel waste, which is segregated at source.
Sr No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Name of Ward Office Aundh Ghole Road Nagar Road Dholepatil Road Warje Karvenagar Kothrud Sangamwadi Sahakar Nagar Dhankawadi Bibwewadi Tilak Road Bhavani peth Kasba Vishram Hadapsar Total Trips 2 3 2 3 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 23 Hotel 72 215 116 171 84 110 20 94 90 45 42 108 130 52 1,349 Weight of Wet Waste (In kg) 9700 22200 9700 18400 7200 11200 7200 5200 4000 3700 6130 5840 6400 7500 1,24,370
Table 6.2.2 b Waste collected by Hotel Trucks Solid Waste collected through rag pickers SWaCH, a PMC initiative is a registered society of waste pickers which has a total strength of 5500 members. Out of these, 1963 members are involved in door to door collection of waste.
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Private door to door collection efforts Some societies and residential complexes have hired services of sweepers to collect door to door waste, which is segregated either at source or by the sweeper. The waste is then collected by Ghanta Trucks. Containers and Compactor Buckets Containers are placed at certain locations in the city, which is used to dispose garbage by people, who are not covered under the door to door collection service. There are a total of 936 containers and 412 compactor buckets placed all over the city.
Sr. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Name of Ward Office Aundh Ghole Road Nagar Road Dholepatil Road Warje Karvenagar Kothrud Sangamwadi Sahakar Nagar Dhankawadi Bibwewadi Tilak Road Bhavani peth Kasba Vishram Hadapsar Total Containers 66 120 25 62 115 42 33 39 74 81 55 59 104 61 936 Compactor Buckets 31 21 0 18 46 12 0 18 20 135 6 37 33 35 412
Table 6.2.2 c Ward wise details of Containers and Dumper Buckets
6.2.3 Transportation of Solid Waste

Solid Waste generated in the city is transported through Ghanta Trucks, Compactors, Hotel Trucks and tractor, Dumper placer and Bulk Refuse Carrier (B.R.C), the details of which are given below.
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Sr. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6
Vehicle Name Ghanta Truck Compactor Hotel Truck Tractor Dumper Placer Bulk Refuse Carrier (B.R.C.)
Nos. 90 17 23 5 68 50
Table 6.2.3 a Details of Transportation of Solid Waste The list of vehicles that are deployed to various wards for the transportation of solid waste generated in the city is mentioned below
No. Name of Ward Office Aundh Kothrud Ghole road Nagar road Warje karvenagar Dholepatil road Kasba vishram Sangamwadi Dhankawadi Hadapsar Bhavani peth Tilak road Bibwewadi Sahakar nagar Katraj Ramp Hadapsar Ramp Vegetable Market Total Dumper Placer 4 3 4 3 4 6 9 4 3 4 8 5 4 6 0 0 1 68 Bulk Refuse Carrier (B.R.C.) 7 3 4 3 4 4 2 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 13 0 50 Hotel Truck 2 2 3 2 1 3 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 0 0 0 23 Compactor Ghanta Truck 5 8 6 7 8 5 6 12 3 4 8 9 3 6 0 0 0 90
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17.
1 0 2 0 1 1 2 0 0 4 0 2 2 2 0 0 0 17
Table 6.2.3 b Ward-wise deployment of vehicles for solid waste transport PUNE CITY SANITATION PLAN 71
6.2.4 Processing and Scientific Disposal of Municipal Solid Waste

Pune city generates about 1300 to 1400 MTD of waste. Processing of this waste is done in various ways as mentioned below: Hanjer Biotech projects I & II: At present this plant is working with a full capacity of 1000 TPD. M/s Hanjer Biotech has constructed a scientific landfill to dispose the inert waste which is approximately 20 percent of the total waste processing. Three organic wastes composting of 100 TPD capacities each, out of which two processing plants have been commissioned and the work o f 3rd plant is in progress. Bio Gas Plants: Total 60 TPD of organic waste is being treated in 11 Biogas plants of 5 Tonnes capacity each, one Biogas plant of 3 Tonnes capacity. Two Mechanical compost plants of 2 TPD each is also functional. Ongoing Project: Taking into consideration emergency breakdown, weekly offs and working efficiency of above plants and to cater to future requirement, there is a need for an additional plant to process waste. Hence construction of 700 TPD capacity waste to energy plant is in progress, the details of which are mentioned below o MSW Processing plant of capacity 700 TPD o Technology: Gasification/ Pyrolysis o Output: Electricity generation@ 10 MW per hour o BOOT basis o Space Requirement: 10000 sq mts o Waste disposal in 48 hours o Less inert material after treatment
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6.2.5 Best Practice Models for Solid Waste Management in the City
Garbage Free Katraj Model

Land scarcity, opposition from local people, transportation issues, etc has been a challenge for the PMC for the past few years. Population of the city is on the rise and so is the issue of waste management. Decentralization and Managing your own Garbage is the new concept that is gaining grounds today. This was the vision behind introducing the Garbage Free model at Katraj ward by PMC. PMC along with the support and expertise of institutes like MITCON, MCCIA, Kirloskar Cummins, Plastic Manufacturers Association, Janwani, Kagad, Kach Patra Panchayat and Rotary Club has implemented the project in March 2011. Katraj ward consists of approximately 8600 households. Two voluntary social workers- one senior citizen and a youth are given appropriate training to create awareness about garbage segregation at source and the importance of the project. They are responsible to handle 150-200 households in the ward. Independent mechanisms have been adopted to collect and transport wet waste to the bio gas plant near the Katraj Snake Park. Networking is done with businesses keen on buying the dry waste such as paper, glass, cans, etc. This helps in creating jobs and source of income for people. Kirloskar Cummins has pledged 28 lakh for the successful implementation of this project. The project is being implemented with inputs and expertise of a local NGO, Janwani. This project demonstrates the effectiveness of a project based on peoples participation in implementing along with local governing body and expertise and support of local organizations.
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Electricity Generation through wet waste generated in hotels in Kothrud area

This is a recently launched initiative of PMC, where hotel waste generated in Kothrud ward is collected and transported to processing plant at Bavdhan. Electricity generated through this waste is utilized to light 112 street lights on main and ancillary roads in the Bavdhan area. The project met with strong resistance from the citizens initially, who feared consequences of garbage dumping. But with the effective implementation and success, people too have come forward in support of the project. Currently 14 KW of electricity is generated in this processing unit. The Kothrud Ward office, PMC collects 5 MTD of wet waste from hotels and transports it through hotel trucks to the processing plant, twice daily. The waste is converted to biogas, which through generators lights up the street lights. The project is implemented by a private company. The PMC pays for the electricity generated. It is expected that if the hotel waste from entire Kothrud area is collected in this manner, the electricity generated could be utilized to light all streetlights in Kothrud ward. PMC aims to replicate this project in other wards in future.
Successful implementation of these projects at ward level (micro level) has proved it to be a replicable model, which can be initiated phase wise in other wards of the city. These models are cost effective and demonstrate that peoples participation in such programs help in implementing it successfully.
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6.3 SLB and Gaps in Solid Waste Management

6.3.1 SWM and Status of SLB
Sr. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Performance Indicator Household level coverage of solid waste management services Efficiency of collection of municipal solid waste Extent of segregation of municipal solid waste Extent of municipal solid waste recovered Extent of scientific disposal of municipal solid waste Extent of cost recovery in solid waste management services Efficiency in collection of solid waste management charges Efficiency in redressal of customer complaints Expected 100 100 100 80 100 100 90 80 2010 52.70 100.00 27.96 85.00 100.00 60.88 67.00 84.74
Table 6.3.1 SWM and Status of SLB This section compares various indicators of SWM with the SLBs.
6.3.2 Household level coverage of SWM services through door-to door collection of waste
The door to door collection of SWM services is 52.7 percent as compared to 100 percent expected in SLB. This reflects that 47.3 percent of the households still dispose their waste in community bins.
Description Total Properties in PMC area Properties covered under door to door collection (Rag pickers and Ghanta trucks) Properties not covered under door to door collection (rag pickers & Ghanta trucks) 470943 47.3 Number 995578 524778 Percentage 100 52.7
Table 6.3.2 Coverage of SWM services through door-to door collection of waste
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6.3.3 Efficiency of Collection of Municipal Solid Waste

The table below reflects that the efficiency of waste collection in the city is 100 percent. All waste generated is collected through door to door collection and community bins and dumper buckets.
Description Total waste generated Total quantum of waste collected Collection Efficiency Numbers 40500 tonnes per month 40500 tonnes per month 100 percent
Table 6.3.3 Efficiency of Collection of Municipal Solid Waste
6.3.4 Extent of segregation of Municipal Waste

The below table reflects that as against the SLB standard of 100 percent only 27.96 percent waste is segregated in the city. Though 100 percent waste is collected through various means, 72.04 percent waste is un segregated
Description Total waste generated Waste segregated Segregation Efficiency Numbers 40500 tonnes per month 11324 tonnes per month 27.96 percent
Table 6.3.4 Extent of segregation of Municipal Waste
6.3.5 Extent of Municipal Solid Waste recovered

Description Total waste generated Waste recovered Recovery Efficiency Numbers 1350 MTD 1148 TDP 85 percent
Table 6.3.5 Extent of Municipal Solid Waste recovered The above table depicts that 85 percent of Municipal Solid waste is recovered
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6.3.6 Extent of scientific disposal of waste in landfill sites

The below table reflects that there is 100 percent scientific disposal of the total waste generated and transported to landfill sites
Description Total waste disposed in compliant landfill Total waste disposed in landfill Extent of scientific disposal Number 200 TDP 200 TPD 100 percent
Table 6.3.6 Extent of scientific disposal of waste in landfill sites
6.3.7 Efficiency in redressal of Customer complaints

From the below table it is clear that 84.74 percent of complaints received by the PMC regarding SWM issues are addressed, which is slightly above the SLB standard of 80 percent.
Description Total number of SWM related complaints received per month Total number of complaints redressed within the month Efficiency in redresser of Customer complaints Number (per month) 4260 3610 84.74 percent
Table 6.3.7 Efficiency in redresser of Customer complaints
6.3.8 Extent of Cost Recovery in SWM Charges

Description Total annual operating costs Total annual operating revenues Cost recovery Number (per month, in crores) 95 57.84 60.8 percent
Table 6.3.8 Extent of Cost Recovery in SWM Charges
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No separate SWM charge is levied. Conservancy Tax is charged at the rate of 13 percent of the total property tax. The extent of cost recovery in SWM Charges is 60.8 percent as against 100 percent SLB indicator.
6.3.9 Efficiency in Collection of SWM Charges

