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ERNESTUA
712
H4
1914
HENDERSON
Presented
to the
UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO
LIBRARY
by the
ONTARIO LEGISLATIVE
LIBRARY
1980
Kaiser Wilhelm II
BY
ERNEST
HENDERSON
F.
Author of
lTH
MANY ILLUSTRATIONS
INDIANAPOLIS
THE BOBBS-MERRILL COMPANY
PUBLISHERS
COPYRIGHT 1914
NEW YORK
GERMANY'S
FIGHTING MACHINE
PART
THE WAR
BUT
was
in
and
full
field.
Germany studying
of admiration for
Two
did
and
its
book
institutions
achievements in every
days after he had taken ship for America
Germany was
sia.
the land
this little
practically at
Hamburg liner
its
in the conflict,
enterprise, a
To
from the
The
like a bolt
to the
man who
it
it
and
came
for a
war between
Prussian
The Franco-
When,
was as troublesome as
it
Sicily
were con-
quered by the Normans; in 1215 took place the first general international battle; in 1250 the final expeditions
French
England
by
Louis XIV's war of conquest, the Spanish Succession,
the Silesian and the Seven Years' Wars fill the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries; the Napoleonic, Cri-
the nineteenth.
Yes,
THE WAR
When
is
easy,
somewhere
present
war we can
from month
was
to
felt to be
see in the
month of
it.
But
it
omens and
the
informed diplomatic
Zeitung
Magdeburger
oughly hostile attitude to Germany and Austria-Hungary, and that the agitation in the czar's realm is greater
even than during the last Balkan crisis. ... It looks
as though Russia were preparing to make an extraordi-
is
hundred
millions,
be issued in Paris.
of which
sum
yearly to
is
exclu-
the
German-Russian boundary.
France com-
pelled Russia to do
this.
staff
German
frontier, will
to bring help to
Germany,
now
Thus does
its
resurrection."
it is
"To keep
is
They keep
it is
to
had for every combination directed against Germany." And the Dresdener Nachrichten: "The Rusto be
sian-German
the
much
to be desired at
fails to
show the
and Russian
an extremely anti-German
mood. Evidences of the same thing are to be seen in
society
in
The Russian
policy
Princess
Prince
Henry of
THE WAR
touched one of the weakest spots in Russia's worldpolicy, her endeavor to get to the Mediterranean." The
endeavor
is
allies:
minister-president, Pasitsch."
"The
soul of
government
is
steadily
constant
peace
assurances:
ill
"The measures
suits
are
litical
might
years
by military
all
the
and already
action,
Russian saber."
But
in three
German-Russian
Keim,
in the
his chief
Had
not a French
And had
gone
Germany would
and Luxemburg
French
left
war
wing?
Several of the
the Russian
Austria and
Germany under
economically."
is
The Hannoverische
debtor."
first
ments as so remarkable.
As
Courier
accuses
the
March
10th,
"Never was
our relation to our western neighbor so strained as today, never has the idea of vengeance shown itself so
up
it is
we
shall
have to cross
Rus-
That the
billions
latest
on her
in the
French loans
form of
to Russia
the
still
stantinople
Hatred of
sian policy.
.
One thing
is
the
certain:
Germans
Russia
is
is
increasing.
arming
to a gi-
gantic extent.
the scale
monarchy,
which
be concealed that if
God
forbid!
refuge
government
Another danger
lies in
and
Although there is much talk to the effect that we shall once more be compelled to fight for our
Austria.
national existence,
it
is
THE WAR
On
Admiral
Breusing, in the Tdgliche Rundschau of May the seventh, writes: "The striving of the Slavic and Mongolian races to extend their
will
German
The
race."
is
to create a situation
many
where Ger-
The Dresdener Anzeiger, too, thinks that the "relations between Germany and France give the key to
ing."
the
and
its
culture
lies solely in
a German-French-English
rapprochement; that alone will guarantee the worldpeace." Toward the end of the month the Dresdener
relations have
remarkable change for the worse. Certainly the nationalistic elements in Russia are once more
Should the whole mass of
conspicuously active.
latterly taken a
its
nation-
Russia, Pan-Slavism
ship over all Slavs."
is
10
Already
in
there
in case of war.
to
acknowledge that as far as Austria is concerned the alliance is "more a matter of the intellect than of the heart ;"
while the Rheinisch-W estphdlische Zeitung reports on
May twelve that "in more than ten years such a senseagitation against Austria has not been seen in
less
Italy.
The
master of the
Italian
government
difficult situation in
is
by no means
which
it
is
placed
by the demonstrations of protest against Austria-HunWere war to break out to-day the easily
gary.