Description Total annual operating revenues Current revenues collected in the given year Efficiency in collection of SWM Charges Number (per annum, in crores) 83.60 56.80 67 percent
Table 6.3.9 Efficiency in Collection of SWM Charges The above table indicates that only 67 percent of the SWM charges are collected.
6.4 Technical options proposed for strengthening SWM services in the city
Collection and Transportation Developing PPP model for 100% collection of segregated waste, door to door collection and container free city SWaCH is an NGO to be appointed for 100% door to door to collection & will adopt a user fee model. Docket is already sanctioned by Hon. Standing Committee in process of approval by Hon. General Body. Segregation at source to be achieved to 50% by increasing awareness amongst citizen, councilors, involvement of CBOs/ NGOs and Mohalla Committees. Developing automated and closed vehicles for transportation of garbage Deployment of more vehicles i.e. gantatruck for feeder points having two compartments- one for each electoral ward. Close monitoring at various levels.
Disposal of Waste: Waste to renewable energy plant of 700 TPD is sanctioned Reserving land for waste processing in future DP
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Development of independent processing facility for E-waste on BOT/PPP basis Proposed capping of existing garbage sites Byelaws for disposal of construction debris and also for cleanliness, sanitation Compulsory segregation at source by designing necessary legal framework Biomethanation-cum-Power Generation Plants at different locations to treat @ 55 tpd of segregated Organic Wet Waste Generated in the City Execution of 12 biogas plants of 5 TPD each & a plant of 3 TPD capacity Use of various technologies - BARC, 3 EBT & Modified UASBP Mandatory scientific processing in townships, societies by respective builders
Quality of Service: Awareness campaign through corporators, CBOs/ NGOs. Social audit for waste collection Close monitoring at various levels. 14 CFCs have been set-up Web based Grievance redressal system to be set up ISO for solid waste management
Vision 2020 of SWM Department of PMC To cope up with the increasing population growth and the quantity of waste generated and future expansion of Pune City in the next 20 years, PMC has proposed 8 other places for scientific landfill and garbage processing. Out of these places Wadu Kurd (group no 145) and Tulapur (group no 64), district Haveli are finalized and are to be handed over to PMC by the State Government for solid waste processing. The other site at Shindavane group no 237 (around 24 hectare 54 R) is sanctioned by the State Government for construction of garbage processing and recycling plant of PMC. Considering the population growth and increased standard of living, it is expected that in 2025 per day garbage generation will be approx. 2800 to 3000 metric tons and in 2030 it may reach up to 3300 to 3500 metric tons. To
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scientifically process this increased quantity of garbage, PMC has taken the following initiatives: Due to inadequate supply of power/ electricity cut off, operation maintenance of various projects and garbage processing units, machinery breakdown and other inevitable reasons, each project works with the capacity of 65 to 70 percent to fulfill the demand of 100 percent processing of garbage, PMC has planned to build and operate projects of higher capacity. As mentioned above, it is very difficult to find new sites/lands for garbage processing. So PMC has reserved some sites in future DP Plan. Before sanctioning construction plan of big township or societies, disposal of solid waste in a scientific manner will be made compulsory for the respective builders or owners. Considering the increased waste generation, construction of various bio-gas, vermi-composting and mechanical composting projects as per the availability of land is planned. Construction and debris is a part of solid waste. Bylaws for disposal of this waste are to be formulated and separate land to be kept reserved for processing and recycling of this waste. Development of independent processing facility for E Waste on BOT/PPP basis. Formulation of rules and regulations in legal framework for acquisition of open land or open space in private societies for solid waste processing. Compressing of garbage at primary collection sites i.e. various garbage collection ramps and then sending this compressed garbage to the processing plants. This will in turn help in reducing the number of vehicles required for transportation. New villages are to be incorporated under PMC. Reservation of land in new DP plan for construction of waste to energy plants to fulfill the demand of these newly incorporated villages. Development of PPP model for 100% collection of segregated waste, container free city and 100 percent house to house garbage collection (doorstep service).
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Entire primary and secondary transportation of waste to be done in a closed manner and development of automated vehicles for the same. Development of scientific landfill to dump inert and rejected material after scientific processing considering the need for next 25 years. Acquisition, development, scientific land filling and later capping of the same landfill is planned (after receiving permission of the state Govt.).
Proposed capping of existing dumped garbage M/S IL&FS has been appointed for capping work of DPR and scientific remediation of old site. All field investigations & work has completed by the consultant. DPR is sanctioned in October 2010 & tender committee found for future process. This includes capping, leachate collection & treatment, dislodgement & compaction of waste & treatment dislodgement & compaction geo-membrane, methane gas trapping & land reclamation. Development of this proposed capped site for next 15years is planned by PMC.
Awareness, school children education to reduce generation of waste & adoption of eco-friendly practices such as Reduce, Recycle & Reuse. Environmental management cell - Opening of separate environmental management cell is planned by PMC. Monitoring committee for timely implementation of various activities in accordance with MSW rules 2000 is formulated in which members from PMC, Maharashtra pollution control board & representatives of the village Devachi Uruli & fursungi are included. The meetings of monitoring are conducted every month & planned to be conducted thereafter.
To develop job opportunities among all sections of the community. This will help in reducing the cost expenditure in transportation & disposal of waste, improving the quality of life & will boost in the development & economy of Pune city.
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6.5 Estimated Costs Budget for strengthening the SWM Services.

Cost Sr. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Indicator Estimation/ Budget (Rs. In Crores) Household level coverage of SWM services Efficiency of Collection of MSW Extent of Segregation of waste Extent of recovery of waste collected Extent of scientific disposal of waste in landfill sites Efficiency in redresser of Customer complaints 7 Extent of cost recovery for the ULB in SWM services 8 Efficiency in collection of SWM Charges Total 170.00 57.20 31.70 26.70 26.70 27.70 1.00 .20 .20 .20 .20 .20 25.00 15.00 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 74.00 20.00 20.00 15.00 15.00 5.00 13.00 12.00 14.00 50.00 2011-12 Financial Plan (Rs. In Crores) 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 Long Term 11.00
Immediate 7.00 9.00
Short Term 11.00 12.00
Table 6.5 Estimated costs for strengthening SWM service to meet SLB standards The total cost to improve the SWM services in the city is Rs. 170 crores.

Total Budgetary Requirement (in crores) 170.00 Contribution from PMC (in crores) 20 percent of total requirement 34.00 Funds expected for CSP (in crores) 136.00
Table No. 6.6 Viability Gap Analysis- SWM services The PMC will contribute 20 percent of the total budget i.e. Rs. 34 crores in a phased manner up to year 2015. This covers administrative and salary costs, O & M expenses, cost for capping, setting up of biogas and process plants. The balance amount of Rs. 136 crores is expected under CSP for purchase of vehicles, replacement of existing vehicles above 15 years old, new plants and land filling sites etc. PUNE CITY SANITATION PLAN 82
6.7 SWOT analysis of SWM services

Strengths
100% collection and processing Municipal Solid Waste Automated and closed vehicles for transportation of garbage PPP approach in waste collection at source Scientific disposal of inert waste Strong public grievance redressal system Waste to Energy plant, compost plants and bio gas plants to cater to future needs ISO certification for zero garbage pilot project
Weakness
Low segregation at source Partial door to door collection Inadequate Staff. Attitudinal and habitual practice of littering, dumping of waste on streets, open places, etc Land identification and acquisition for future scientific landfill
Opportunities
Willingness of CBOs, NGO to contribute to the system. Awareness generation through IEC Recycling of waste. Waste to energy options Capping of Garbage site Independent facility for E Waste processing on BOT or PPP model Designing legal framework for compulsory at source segregation of waste and disposal of construction waste
Threats
Load on the SWM collection system and rise in expenditure Burden on cleaning of streets Environment and health hazard
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Chapter VII. Storm Water Drainage

In the recent years Pune has been experiencing water logging issues during the rainy season, especially in low lying areas and slums along the river banks. This section reviews the situation of storm water drains in the city and the challenges faced in the midst of haphazard rapid growth and development.
7.1.1 Overview
Pune city is situated near the foothills of the Western Ghat. The city is also surrounded by hills on the southern side. The general topography is conducive to formation of alternative ridges and valleys. This has resulted in formation of independent watersheds, each of which is draining in one of the two rivers, viz. Mutha and Mula. These rivers are principal carriers of flood waters. The city is divided in to 23 watersheds or basins, each of which has one or more primary drains in the form of Natural Nallas discharging in the river. Each basin has adequate network of natural drains to convey the flood waters in to river. The slopes of this network are generally good enough to carry reasonable flood volumes. However, rapid urbanization has affected the natural regime of drainage channels. Currently there are 31 water logging spots in the city. But due to the conducive topography, water drains out with 1-2 hours. Hence water logging does not create burden on underground drainage system.
7.1.2 Primary drainage channels

The primary drainage channels are essentially natural nallas and their tributaries. These are present in all the 23 basins in the city
Basin Code A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W Name of Basin Prabhat Road Kothrud Warje Shivajinagar Aundh Bavdhan & Pashan Baner Kalas Vishrantwadi Mental hospital Yerawada Vimannagar Wadgaon sheri Kharadi Hadapsar Kondhawa Wadiya college Mangalwar peth Shaniwar peth Dattawadi Hingane khurd Wadgaon bk Dhayari Total Actual Basin Area 261 1544 1000 1127 1575 2280 1040 827 1623 487 714 466 817 2010 4000 3370 603 634 1311 3714 556 1700 1110 32769 No.of Nalas 2 9 16 5 5 29 18 4 12 3 3 4 14 11 31 27 2 2 5 20 3 4 5 234 Length of Nalas (mtr) 1883 19449 15354 8455 9556 40599 19743 5663 22975 1683 4368 7755 16236 14447 48446 40436 4980 4153 12519 34305 6074 15310 7725 362114 Rain water Drain length (mtr) 0 1549 1943 0 200 1660 1999 196 275 668 290 295 4442 99 1839 1491 0 748 120 837 531 577 326 20085 Roadside drain length (mtr) 2200 5386 0 6077 1360 1021 0 550 708 1500 17600 0 0 0 5303 1500 3130 4990 11500 8185 0 438 0 55608 Proposed drain length (mtr) 21200 127800 35100 89707 42090 76900 16800 6689 44670 21700 34080 11550 30170 27047 93615 112000 15234 24750 89272 117433 18766 18069 21800 10966442
Table 7.1.2 Summary of Nallas and their Length
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7.1.3 Water Bodies

There are three important lakes in Pune city, as listed below.
Name of lake Pashan Lake Katraj Lake Snake Park lake Basin Bavdhan Parvati Parvati Nalla Ram Nadi Ambill Odha Ambill Odha Area in Hectre 62.60 7.20 18.60
Table 7.1.3 a Lakes in the PMC areas The Mutha Right Bank canal passes through the city area, from Dhayari to Hadpsar with length of about 20 kms. This canal has a branch of about 8 kms long, starting from Empress Garden to Manjri farm. The lengths of rivers within the PMC area are as below.
Name Mutha River Mula River Mula-Mutha River Ram River Description Dhayari to Sangamwadi Balewadi to Sangamwadi Sangamwadi to Kharadi Paud Road to Mula River Length in Kms 10.40 22.37 11.75 9.40
Table 7.1.3 b Length of rives in the PMC area (natural drains)
7.1.4 Roadside drains and cross drainage works The roadside drains have been provided for major arterial roads and in parts of the old city area. The total length of roads in the city is around 1800 kms. The total length of roadside drains is around 150 kms. This indicates very low coverage of roadside drains. This may be one of the causes of recurring damages to roads during monsoon. The cross drainage works are provided at road crossings. The total no. of cross drainage works in the city is 662 out of which 180 are in the basins included in the first phase The summary of existing roadside drains and cross drainage works is presented below:
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Basin Code G M N P V
Basin Name Baner Wadgaon Sheri Kharadi Kondwa Wadgaonbudruk Total
Road side drains (mts) 3845 438 4283
Cross Drainage Works 38 28 19 73 12 170
Table 7.1.4 Existing road side drains and cross drainage in the city 7.1.5 Coverage and Access The drainage system network in the municipal area has limited coverage, with closed roadside drain network available for selected and major roads. In absence of integrated network, the rainwater is carried by roads, pathways etc. towards the nearest natural drain. The existing percentage of road drainage network is only 44 percent. Ongoing Storm Water Drainage Projects Pune Municipal Corporation has undertaken the work of Nalla Channelization and construction of compound wall with fencing along nalla bank under JNNURM funding. About 16 km nalla length covered on 6 major nallas in the city. The sanctioned cost is 25.86 crores. The construction activity has started in Oct, 2007. At present 75 percent of the progress has been achieved.
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7.2 SLB and Gaps in Storm Water Drainage

7.2.1 SWD and SLB at a glance
Sr. No. Performance Indicator 1 2 Coverage Incidence of water logging Expected status (in percent) 100 0 Current Status (in percent) 55 52
Table 7.2.1 SWD and SLB at a glance Rapid urbanization is exerting tremendous pressure on the natural drains, with a number of them having disappeared or encroached upon. The survey carried out during the preparation of master plan shows that 18 percent of the surveyed natural drains in the city have been encroached upon.
7.2.2 Coverage of Storm Water Drainage Network

The total existing network coverage of storm water drainage in the city is 55 percent as against 100 percent requirement in SLB. This shows that to meet the SLB standard immediate steps need to be taken to improve the system of storm water drains in the city.
7.2.3 Incidence of Water Logging and Flooding

Incidence of Water logging and flooding has increased since the past few years in the city especially in the low lying areas and slums along the river banks. The incidence is as high as 52 percent as against the zero percent requirements in SLB.
7.3 Limitations
Limited coverage of drainage system network in the municipal area i.e. most of the city roads do not have road side drains. The existing percentage of road drainage network is only 44 percent
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Lack of maintenance of drains and disposal of solid waste in the drains adds to the problem of localized flooding People residing in Slums have opined during the social mapping exercise conducted, that blocking of storm water drains and nallas due to dumping of garbage and lack of clearing of these sources is leading to water logging during the rains. Slum areas on hill tops/hill slopes, along river banks and in lower areas are the worst hit
The city development works have also not been appropriately sized causing bottlenecks in the city thereby resulting in localized flooding in many locations. Out of 662 city development works studied, 352 have been found to be inadequate to carry the designed floods. Increasing paved areas and development is causing water to flow on the roads, causing damage to road surface and putting additional load on the existing road side drains along main roads.
Absence of integrated network resulting in the rainwater carried by roads, pathways etc. towards the nearest natural drain causing flooding on the road. Rapid urbanization has significantly changed the nature of drainage areas in all watersheds. The open grounds have nearly vanished, and the paved area is substantially increased. This has resulted in increased flood volumes for the same rainfall event.
The demand for land has increased, which has affected the natural drains. The widths have been reduced at many places. This has seriously affected the carrying capacity of many a drain.
The development along the nallas has not taken place in a scientific and planned manner. This has resulted in emergence of areas which are prone to flooding, even with moderate rainfall intensities. This is especially true in fringe areas, which have been recently added to Municipal Corporation. These areas were of rural character with little or no control on development activities.
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The uncontrolled development of urban poor localities, have generally happened near nallas. The drainage channels have become vulnerable to deposition of wastes of all kinds, mainly waste water and solid waste. This has resulted in higher silt load, reduction in carrying capacity and difficulties in maintenance. In the earlier years, the network of roadside drains was present in limited areas. The coverage has increased in last four years especially after severe floods of 2005. However, this is still not adequate to cover all roads. The RCC pipes are being used for roadside drains, with storm inlet chambers at regular intervals.
At present, there is no separate tax on storm water drainage component. The activities of Drainage Department include domestic sewerage, as well as storm water drainage components.
7.4 Proposed Plan for strengthening the Strom Water Drainage System
Out of the total 23 basins, work on 4 basins is in progress as per Comprehensive Development Plan (CDP) for the city under JNNURM funding. Pune Municipal Corporation has submitted a Detailed Project Report (DPR) to seek funding for immediate stage works for Storm Water Drainage Project Phase 1, under JNNURM program 7.4.1 Technical options proposed The scope of proposed work includes Review of master plan Field surveys Hydraulic, functional and structural designs Detailed cost estimates Rapid environmental & social impact assessment Broad implementation schedule
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Primary Work Nalla Development Work C D Work Road side drains
Supplementary work Storm water inlet chambers are provided for roadside drains (on the berms and below footpath). These are proposed at an interval of 30 m. The chambers have steel gratings for inlet and as drain cover. The gully trap chambers are provided for drains below footpath. Catch pits ahead of CD works to minimize the silting. Recharge the pits in nalla beds are proposed as rainwater harvesting measure. These are recommended in basins suitable for this measures as recommended by Groundwater Survey & Development Agency (GSDA) of Government of Maharashtra.
7.5 Estimated budget to strengthen Storm Water Drainage System

PMC requires Rs. 957 crores to improve the storm water drainage system in the city to meet the SLB standards. Rs. 177 crores has been sanctioned through JNNURM and the work on four nalla basins has been undertaken. Heavy rains were experienced in the city in the year 2010 leading to flooding in several parts of the city. PMC identified 31 water logging spots across the city and undertook the task of strengthening the Storm Water Drainage System in these areas.

Total Budgetary Requirement (in crores) Funds sanctioned under JNNURM (in crores) 177 Contribution from PMC (in crores) 20 percent of total requirement Funds expected for CSP (in crores)
957
156
624
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The funds sanctioned under JNNURM (Rs. 177 crores) and budgetary provision made PMC (Rs. 156 crores) will help achieve the SLB norm of zero water logging spots in the city. However the balance amount of Rs. 624 crores will be required for strengthening nalla basins in future is expected under CSP.
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7.7 SWOT Analysis of Strom Water Drainage System

Strengths
Natural Topography is conducive Tax rebate for practicing rain water harvesting
Weakness
Missing links of nallas in DP Dumping of waste in nallas by citizens Limited coverage of drainage system network Lack of maintenance of drains Increased paved areas and constructions Unplanned development along the course of rivers and nallas No separate tax for SWD Illegal connection of sewerage to strom water drainage network Present system cannot sustain the changing monsoon pattern i.e heavy rains in short period
Opportunity
Promoting rain water harvesting Developing basins for effective SWD
Threats
Water logging and Flooding Developing SWD burdens the system Environment and health hazards Massive/Giant task of upgrading the current system
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Chapter VIII. Water Supply

This section reviews the existing situation and issues related to water supply. It also discusses the proposed plan to fulfill the gaps and budgetary requirements.

8.1.1 Sources of Water Supply
Water supply is an obligatory responsibility of the municipal corporation according to the BPMC Act 1949, section 63. Pune city receives water supply from the following natural sources:
Rivers (Mula, Mutha & Pawana) Lakes (Pashan & Katraj lake) Dams (Khadakwasla, Panset, Warasgaon & Temghar) Ground water Groundwater has emerged as an important source to meet the water requirements of various sectors. There are around 399 dug wells & 4820 bore wells.
Table 8.1.1a. Sources of Water Supply in the city Dams Panshet Varasgaon Temghar Khadakwasla Total Live Storage (TMC) 10.42 12.82 3.77 1.97 28.98
Table 8.1.1b. Existing water storage capacity of dams in Pune city
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8.1.2 Clear Water Transmission

The entire water supply operation of PMC is divided into 48 water distribution zones, each zone has a specified area of service. The conveyance of water from the two principal water works is done both by pumping and by gravity, depending on available levels at the zonal reservoirs.
8.1.3 Distribution System

There are 39 storage reservoirs in the city, fed by two principal water supply sources. Of these, 11 reservoirs (sumps) with a storage capacity of 42.96 ML, function as balancing storages. The other 28 reservoirs, with a storage capacity of 177.96 ML, act as service reservoirs.
8.1.4 Distribution Network

The distribution network consists of pipelines varying from the largest diameter of 1600 mm to the smallest size diameter of 80 mm. The total length of distribution network is about 3100 km including 24 km of transmission lines. The total length of the roads in the city is 1800 km. This implies that some roads may have more than one pipeline, laid at different points of time to meet the demand.
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No. of distribution zones Total length of pipelines No. of water treatment plants No. of pumping stations No. of chlorinators No. of (Gravity Storage Reservoir) GSR, (Elevated Service Reservoir) ESR
48 3100 Km 7 20 24 47
Table 8.1.4 Water supply network in the city Table 4.1.4 shows the water supply infrastructure details in the city. For distribution purposes the entire city is divided in to 48 water distribution zones which receive water PUNE CITY SANITATION PLAN 96
through a network of 3100 km long pipeline. There are 7 water treatment plants and 20 pumping stations located at different locations in the city.
8.2 SLB and Gaps in Water Supply Service

PMC has a decentralized system for water. The entire water supply system is divided into 48 water distribution zones, each zone has a specified area of service. These zones are different from the administrative wards. PMC has already identified gaps in the existing system and prepared a plan to overcome the gaps. The gaps identified in the baseline data collected has been compared with the plan and the framework of action has been accordingly prepared. The population of Pune city is about 39.33 lakh which is supplied with 1123 MLD of water the details of which are as follows:
Total Water Supplied Losses 25% + 5 % NRW Total Water Supplied to (city + villages+ PCB+KCB) Bulk Water to Gram Panchayat +Ammunition Factory Water supply to city +PCB +KCB Water Supply to PCB +KCB Net Water supply to city 1123 MLD 337 MLD 786 MLD 24 MLD 762 MLD 30 MLD 732 MLD
Table 8.2 Water Distribution facts
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8.2.1 Water Supply related SLB at a glance