.
however friendly
theirs ,
of
declare against
The
nearer
Austria-Hungary"
we approach
more
serious
ing
spirit
of
sacrifice there is in
the revenge cries have almost ceased that does not in the
least
mean
up on
;
the con-
THE WAR
ago
it
11
set aside
is
two hun-
about a franc)
of
its
sum
will be realized
Un-
title
still
this
is
giant
army
to 400,000 trained
Whether
its
placing
it
men
be intentional or
most
endangering of the
peace that was ever attempted under the form of a
periodically recurring measure of organization,, and it
the
ercises signify
colossal
if all those
who long
for a
To add
embittered.
military administration
to this
123,000,000.
It
is
as
much
in
ruptedly, and
this
sum on
military
Zeitung on the twenty-third of June discusses the various alliances: "Originally the Russian-French alliance
I have quoted
all these
Germany
war broke
whether that sentiment be based on correct impreshave the Russian side of it in an arsions or not.
out,
We
ticle
written by Professor
Maxim
To
is
the case."
it
looks very
much
as
The preliminary
THE WAR
13
liberately
so
much
to lose
by a war of ag-
that
Then
much an Aus-
trian friend
Germany, except
who glory
In
my own
14
must be done.
My
cially
that
Eng-
To blame
the attitude
is
The worst
that
made her a little boastful and that she has talked too
much about her share in world politics and her own
"place in the sun."
remark of
In general, however,
he has honestly tried to keep the peace, and that Germany, with her blooming trade, her model educational
system and her splendid fleet and army should have a
his imperial majesty.
Those who accuse her of greed for territory should look at the history of their own country and
see if they are entitled to throw stones. Nor should they
sonable aim.
THE WAR
15
aggression.
So hemmed
in is
spirit
of
exposed are
that she can not help
Germany,
mere
so
taking alarm at the movements of her neighbors. Actually touching her borders are nations with a total population more than doubling her own, not to speak of
England of
fleet.
of arma-
Germans
believe,
probably
own
is
temperance
alcohol, but
question.
is
at
largest fac-
Fiume, in Austria;
in Italy
and sup-
is
arms.
builds
fire-
16
Germany was
Previously
the
number of
ships;
is
number of
strict the
always pre-
We have here,
England has
steadily pre-
its
basis
England
upstarts
is
to be allowed to have a
world-policies.
German
who need
his
word
in the larger
war broke
seemed to be lessening.
of mutual antagonism
The English
fleet
was wel-
The Emperor
at
Maneuvers
Town
Hall
Duke
Albert of Wiirttemberg
II of
Baden
THE WAR
17
The
As
and sweetened.
At home
Germany and
furthering Pan-Slavism?
little
be no better.
Britannia,
wake up!
It
is
Pan- Slavism
Dardanelles.
Your own
it is
far
from
from the
as are
race
less
is
your ideals, all your real inare far closer to those of the Germans than they
all
very soon, when you are only too glad to throw yourself
around Germany's neck and beg her aid in opposing the
hordes from the East. In Russia's wake are your
allies,
the Japanese,
hand
in
a bright
European
American
affairs.
girl to a
the
first
who
house.
by
the plain terms of her alliance with Austria, stands virtually alone, for Italy
is
is
faithless
We
and Austria,
may
Great of Prussia
of a Prussia
that
it is
now
held his
own
as usual,
see a recurrence
of
less
size
may
England
and
in the
Eng-
THE WAR
19
lish
by Germany of Belgium
violation
neutrality.
erage Englishman, I
am
for
in the struggle.
England joining
to think
The
av-
Yet what
are
we
government
show good-will
in the discussions
to urge the
and
Russian
suspend their
informed the German ambassa-
...
to
I
military preparations.
dor that, as regards military preparations, I did not see how Russia
could be urged to suspend them unless some limit were put by
...
it it
would be extremely
He
difficult to restrain
me whether, if
a
not
to
violate
Germany gave promise
Belgium neutrality, we would
remain
I
to
neutral.
engage
replied that I could not say that. . . .
public feeling in this country.
asked
The ambassador pressed me as to whether I could not formulate conditions on which we would remain neutral.
He even suggested that
I
the integrity of France and her colonies might be guaranteed.
said that I felt obliged to refuse definitely any promise to remain
neutral on similar terms, and I could only say that we must keep
So England,
directly
from the
first,
see
how Russia
could be urged to
20
tion dispute.
neutrality
foreign
is
Why Germany
explained by
office to
the
a telegram
German ambassador
Belgian
London,
...
"Please
Germany had
mation.
life or
All eyes then are likely for the next few months to
be fixed on the German army and it has seemed worth
me
hope, for
hastily to collect
much
originality in a
work of
this kind.