Sr. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Performance Indicator Coverage Per capita supply Metering ( Functional) NRW Hours of Supply Quality of water supply Complaint Redressal Collection Efficiency Cost Recovery Expected status (in percent) 100 135 100 20 24 100 80 90 100 Current Status (in percent) 94 194 29.71 30 4-6 hrs 100 97.38 90.93 70.67
Table 8.2.1 Water supply related SLB at a glance
8.2.2 Coverage of Water Supply Connections

Description Properties served through water connections Total Properties without connection Properties served through tankers Households in undeclared slums without water connections Households in declared slums without water connections Numbers 937938 57793 6900 24153 26740 Percentage 94.19 5.81 0.69 2.43 2.68
Table 8.2.2 Coverage of Water Supply Connections The present coverage of water supply connections in the city is 94.19 percent as against 100 percent as per SLB standards. This indicates that 5.81 percent of total properties in the city do not have access to water supply connections.
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8.2.3 Ward Wise Per Capita Supply of Water

Ward Name Aundh Warje Karve Road Kothrud Ghole Road Nagar road Sangamwadi Dholepatil Road Kasba-Vishram Bhavani Peth Sahakar Nagar Tilak Road Hadapsar Bibewadi Dhankawdi Average Water Supply LPCD 149 166 192 139 200 219 219 260 358 222 157 140 157 138 194
Table 8.2.3 Per capita Supply The per capita water supply in the city is 194 lpcd. This shows that per capita water supply in the city is more than the SLB indicator of 135 lpcd.
8.2.4 Extent of metering of water connections

Descriptions Total number of direct service connections and stand posts Total number of metered connections Total number of functional metered connections. Number of metered public stand posts Number of Connections 122643 36456 36020 436 70.29 29.71 Percentage
Table 8.2.4 Extent of metering of water connections
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The above table reflects that the extent of water metering is very low (29.71 percent) as compared to the SLB indicator of 100 percent. This indicates the need to take steps to improve the water metering in the city.
8.2.5 Extent of Non Revenue Water (NRW)

The population of the Pune city is about 39.33 lakh which is supplied with 1123 MLD of water on a daily basis. Considering a 25 percent distribution loss, 5 percent purification process and NRW connections, the net water supply for Pune city, villages and Cantonment is 786 MLD. This shows that Non Revenue Water is 30 percent.
8.2.6 Continuity of water supply

On an average the city receives water for 6 hours a day. Also the average rate of net water supply at the consumer end is 194 LPCD.
Ward Name Aundh Warje Karve Road Kothrud Ghole Road Nagar road Sangamwadi Dholepatil Road Kasba-Vishram Bhavani Peth Sahakar Nagar Tilak Road Hadapsar Bibewadi Dhankawdi Total Ave. hrs of water supply per day 5 6 7 7 2 4 20 5 8 4 4 4 5 4 6
Table 8.2.6 Average No of hours of Water Supply
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8.2.7 Quality of water supplied

Sr. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 WTP Parvati Cantonment (All) Wadgoan Warje Holkar old, Holkar New Wagholi, Warje Augmentation New Holkar Completion TOTAL Location Sinhagad Road. Cantonment Sinhagad Road. Warje Holkar Bridge Holkar Bridge Wagholi Near Kakade City Holkar Bridge Installed Capacity at (MLD) 537 380 125 100 20 20 30 86 20 1318 Treatment method Conventional Conventional Conventional Conventional Conventional Conventional Pure Water Consumption (MLD) 460 380 84 94 14 14 23 75 19 1123
Non-Conventional (tube settler)
Table 8.2.7 a Water treatment plants in Pune city The above table shows the status of Water Treatment Plants with capacity to purify 1318 MLD of water. The total amount of water purified in these plants is 1123 MLD.
Ward Name Aundh Warje Karve Road Kothrud Ghole Road Nagar road Sangamwadi Dholepatil Road Kasba-Vishram Bhavani Peth Sahakar Nagar Tilak Road Hadapsar Bibewadi Dhankawdi Total No. of water samples tested 4500 5000 4500 5500 4500 6000 4400 5820 3519 5500 2929 10243 4615 3447 70473 Water samples suitable for drinking 4383 4870 4473 5445 4383 5880 4383 5611 3369 5187 2750 9917 4553 3429 68633 Water samples not suitable for drinking 117 130 27 55 117 120 17 209 150 313 179 326 62 18 1840
Table 8.2.7 b Ward wise quality of water supplied PUNE CITY SANITATION PLAN 101
The above table shows the zone wise water samples taken for testing.
Description Total number of samples tested Total number of samples that meet the specific potable water standards Total number of samples that do not meet the specific potable water standards Samples tested in last year 70473 68633 1840
Table 8.2.7 c Quality of water supplied The above table reflects that 97.39 percent of water samples met the specific potable standards.
8.2.8 Efficiency in redressal of customer complaints

Ward Name Aundh Warje Karve Road Kothrud Ghole Road Nagar road Sangamwadi Dholepatil Road Kasba-Vishram Bhavani Peth Sahakar Nagar Tilak Road Hadapsar Bibewadi Dhankawdi Total No of complaints registered daily 155 585 468 119 44 350 210 218 63 198 209 30 9 130 2788
Table 8.2.8 a Details of Ward wise customer complaints
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Description Total number of water supply related complaints received * Total number of water supply related complaints resolved in 24 hrs Efficiency in redressal of complaints (in percent)
Complaints (per month) 2788 2696 97.07
Table 8.2.8 b Efficiency in redressal of customer complaints *As per complaint registers maintained by the water supply department, Pune Municipal
Corporation
The efficiency in complaint redressal system is 97.07 percent as against 100 percent mentioned in SLB. PMC has prepared a Citizens Charter on an average all complaints are redressed within 1-3 days.
8.2.9 Cost recovery in Water Supply Services

Description Total annual operating expenses (As per budget of the year 2009-2010. in crores) Total revenue generated through property tax and water meters dept ( in crores) Cost recovery in Water supply Services (in percent) Amount 176.41 124.68 70.67
Table 8.2.9 Cost recovery in Water Supply Services The above table reflects that cost recovery in water supply services of PMC is 70.67 as compared to 100 percent in SLB.
8.2.10 Efficiency in Collection of Water Supply related Charges

Description Current revenue billed Current revenue collected Efficiency in Collection of Water Supply related Charges Amount (in crores) 137.11 124.68 90.93
Table 8.2.10 Efficiency in Collection of Water Supply related Charges
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The above table indicates that efficiency in collection of water supply charges meets the SLB requirements.
8.3. Technical Options proposed to improve water supply

House to house survey is being carried out to identify connections. 100 percent metering will be achieved phase wise up to year 2015. Reducing NRW Implementing recycling of filter bed back wash water. Metering at trunk mains and ESRs. Adopting SCADA system for equitable distribution of water supply and monitoring of water quality through reports. Adopting computerized system for analyzing various pump parameters viz. voltage, current, power, Water flow, power factor, running hours, etc. Telescopic tariff structure for water billing for recovering O&M charges of water supply services. Appointments a special committee to improve collection efficiency of water charges. Monitoring water quality parameters like residual chlorine, turbidity, PH etc. Regular monitoring of pressure in distribution networks at all key points. Regular watch on main trunks by leak detections squad to minimize leakages. Maintaining complaints records at all levels & Centralize monitoring system for complaint redressal.
8.4 Proposed Plan for improved Water Supply

PMC proposes to undertake the following steps to improve the water supply in the city A. Equal distribution of water: The proposed project aims at providing 150 liters per capita per day. Activities included are replacement of old rusted water lines, streamlining of distribution system, zoning etc.
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It is estimated that by implementation of this project water supply department of PMC will be able to save approximately 6.30 TMC of water & 11.26 corers of expenses per year. The implementation of this project will provide sufficient water supply to the population rise till 2035. B. Development of new water treatment plant at Warje: This plant will have a capacity of 200 MLD for improvement in water quality in the western part of the city. Simultaneously capacity of the old Warje plant will be increased by 86 MLD. Development of pumping machinery on the left bank of Khadkwasala dam & provision of pipeline of 1600 mm in diameter from Khadakwasala dam to Warje water treatment plant are already commissioned. C. Water supply from Khadakwasala dam through closed pipeline: A Team of experts has been appointed for this project & process of tendering has been started for the same. D. Around 285 crores for planned work and 220 corers for non-plan area work is suggested for different provisions under the 13th finance commission. Planned work includes the following To increase the water carrying capacity of closed water piping system (3030 mm diameter) & to completely stop pulling water from Canals. Water auditing through 100 percent water metering Equal distribution of water Completion of Warje Water Works ( Phase 2 & 3 ) Development of District Metering Area (DMA) of 3 to 5000 water connections in 8 zones of the Pune city. Implementation of proposed water supply scheme from Bhama Askhed Dam to Pune (200 MLD). Construction of new water treatment plant at Parvati. Completion of & commissioning of water recycling plant at Warje, Parvati & Wagholi. This will save around 35 MLD of water. Development of water supply network in newly incorporated areas.
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Non planned work include following. Replacement of old rusted waterlines & valves. Operation & maintenance of waterlines. Formulation of preventive measures to avoid water leakages. Diversion of waterlines which abstract flow of Nalas.
E. Service level benchmarking plan has been prepared by the water supply department & steps are being taken to improve the performance related to each point. F. Pune is covered under the JNNURM project & following improvements are suggested under the same project. 100 percent water supply metering. Billing through telescopic rate. Water Supply Auditing Revenue generation against expenses in water supply. Proposals have been submitted for the above-mentioned improvements.
8.5 Limitations
Though the water supply per capita seems to be above the norms, there are some shortcomings in the overall water supply of the city, which are as follows: The PMC is facing the problem of a large number of un-metered water connections. This has severe implications on revenue collection for the water supply department. There are 2.5 lakh un-metered connections while only 36000 connections are metered. The water supply in the core city area is for about 18 to 24 hours a day while in the peripheral areas it is between 4 and 8 hours. A major concern is the unequal distribution of water in the city. This is also reflected in the opinions of the slum dwellers taken during the social mapping exercise.
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Piped connections are insufficient in some wards In sufficient water received. Water is received with low pressure
These issues are addressed in the proposed future plan as mentioned below. 8.5.1 Reasons for shortfalls Physical topography - the physical undulations, hillocks etc make it difficult to maintain proper pressure till the last consumer. Old distribution network system- these have become rusted and their maintenance is equally tough. Lack of proper water meters and efficient water audit makes it difficult to maintain accurate records for the city. Non availability of network mapping of old lines. Haphazard growth of the city- this is major problem faced as the pipelines are difficult to lay and often lie below buildings rendering it difficult to repair and meter.
8.6 Estimated costs for strengthening Water Supply Services

Sr. No. Indicator Total Project Cost Approx (in crores) 34.0 Financial Plan
Year 1 2012-13 Year 2 2013-14 Year 3 2014-15 Year 4 2015-16 Year 5 2016-17
2 3 4
Per capita availability of water at consumer end Extent of metering of Water connection Extent of NonRevenue Water Continuity of water Supply Total
8.5
8.5
8.5
8.5
313.0 263.5 557 1167.5
12.0 12.0
85.0 70.0 77 240.5
72.0 70.0 160 310.5
72.0 70.0 160 310.5
72.0 53.5 160 294
Table 8.6 Estimated Costs for strengthening Water Supply Services
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The above table reflects the need for Rs.1167.5 cr. to improve the water supply services in the city. PMC has started works as per provision made in its annual budget for year 2011-12.

Total Budgetary Requirement (in crores) 1167.50 (20 percent of total cost) 233.50 Contribution from PMC Funds expected from GoM (in crores) 467.00 467.00 Funds expected from GoI (in crores)
Table 8.7 Viability Gap Analysis-Water Supply
Out of the total cost requirement of Rs 1167.50 crores, PMC will make budgetary provision of Rs 233.5 crores. The balance amount is expected from GoM and GoI (Rs 467 cr each) for CSP in a phased manner to carry out work as per annexure Vd.
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8.8 A SWOT Analysis of Water Supply Services

Strengths Good coverage Excellent Quality of water at user end Strong Grievance redressal system Good cost recovery in water supply services Opportunities Implementing recycling of filter bed back wash water. Metering at trunk mains and ESRs. Adopting SCADA system Computerized system for analyzing various pump parameters. Telescopic tariff structure for water billing Appointments a special committee to improve collection efficiency of water charges, monitoring water quality parameters like residual chlorine, turbidity, PH etc. Regular monitoring of pressure in distribution networks at all key points. Leak detections squads Centralized monitoring system for complaint redressal. Channelize water supply as per national norms to ensure 24x7 water supply Weakness Lack of metered connections Illegal Connection Leakages Unequal distribution of water Supply of water more than lpcd norm Low efficiency in collection of water supply related charges Non availability of network mapping of old lines Threats NRW Old Distribution line Haphazard growth of the city
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Chapter IX. Environment

9.1 Introduction
Sustainable growth and development of a city involves maintaining the balance between environment and development. Large scale urbanization of Pune city has led to manipulation of nature by the people. Improved standard of living has also led to separation of man from his supportive environment. The effect of this unchecked development is perils such as water, air and noise pollution. These have adversely affected human beings and the bio-diversity in general, resulting in a change in the balance of nature. Pune city has been experiencing tremendous population growth since 1991. The decadal growth rate during the period 1991-2001 was 50.08 percent. Uncontrolled exploitation of natural resources has led to an increased concern over depleting tree cover, amplifying pollution- river, air and noise pollution, increasing land use for residential and construction activity and resultant decrease in availability of open spaces.
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This section evaluates the status of environment in the city with regards to availability of garden and open spaces, forests, pollution levels and related issues and environment conservation efforts of PMC.
9.2 Green Cover

Green parks, green lands, open areas and playgrounds, play an important role for the city environment. Green spaces symbolize peace, ensures minimal stress and a cleaner environment. They are important for recreational purposes and for enhancing the quality of life of citizens.
Forest Cover- Balbharti, Symbiosis and Bhamburda Area
The Garden Department of PMC works towards maintaining and increasing the open and green spaces of the city. Pune city has 83 gardens covering a total area of 359.35 acres. Thirty Seven new gardens are proposed by PMC. Five "nallah" parks are especially developed by PMC for nallah beautification and ten more are proposed. The department has also undertaken road beautification and road side plantation projects on various roads and areas adding up to a total of 20 km of avenue plantation. Some specialized and popular gardens in the city are Nakshatra Garden, Butterfly Garden, Empress Botanical Garden, Sambhaji Park and Osho Park, Pu. La Deshpande- Japanese Friendship Garden.
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Map Showing Forest Area in Pune City
9.3 Tree Plantation

According to the tree census carried out in the city, there are around 20 lakh trees in the city. In the year 2008-09, PMC and private developers planted 5,35,350 saplings in the city. Permissions to cut trees during road widening and other private developments are given with subject to plantation of new saplings. A total of 6182 were cut in the given period. Out of the total number of 3330 applications received for cutting and trimming of trees, 2763 permissions were sanctioned. Garden department has laid down certain guidelines for tree transplantation, meant for private developers.
For constructions on plots up to 500 sq m in area, 1 tree is to be planted for every 100 sq m.. 1 tree is to be planted for every 60 sq m for a proposed construction on a plot of 500 sq m to 2000 sqm. For proposed construction on plots greater than 2000 sq m., 1 tree is to be planted for every 80 sqm. Specifications for planting only indigenous varieties of saplings, as well as minimum distance from roads are also specified amongst others
Table 9.3 Guidelines for tree plantation for Private Developers
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9.4 Biodiversity
Bio diversity is the variation of species within a given ecosystem, biome, or with diversity in habitats. Pune is located in the transition zone of Deccan plateau and northen western ghats, popularly called Sahyadris. This location provides it a rich diversity of ecosystems and habitats including hilly terrain, forested patches, grasslands towards east and south, rivers and wetlands. Human beings have dramatically transformed landscapes to accommodate our needs for housing, transportation, food, fibber, recreation, and a host of other uses. Even places that provide open space, like public parks, hills and water bodies, may have diminished habitat value because of inadequate management, over-usage, and invasion by harmful exotic species, or contamination from external sources
9.5 Bird, reptiles and animal species

Pune shows the presence of 307 bird species in the area. Population-wise also, the city region supports more birds than surrounding countryside. Four habitat types, viz hill, forest and scrub, tree plantations and water bodies together support most of the urban avifauna. Well wooded compounds with large tall trees are popular roosting sites for communal birds like crows, mynas, herons, egrets, parakeets and kites etc. Pune district may harbor about 170 species, of which 104 are so far reported from Pune urban area within 20 km radius. Pune city includes 52 reptiles species, about two third of which are snakes. Sixty four mammal species are recorded including a few extinct ones. The forest constitutes the riches habitat, sheltering over half the total species, grasslands and plantation being poorest, hosting a mere sixth while habitations harbor a fifth. A third of the total species are confined to forest while a sixth nearly confined to agricultural landscape. The ten commonest mammal species for the area include house rat, house mouse, bandicoot rat, three-striped palm squirrels, kelaort's pipistrelle bat, yellow house bat, the three fruit bat species, grey musk shrew and black napped hare. The seven rarest species include blackbuck, mouse deer, leopard cat, smooth - coated otter and painted bat, besides tiger and gaur that are locally extinct
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9.6 Pollution
Urbanization and population growth has led to increased pollution like water, air and noise pollution. The extent of pollution and its effects on the environment and people alike are discussed herewith.
9.6.1 Water pollution

The rapid increase in population resulted in production of more sewage. Treated and untreated sewage finds its way into the rivers, there by polluting it. With a view of understanding the quality of waste water after being discharged in the rivers, PMC has contracted environmental laboratory to carry out monitoring for water quality of rivers, lakes, nallahs and wells in the city. Sampling is being carried out weekly at different locations considering the upstream and downstream of river at confluence of rivers, confluences of STP, confluences of nallahs. Some samples are taken from lakes and wells. The water pollution levels in the city (as of 2010) are summarized below:
Source Khadakwasla Wadgaon Bk. Vitthalwadi Mhatre Bridge Erandwane Joshi Bridge Sawarkar Bridge Railway Bridge Aundh Mula Pawana Confluence Harris Bridge Holkar Bridge Wakdewadi Sangam Bridge Yerwada
CODmg/lt 21.78 69.35 77.03 46.70 152 109 154.165 103 59.24 50.27 84.00 52.00 50.485 80.00 66.27
BODmg/lt 7.875 23 28 15.5 37 37.625 40.625 33 22.125 16.25 27.5 23.125 16.875 22.875 19.375
DOmg/lt 7.55 4.5 1.3875 0.875 0 0 0 0 2.0125 1.8 0.975 1.5875 1.9 1.0375 0.65
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Mundhwa Ambil Nallah Nagzera Bhairoba Pashan Katraj
68 262.79 256.18 248.50 37.96 31.62
31.625 107.75 97.625 104.375 13.125 12.25
0.5625 0 0 0 6.0375 5.425
Table 9.6.1 Water Level pollution in the city The following conclusion can be drawn from the studies carried out on the status of rivers, nallas, lakes and wells in the city The stream of river Mula-Mutha falls under Class A- IV, which means that water quality is fit for agriculture, industrial cooling and process water. This quality of water is not at all fit for drinking purposes. The riverine water on the entire stretch that is from Wadgaon to Mundhwa and Aundh to upstream of Tanajiwadi STP is not suitable for drinking purpose. Nallas are polluted due to human interference. Khadakwasla Lake is in Class I and is fit for drinking purpose after approved disinfection. Pashan and Katraj Lake are in Class II. The water from these fresh water bodies is fit for human consumption after basic primary treatment such as Coagulation, Sedimentation and disinfection.). Sources of Water Pollutants One of the main sources of water pollution is the untreated sewage that is discharged in to the water bodies in the city. Out of the total 744 MLD of sewage generated in the city, 527 MLD is treated. The rest untreated sewage is discharged in to the river directly. Though PMC has provided Nirmalya Kalash at strategic positions at river banks, people still dispose the nirmalya from the bridges in to the rivers, polluting it further During Ganesh Utsav celebrations, idols are immersed in rivers. A shifting trend is observed where most citizens and Mandals immerse idols at immersion tanks constructed at various places in the city by the PMC.
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9.6.2 Air Pollution

Increased number of vehicles has been a major source of air pollution in the recent years. Till March 2010, 1920000 vehicles were registered in the city and the growth continues at the rate of 600 700 new vehicles per day. The following table depicts that the air quality in the city:
Sr. No 1 2 3 Navi Peth Oasis, NDA road Mandai Standard 17.21 60 68.23 122.83 50 17.79 60 37.48 148.2 50 37.15 50 66.56 153.23 40 Area Sox 16.89 21.26 Air 2008 NOx 51.26 51.35 RSPM 147.83 132.78 Sox 29.94 19.42 Air 2009 NOx 46.17 36.68 RSPM 149.12 139.2 SOx 29.05 29.63 Air 2010 NOx 42.69 52.55 RSPM 137.87 150.43
Table 9.6.2a Air quality in Pune City

Parameters Nal Stop (Near MSEB Office) SOx NOx SPM RSPM 23.40 36.09 198.22 76.41 Swargate (Terrace of Swarget police Chowky) 24.17 37.18 202.44 74.11 Karve Road (PMC ward office) 12.96 37.66 116.84
Table 9.6.2b Average for period January 2010 to December 2010 RSPM levels are found to be in the range of average to high all through the year, except rainy season, whereas the SOx and NOx levels are below the permissible limits. In a study conducted to undertake the Emission Inventory of the city, it was found that the level of RSPM is high because of the re suspended road blown dust particles during the movement of vehicles.
9.6.3 Noise Pollution

Noise which is the unwanted sound has been recognized as a pollutant. It is more prominent in the urban areas. It has become a cause of concern for the citizens.
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Vehicular movement on the road owing to traffic jams, honking are the main causes of noise pollution in the city today. The following tables depict the noise levels at main areas of the city.
Location Name Indradhnushya Env. Center,Mhatre bridge Nal Stop RTO Swargate Mandai Near E square Bremen Chowk Ambedkar chowk Wadgaon Bk.(NH4) Pashan (NH4 ) Near MPCB Office, wakdewadi KK Market, satara road Rajiv Gandhi Bridge Harrison Bridge Near PMC Building Kamgar Statue Noise Level dB(A) 69.06 75.68 75.18 76.68 81.00 76.75 74.75 76.37 76.18 71.93 69.75 71.31 74.62 68.54 69.93 73.56 Standard 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65
Table 9.6.3 a Noise Pollution in Commercial Zone
Location Name Sant Dnyaneshwar Ghat Near Ramoshi Gate Police Chowky Pulachiwadi Sant Malimaharaj Ghat Katraj Lake Near Phadake Houd Erandwane Khadakwasla Raja ram Bridge Ramvadi Octrai Naka
Noise Level dB(A) 69.93 71.37 59.50 60.68 55.56 66.93 57.25 48.75 59.50 67.93
Standard 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55
Table 9.6.3 b Noise Pollution in Residential Zone
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Location Name Poona Hospital Sasoon Hospital(P.S.) N.M.V. School Pune University(Campus) Naidu Hospital
Noise Level dB(A) 74.75 77.00 69.34 65.03 65.62
Standard 50 50 50 50 50
Table 9.6.3 c Silence Zone in the city It is very clear from the above tables that even in the silence zones, the noise levels are above the permissible limits. In 2009, high court has given a judgment to declare educational institutes, hospitals and courts as silence zones in the city and accordingly put up sinages in these areas.
9.7 Initiatives taken by PMC to Reduce and Prevent Pollution

9.7.1 Water Pollution
To reach 100 percent treatment of domestic sewage, PMC has proposed setting up of sewage treatment plants. A proposal has been sent to Government of Maharashtra for funding this project Awareness programs are held during various festivals to promote conservation of water and ill effects of pollution. PMC gives tax rebates to housing projects having rain water harvesting schemes. PMC has adopted Eco Housing scheme in which green buildings are promoted. Residential schemes having more than 150 flats are required to have their own sewage treatment plants.
9.7.2 Air and Noise Pollution

For better mobility in the city, traffic management plans such as one way movement; signal synchronization, etc are implemented. Environment friendly and cleaner fuels option like LPG and CNG are made available. These steps will ensure reduction in air and noise pollutions. Movement of heavy vehicles, six seaters is banned on major roads of the city. 118
Better quality roads are constructed under JnNURM projects for smooth mobility of traffic. Projects such as Metro and BRTS are planned which will increase the share of public transport and hence reduce the number of private vehicles on the road. Open burning of garbage is banned in the city.
The implementation of these steps along with peoples participation would help make the city a livable place for its citizens.
9.8 Effects of Environment Pollution on Health

Pune was well known for its pleasant climate and was visited by people for its peaceful surroundings, clean air, greenery and hills. It was a preferred post retirement destination for senior citizens. People suffering from health issues often visited the city for rest and recovery. But rapid urbanization of the city in the past few years, has had its toll on the environment. Water pollution is a main source of rise in the cases of Typhoid, gastroenteritis, diarrhea, dysentery and jaundice. Water logging due to flash floods and heavy rains has also seen an increase in the leptospirosis cases. Of late, the number of people suffering from Malaria, Chikungunia and dengue are on the rise, especially during the monsoon season. The following table reflects the status of these diseases from 20082011 periods. It can be observed that thought the cases of casualties in the diseases has reduced the number of cases is increasing every year.
Name of the Disease Gastro Cholera Janudice Typhoid Diarrhoea Dysentry Leptospirosis Dengue Malaria Chicken guinea 2008 Cases Death 2676 0 91 0 252 0 393 0 958 0 1023 0 0 0 28 0 104 0 0 0 2009 Cases Death 3447 0 31 0 240 0 298 0 921 0 967 0 0 0 57 4 137 0 0 0 2010 Cases Death 3041 0 92 0 323 0 298 0 430 0 1444 0 02 0 110 1 137 1 112 0 2011(till july) Cases Death 1800 0 11 0 231 0 102 0 147 0 606 0 0 0 9 0 73 1 23 0
The PMC has initiated concrete steps to bring these seasonal diseases in control:
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Awareness Generation regarding preventive measures through use of IEC in slums, residential complexes and schools Weekly larvicidal activities Destruction of acute and chronic breeding spots of mosquitoes Survey of 500 households around positive case for detection of suspects i.e. individuals suffering from fever, blood test and dispensing of chloroquine is routinely practiced insect control measure.
Spraying of insecticides and fogging activities
The city witnessed health crisis due to emergence of new disease- Swine Flu caused by the H1 N1 virus, in the year 2009. The nature of the disease, ignorance about its causes and sheer helplessness caused panic among the citizens. Life in the city was affected and most people feared venturing out. PMC initiated swift action and undertook the task of awareness generation by placing hoardings at important locations in the city, information dissemination through newspapers, radio announcement and TV shows. Awareness programs were also undertaken in schools and colleges. Special arrangements were made in PMC hospitals and select private hospitals for conducting tests and isolating infected patients. Though the death toll was on the rise initially, timely and effective measures taken helped in controlling the further spread of disease and reduce the number of casualties. The measures taken by the PMC in controlling the disease is referred as PMC Model by the Government of Maharashtra.
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Chapter X. Information, Education and Communication

10.1 Introduction
Information, education and communication (IEC) is a process of working with individuals, communities and societies, to develop communication strategies to promote positive behaviors which are appropriate to their settings. It is the process of learning that empowers people to make decisions, modify behaviors and change social conditions. PMC utilized this method to inculcate the importance of sanitation habits in its citizens, launch 100% Sanitation Campaign to attain the vision of Totally Sanitized City.
10.2 Some IEC Concepts

Some common IEC concepts are defined below: Communication Process: Communication can be regarded as a two way process of exchanging or shaping ideas, feelings and information Broadly it refers to the countless ways that humans have of keeping in touch with one another Message: A message is the information (or technical know how) which the communicator transmits to his audience to receive, understand, accept and act upon PMC has formulated communication strategy with meaningful, clear, specific, accurate, timely adequate, understandable, interesting and culturally appropriate message. The goal is to transmit right message to right people at the right time for proper implementation of city sanitation plan.
10.3 Various channels for IEC activities

Interpersonal Communication: This is particularly important in motivating and influencing the decisions of citizens at large.
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Mass Media: like TV, Radio, Print media have the advantage of reaching a relatively larger population. Services like Way to SMS are also designed to send mass messages. Folk Media: Every community has its own network of traditional or folk media such as Folk dances, Dramas, Nautanki/pathanatya, Singing, Role plays and many more which can be widely used during festivals. Workers organization of PMC (Kamgar union) has formed separate cell which has incorporated various artists experts in different faculties such as singing, acting is playing different instruments. This group organizes programs in all parts of the city i.e. societies, different public places, mahotsavs etc.
10.4 Role of PMC as a facility provider

To provide opportunities for people to learn how to identify and analyses problems focused in water supply, sewerage, solid waste management, storm water management and environment protection and how to set their own targets and priorities. Information dissemination in society, especially among the slum dwellers To provide alternative solutions for solving identified problems To provide access to preventive measure.
10.5 Motivation
Motivation is the main force to translate information into the desired health action. 3 stages in the process of change in behaviour are Awareness Motivation Action Interest Evaluation, Decision making Adoption or acceptance
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10.6 IEC Channels adopted by PMC

PMC has utilized the following IEC methods in creating awareness amongst its citizens
The activities conducted include: Awareness Campaigns Essay competition Poster and Slogan competition Role Play Distribution of pamphlets
The IEC component will have an important role to play in further spreading awareness about sanitation issues during the implementation of the CSP.
10.7 Capacity Building of stakeholders

PMC will undertake periodic capacity building programs for stakeholders involved with use of IEC. Officials and Staff of PMC Elected Representatives Members of Monitoring Cell Members of Implementation Cell Self Help Groups and CBOs, NGOs
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Members of Mohalla Committee Capacity building programs will include Trainings and workshops Exposure of best practices through Audio visual documentary and Site visits Discussion forum
10.8 Budget for Awareness and IEC activities

Sr No 1 Activities Propagating Advanced Locality Management and capacity building of NGOs IEC campaign Social mapping Total Estimated costs (in Rs in lakhs for 2 year) 144
2 3 4
144 128 416
Table 10.8 Budget for IEC activities To carry out IEC activities, the total budgetary requirement for two years would be Rs. 4.16 crores. PMC has earmarked Rs.10 lakh of the total requirement. Rs. 4.06 crores is expected from the Government contribution.
10.9 Role of UCD department and NGOs

The UCD department of PMC is actively involved in providing upliftment services for improving the socio economic status of the slum dwellers in the city. It has a strong presence in the slums through its 98 Samuha Sanghatikas and 5400 Residential Community Volunteers (RCVs). This network can be effectively utilized to create awareness about sanitation and implement the CSP successfully in the slum. NGOs too have a strong presence in the slums and across the city working in the sectors of health, education, women, children and youth, livelihood and many more. NGOs and UCD department can further enhance the tasks of creating awareness about sanitation in the city through use of IEC. This will definitely go a long way in meeting the goal of Totally Sanitized City.
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Chapter XI: Institutional Design

The NUSP guidelines (UADD, 2009) have suggested the activation of committees at state and city levels to enable effective facilitation and advocacy. These are to be supported by Urban Sanitation Cells at the State and City to implement and coordinate the program on a daily basis. Under the NUSP guidelines, the City level Sanitation Committee shall directly support and facilitate preparation and implementation of the City Sanitation Plan. This section details the current institutional arrangement of PMC and proposes strategy for implementation, monitoring and regulation of the City Sanitation Plan.
11.1 Current Institutional Arrangements

The PMC has 144 wards, each headed by elected representative, led by a Chairperson (Mayor). The Municipal Corporation functions are implemented by standing committee, city improvement committee, child and women welfare committee and other committees appointed by the general body. The executive for this elected body is led by Municipal Commissioner, an officer from the Government. The Municipal Commissioner is supported by officers leading various departments; the key municipal departments include Administration, City Engineer, Tax, Octroi, Health, Water Supply, Sewerage, Road, Electricity, Strom Water Management, Solid Waste Management, Garden, Urban Community Development (UCD), Revenue and Accounts. PMC has a sanctioned strength of 17333 employees. PMC functions as per statutory and obligatory provisions mentioned in BPMC Act 1949.
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Organogram of Pune Municpal Corporation
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11.2 Current Staffing pattern of various Departments

The details of the main PMC departments which are responsible for providing water and sanitation services to the city and their structures are mentioned below
11.2.1 Water Supply & Sewage

The total Class IV employees of this department are around 2600. They are involved in day to day maintenance and civil works.
11.2.2 Storm Water Drainage

The strength of Class IV employees of this department is around 600. They are involved in storm water drainage line cleaning and maintenance work.
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11.2.3 Solid Waste Management Department

The following organogram presents the staffing pattern of the SWM department of PMC:
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SWM Department is decentralized at ward office level. Sweeping and supervisory staff details are mentioned below:
Designation Chief Sanitary Inspector Divisional Sanitary Inspector Sanitary Inspector Mokadam Bigari Sweepers Mehtar Gadabigari Number of Employees 4 16 66 98 628 2366 733 349
Table 11.2.3 Number of employees in SWM department of PMC Around 1200 to 1500 of the Safai Karmacharis and drivers are hired on daily wages. The team is involved in the daily collection and removal of solid waste to assigned processing site, street sweeping and cleaning and attending to public nuisance complaints.
11.3 Proposed Institutional Arrangement for implementing CSP

PMC proposes to utilize the existing organizational structure for implementing, monitoring and evaluation of CSP. The CSP is being planned with involvement of staff from various departments. This has led to ownership of the plan by the stakeholders. They are also well versed with ground realities, which will enable them to take concrete steps for implementation of CSP.
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PMC proposes a three tier system as follows:
The Structure, Roles and Responsibilities of the system is discussed below:
11.3.1 Task Force (City Level)

Structure The Task Force formed for planning the CSP will undertake this responsibility. Roles and Responsibilities Coordination with concerned Central and State Government Departments Deciding roles and responsibilities of monitoring and implementation cell Monitoring and evaluation of CSP implementation Quarterly Review Meetings Policy level Decision making Decision regarding Budgetary Provision Guidance and Suggestions to Monitoring Cell Decision on updating and extending CSP implementation as per future needs
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11.3.2 Monitoring Cell

PMC proposes six monitoring cells for sanitation components viz ODF, ECOSAN, Sewerage, Strom Water Drainage, Solid Waste Management and Water. These cells will be operational in each of the 4 zones. a. ODF Monitoring Cell will consist of zone level Aim: Making the city 100 percent open defecation free Cell Structure: (from Sewerage Department)
b. ECOSAN Monitoring Cell Aim: To promote ECOSAN method in respective zones Cell Structure: (from Building Control Department)
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c. Sewerage Monitoring Cell Aim: Service provision to meet SLBs standards Cell Structure: (From Drainage Department)
d. Storm Water Drainage Monitoring Cell Aim: Service provision to meet SLBs standards Cell Structure: (From SWD Department)
SWD department has basin wise administrative divisions. Hence the cells will be created basin wise.
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e. Solid Waste Management Monitoring Cell Aim: Service provision to meet SLBs standards Cell Structure: (From SWM Department)
f. Water Supply Monitoring Cell Aim: Service provision to meet SLBs standards Cell Structure: (From SWM Department)
The above mentioned cells will be responsible for: Monitoring and Evaluation of the implementation of CSP in their respective zones/areas Reporting on monthly basis to the Task Force
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Conducting monthly meetings with the implementation cell for review and trouble shooting Act as a bridge between the Task Force and Implementation Cell Seeking community participation by coordinating with different stakeholders like Mohalla Committees, NGOs and CBOs Overseeing process of outsourcing and contracting Capacity building of staff Developing MIS system Adoption of advanced technology and mechanized options for example
o SWM: Adopting techniques such as mechanical sweeping, lifting by compactors and huge bulk loaders will help in reducing transportation costs and lead to efficiency in work. o Sewer: Mechanical cleaning of sewer lines will help reduce the dependency on human resources and improve efficiency of services. o Water: Adopting advanced technologies to detect underground leakages in water lines will help reduce wastage of water which can be used for improving the water distribution in all parts of the city with equal pressure
11.3.3 Implementation Cell

The implementation of CSP at grass root level will be the responsibility of the implementation cell. These cells will be formed at administrative ward level. In Pune city there are 14 administrative wards, and each ward will have an implementation cell. The cell will be headed by the ward officers accompanied by HODs of different departments as members. The staff of each of these departments will look in to the day to day implementation of the CSP.
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The cell will be responsible for: Identifying OD spots, leakages in water or drainage lines, water logging spot etc. in the ward area Timely implementation and supervision of various projects Motivating community to undertake aspects of O & M Conducting awareness in respective wards through information dissemination, campaigns, school and college campaigns, street plays, poster exhibitions, etc Conducting regular meetings with the citizens to understand various issues faced regarding sanitation Providing information to PMC about activities in the wards which are not in accordance with laws, such as open defecation, illegal water connections, dumping of waste on roads Bi monthly review meetings to be conducted by ward officers with department heads and staff Supervising contractual and outsourced work Field visits for monitoring projects Proposing up gradation of existing projects and undertaking new projects for maintaining SLB standards Proposing innovative projects in the area of sanitation
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11.4 Mapping key stakeholders for CSP implementation

PMC will engage and forge partnerships with a broad range of stakeholders for better implementation of CSP
Program/CSP implementing agencies/committees
Elected Representatives
Task Force PMC Monitoring Cell Implementation Cell Corporators MLAs Community Based Organization Non-Governmental Organizations From different economic status and current sanitation practices Industries and their associations
Civil Societies Citizens Private Sector
11.4.1 O & M of sanitation services

As per reforms suggested under JnNURM, PMC has made a commitment to revise service charges and is taking necessary steps in this regard. It also proposes three models (as per feasibility) for O & M of sanitation services Public Private Partnership In house maintenance Contractual agreement Build Operate Transfer (BOT)
The aim would be to recover the O & M cost of sanitation services from the consumer. For this it would promote participation of community, NOGs and CBOs, especially in slums. Once the infrastructure is provided, the O & M of the toilets will be handed over to either
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Existing youth/mahila mandals To a local caretaker Existing and interested CBO/NGO
The appointed party would manage the O & M by levying a reasonable user fee.
11.4.2 Monitoring and Evaluation

As a third party involvement in monitoring and evaluation, Mohalla Committee, NGO and CBOs will play a major role. Evaluation of the services provided will ensure quality service and time bound implementation of projects. They will provide inputs and give suggestions during the monthly meetings of monitoring cell. They would also provide an assessment report on the impact of services in terms of improvement in health and hygiene status, utility of services and impact on sanitation of the city. With this institutional design involving stakeholder partnership at different levels will help to address issues/constraints at the local level and to bring about greater synergy in action.
11.5 Disaster Management

Pune city has faced the fury of floods in 1961, during which the entire city was engulfed in water due to collapsing of the Panshet Dam. The city is prone to earthquakes due to its geographic location. Inn the recent years it has also witnessed terrorist attacks. To tackle the emergency situation created during such disasters and to strengthen the overall capacity and capability of the city, a Disaster Management Cell was created in October 2005, by PMC with support from GOI, GoM and UNDP. The cell aims to tackle disasters with joint efforts of PMC staff, NGOs, Schools and other important stakeholders.
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The citys disaster management action plan is based on three fundamental principles: Response Preparedness Mitigation
Main activities of the cell are Preparation of ward level Disaster Management Plan Organizing Training on disaster related issues for PMC ward level staff and schools. Awareness Generation programs IEC material Flood control awareness programs Planning for improvement in disaster management cell Purchase of equipments for fire department to deal with disasters Making provision for CCTV cameras, Video Conferencing and wireless facility in the Disaster Management Cell.
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Chapter XII. Financial Outlay, Budget and Viability Gap Funding

The PMCs follows a single entry accounting system. All the transactions are classified into either Revenue Account or Capital Account. Each account records the details of both income and expenditure under each category. The need to meet the regular day to day expenses which includes the operation and maintenance are noted under the revenue expenditure and the income earned from property taxes, octroi, water tax, and other charges are accounted for in the revenue income section of the revenue account. From time to time the Municipal Corporation receives loans and advances, grants, contributions etc from the Central and State Governments. These are recorded as capital income. This also includes the funds received under the JnNURM. Similarly, the Corporation incurs expenses on creating assets via development projects and other such activities, the interest has to be paid for servicing the debt and loans have to be repaid. All these are clubbed under the capital expenditure of the capital account. The table below shows the Income and Expenditure Account Estimates of the PMC in the last 3 years. It is found that tax revenue in the form of octroi and property tax is one of the major sources of revenue for the PMC and it has been showing an increasing trend. There is some fluctuation in the receipt of JnNURM funds during the period under consideration. On the expenditure side, capital and development works constitute a little more than 40 per cent of the total budget.
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12.1 Income and Expenditure of PMC from 2009-10 to 2011-12

Income Particulars Opening Balance Octroi Property Tax Water Tax City Development Charges, Construction Permission Charges, etc. Other Income Govt. Grants Loans JnNURM Total 283.62 603.53 250.00 2680.69 262.54 87.70 300.00 429.00 2910.12 292.23 162.35 259.76 3247.00 JnNURM Total 2680.69 581.00 2910.12 422.11 3247.00 2009-10 00.02 750.00 350.32 214.00 229.20 2010-11 3.19 886.00 436.75 239.75 265.20 2011-12 1266.33 519.52 227.29 519.52 Particulars Expenses on Staff Primary Education Electricity expenses, maintenance Expenses on water Medicines, interest, depreciation, petrol & diesel, other expenses, O&M exp at ward level Repayment of loans, interest, depreciation Capital and Development Works 1568.60 1053.78 1493.62 84.69 80.72 64.94 35.25 314.52 29.23 314.52 32.47 357.17 Expenditure 2009-10 403.00 133.61 138.00 2010-11 546.00 167.47 137.40 2011-12 584.46 194.82 97.41
Table 12.1 Income and Expenditure of PMC from 2009-10 to 2011-12
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12.2 Budgetary requirement for achieving Citywide Sanitation:

For the successful implementation of all CSP components, PMC requires a total of Rs. 3215.02 crores. The contribution from PMC for achieving city wide sanitation objectives will be Rs. 603.61 crores. The goal of Totally Sanitized City can be achieved by contribution of Rs. 1719.36 crores from the State and Central Government.
CSP component Total Budgetary Requirement (in crores) Funds from other schemes (in crores) Contribution from PMC (in crores) Funds expected for CSP (in crores) Remark
Toilet Facility Sewerage System SWM SWD
70.88 845.48 170.00 957.00 715.05 0 177.00
14.18 130.43 34.00 191.40
56.70 0 Rs. 715.05 crores expected under NRCD scheme. The DPR has been submitted for approval 136.00 588.60 JNNURM funds received for work on 4 basins
Water Supply Services IEC Total
1167.50 4.16 3215.02 892.05
233.50 0.10 603.61
934.00 4.06 PMC will contribute 10 lakh of the total budgetary requirement for two years. 1719.36
Table 12.2 Estimated Budgets for CSP
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12.3 Projected Demand of Sanitation Services

Looking at the growth and development of the city, it is expected that there will be an increase in demand for sanitation services. As per recommendations of Section 2.2.8.3 of the CPHEEO Manual, ward level water demand and sewage generation has been projected considering 135 lpcd for residential and non-residential requirements. This figure includes retail, non-domestic consumption such as commercial development, but does not include non-residential bulk consumers like large-scale industries, industrial estates, large institutions, etc. It also doesn't include UFW (Unaccounted for Water). Currently PMC is providing 194 lpcd of water supply to the city. Hence it is assumed that end of pipe consumption is 194 lpcd. Eighty percent of this quantity is taken as sewage generation. Solid waste generation is taken as 450 gm. per capita as prescribed by CPHEEO.
Year Projected population Norm Growth rate as per Demographic Projections prepared by Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics, 2008 194 LPCD 80 % of water supply 450 gms per person 2016 2021 2026 5597346
4329259 4997755
Water Demand (MLD) Sewerage Generation (MLD) Solid Waste Generation (MT)
839 671 1948
969 775 2249
1085 868 2519
Table 12.3 Projected Demands of Sanitation Services PMC is aware that the current arrangement, ongoing projects and implementation of CSP will cater to the water demand and sewerage treatment requirement until year 2026, but there is a need for expanding services to the fast growing peri-urban areas. New infrastructure for solid waste management will have to be created to cater to the population growth.
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Chapter XIII. Suggestions and Recommendations

PMC has prepared the City Sanitation Plan with inputs from various stakeholders like PMC staff at various levels, peoples representatives, citizens- especially the urban poor, NGOs/CBOs, etc. The activity has been carried out in house, an exercise which has enabled the stakeholders to get an insight in to the existing sanitation arrangements in the city and to decide the future course of action. This has also helped in motivating the concerned departments to look forward to improve the sanitation in the city, which is a positive sign. PMC believes that effective implementation of the CSP will be further enhanced by specific actions taken as discussed below:
Institutional aspect
Decentralization of administrative power & delegation to the ward committee & Area committee. Encouraging peoples participation in promoting sanitation issues especially among the urban poor through active involvement of NGOs/CBOs and Mohalla Committees. To adopt PPP models wherever feasible and create employment opportunities in institutional selling of recyclable garbage & final product thereof, with the help of central policies. Maintain transparency in functioning and redressal of public grievances by adopting web based grievance redressal system. Adopting Monitoring systems at regular intervals.
Delegation of Power
The Central & State Government may delegate necessary powers to the Municipal Corporation under the various provision of Environment Protection Act-1986 particularly in section 25-26 & 27, for the protection of human environment by penalizing nuisance creator.
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Delegation of power for on the spot fine by amending BPMC Act- 1949 as well as delegate police power for prevention of street littering garbage /debris on public place.
Amendment shall made in BPMC Act for creating deterrence in the mind of prospective offender by enhancing penal provisions & power of prosecution for preventing public & private nuisance.
Levy of administrative charges. Incentives to the private sector.
Financial aspect
Provide services in pay and use basis to reduce financial burden on Municipal budget. Promote PPP model in provision of service based on financial feasibility and sustainability Incentive to recycling industry To provide garbage / debris or such inert material collection & transportation & its disposal facility on Pay & use basis. Municipal standard services such as water purification & supply, super health facility shall develop on PPP basis & Municipal authority having power to control price. Imposition of special sanitary tax on hawkers / market places & commercial establishment & effective cost recovery by adding special trade tax either in cess tax/ vat tax by amending concern law. Develop performance base budgetary system & ULB is under obligation to publish its financial report in international profit & loss A/c.
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Chapter XIV. Conclusion

The basic sanitation services to be provided to the fast growing city of Pune will depend upon the effective implementation of CSP in a phased manner as per the plan. PMC envisages considerable improvement in health status, cleanliness, acceptance of services and overall impact on city sanitation by undertaking concrete action as mentioned in this CSP document. Further it also visualizes improvement in the city ranking on sanitation related indicators as below:
Sr No Pune Score (as of 2010) Expected Score (By 2012)
Indicator
Points
1. OUTPUT RELATED INDICATORS A No Open Defecation Access and use of toilets by urban poor and other un-served households (including slums) by i individual and community sanitation facilities Access and use of toilets for floating and institutional populations - adequate public ii sanitation facilities Iii ODF city Manual Scavenging Practice iv Proportion of total properties with safe collection B arrangements for human excreta Proportion of total black waste water generation C that is treated and safely disposed off Proportion of total grey waste water generation that D is treated and safely disposed off Proportion of treated wastewater that is recycled E and reused for non potable applications Proportion of total storm-water and drainage that is F efficiently and safely managed (3 points for 100%) Proportion of total solid waste generation that is G regularly collected Proportion of total solid waste generation that is H treated and safely disposed off City wastes cause no adverse impacts on surrounding areas outside city limits (5 points for I 100%) Total Output related score 2. PROCESS RELATED INDICATORS M&E systems are in place to track incidences of A open defecation All sewerage systems in the city are working B
1.00
3.00
4 4 4 6 3 0 3 3 4 4 5 50 4 5
3.00 1.17 4.00 4.50 1.50 0.00 1.00 1.00 1.75 2.00 0.00 20.92 0.00 4.41
4.00 3.00 4.00 5.50 3.00 0.00 2.00 2.00 4.00 4.00 3.00 37.50 2.00 5.00
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properly and there is no ex-filtration Septage / sludge is regularly cleaned, safely transported and disposed after treatment, from onC site systems in the city Storm water drainage systems functioning and D maintained Solid waste management (collection and treatment) E systems are efficient Documented operational system and clear F institutional responsibility assigned for the services Sanctions for deviance on part of polluters and institutions is clearly laid out and followed in G practice Total Process related score 3. OUTCOME RELATED INDICATORS Quality of drinking water A Water Quality in water bodies in and around city B Reduction in Water Borne disease incidence C amongst city population Total Outcome related score
5 4 5 4 3 30 7 7 6 20
1.00 1.00 2.30 2.00 2.50 16.21 5.6 0.00 0.00 5.60
4.00 3.00 4.00 3.00 3.00 24.00 6.50 5.00 4.00 15.50
GRAND TOTAL
42.73
77.00
By implementing the CSP, PMC expects to move from 42.73 score to 77.00 score by end of year 2012, moving from category BLACK to BLUE as per NUSP rating. By improving the score on the above indicators, Pune can achieve the goal of Totally Sanitized City making it more livable to its citizens.
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View of Pune City from Parvati Hill Year 1960
View of Pune City from Parvati Hill Year 2011

PMC Sanitation Plan Acknowledgements

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Table 1.3.2b PMC at a Glance

Table 2.4.1b Other members of the Task Force

Table 5.2.2b Coverage of sewerage network services

Table 6.2.2b Waste collected by Hotel Trucks

Table 6.2.3b Ward-wise deployment of vehicles for solid waste transport

Table 7.1.3b Length of rives in the PMC area (natural drains)

Table 8.1.1b Existing water storage capacity of dams in Pune city

Table 8.2.7b Ward wise Quality of water supplied

Table 11.2.3 Number of employees in SWM department of PMC

NASSCOM: National Association of Software and Service Companies

Toilet Facility Sewerage System

70.88 845.48 715.05

56.70 0 Rs. 715.05 crores

SWM SWD Water Supply Services IEC Total

170.00 957.00 1167.50 4.16 3215.02

34.00 191.40 233.50 0.10

136.00 588.60 JNNURM funds received

934.00 4.06 PMC will contribute 10 1719.36

Estimated Budgets for CSP

Chapter I. Overview of Pune City

1.2 Physical Characteristics

PUNE CITY SANITATION PLAN

PUNE CITY SANITATION PLAN

1.3 Geographic area and City Governance

Table 1.3.1 Geographic area of wards of the city

1.3.2 Pune Municipal Corporation

February 1950, which is governed by the Bombay

PUNE CITY SANITATION PLAN

Table 1.3.2a Ward coverage in four zones of the city

Table 1.3.2b PMC at a Glance

PUNE CITY SANITATION PLAN

1.4 Demography and Growth Patterns

Table 1.4.1 Population and Decadal Growth Pattern

PUNE CITY SANITATION PLAN

1.4.2 Population Projection

Table 1.4.2 a Population Projections Alternatives

PUNE CITY SANITATION PLAN

7000000 6500000 6000000 5500000 5000000

Graph1: Population Projection till Year 2031

1.4.3 Population Characteristics

PUNE CITY SANITATION PLAN

Table 1.4.4 a. Alternatives for Migration trends

PUNE CITY SANITATION PLAN

PUNE CITY SANITATION PLAN

1.6 Land Use 1.6.1 Morphological Development of Pune City

Table 1.6.1 Morphological Development of Pune City

1.6.2 Land Use as per Development Plan

PUNE CITY SANITATION PLAN

Table 1.6.2 Land Use Pattern

1.7.3 Gunthewari System (paddhat): According to the Maharashtra Regional

PUNE CITY SANITATION PLAN

1.7.4 Cooperative Housing Societies: The evolution of the Cooperative Housing

Table 1.7.5 Growth Pattern of Slums

PUNE CITY SANITATION PLAN

1.7.6 Slum Redevelopment

PUNE CITY SANITATION PLAN

1.9 Tourism & Other Attractions

PUNE CITY SANITATION PLAN

1.10 Economic Drivers of the City

Economic Drivers of Pune City - Education and Industries

1.10.1 Pune: An Educational Centre