My
information
is
his
im
Entscheidungskampf
and
Toeche-Mittler
Die
THE WAR
deutsche Kriegsflotte.
and
also
Von
The
21
The two
For
also
been of use to
bearing on our subject. The war has doubtless interrupted the publication of the Archiv, so that I shall re-
main "up
to date" for
some
little
time to come.
PART
II
THE ARMY
Das
Bernhardi, in an article
ways
in
which mili-
many of
abandon
by a study of earlier
the main for the changes are
campaigns.
Responsible in
Almost
all
now
in time of
number of men
in the field
amounts
to millions.
The
had
In the
make
to dispose of 120,000
men
in the course
22
of a single morn-
Arrival of Recruits
The
Field Kitchen
THE ARMY
23
country.
arisen.
Mod-
often not so
distribute
efficient, so that it
them
in such a
way
As
a rule, the regulars must be spared for decisive actions and reservists must occasionally be sacrisults.
ficed,
apparently needlessly.
There
may
be cases, for
more
difficult
but
less
of battle
is
was only a
215,000 men, the Austrians had a front of only 10
long as
it
meters; at
Mukden
kilo-
24
battle formation
men
of the infantry."
To-day,
officers
and
fight in trenches
inequalities
it
In consequence of
one quarter is no longer
fire.
is
The commander
no longer takes up a position, as Napoleon did at Leipzig, where he can oversee the whole field of operations;
the best place for
him
is
motor-wagons or aeroplanes.
is
supplying
One
sufficient
each shoots
am-
man of
Telegrams
Giving Orders
THE ARMY
to
eligible recruit
25
was obliged
to serve.
less unfit
named
year,
some 29,000
in the second,
up
actfirst
But
some
there were
thirty thou-
again in the constitution of the Xorth German Confederation of 1867, the principle was laid down that the
army should
consist
It has
now been
as eight-
raised to a little
The population as given offi1913 was 64,925,993, while the number of com-
mon
in the
* It
Handbuch der
by Stavenhagen
was
647,811.*
Politik)
may be worth giving the exact strength of the German army on October
1913: Total 790,788 and 157,816 horses. Of these: officers, 30,253; sanitary
officers, 2,483; veterinaries, 865; non-commissioned officers, 104,377; common
soldiers, 647,811.
(Infantry, 515,216; cavalry, 85,593; field artillery, 126,042;
sappers and miners, 24,010 ; communication troops, 18,949 ; army service, 1 1,592. )
1,
of the German army has been enormousmore than twenty-five billion marks between 1872 and
The
cost
The
ex-
mated
say,
the tax
is esti-
Strange to
purposes.
the
army
money was
The
estimates as to
how much
the
Curiously enough Italy, with a peace army of only 300,000, estimates her war army officially at 3,400,000, or
about as
For
much
as either
Germany
or France.
we have an
in
esti-
Jan-
THE ARMY
from a
27
is
"The
term of
is
the reintroduc-
retaining these thirdyear men the peace-showing is increased by almost a third. This year
The peace strength of the French
1 85,000 men are to be called in.
service.
By
army
will,
officials
who
with supplies,
but not
if
etc.,
is
Counting
in this,
commissioned
and
in the
officers
and non-
28
made
So we see
The most
November fifteenth. Russia will, until spring, still have under arms,
besides the recruits, the trained contingents of three years in the inThat considerably increases
four, indeed, in the cavalry.
fantry
her readiness for war.
And
in addition to
the artillery
by
and
roads are to be
to facilitate the
built.
march
The estimates
The following
for.
To make
mobiliza-
to the west
for this
2.
Cholm
Nowogeorgiewsk
Tomoschow Belzek. 3. Schepetowka Proskurow Larga. In addition a number of lines are planned of which one is to encircle our
province of East Prussia. Along the German frontier, too, the erec-
tion:
1.
to
Like-
wise they have begun to modernize their fort and field artillery.
Side by side with these endeavors go intended improvements in mili-
of the
its
officers'
1913
is
to be looked
upon as
important.
Furthest in arrears of the armies of the Triple Entente
is
the
at
Mess
THE ARMY
29
English, which made no progress worth speaking of in 1913. England in her war plans against us long reckoned with landing an army
of invasion on our coast. The idea has been given up because it was
declared that probably the weak, active army would be more needed
elsewhere, especially as its maximum of about 130,000 men could
not play a decisive part against the millions-of-men armies of Germany. Nor has the "territorial army," destined for protection at
home, shown any progress of its required strength there were still
lacking in October, 1913, seventy thousand men and all efforts to
The
bring it to the intended height of 314,000 men have failed.
;
year 1913 the armaments of Austria and Italy on the one hand and
Russia and England on the other are insignificant as compared with
those of
These observations, made by an expert at the beginning of 1914, are exceedingly interesting in view of
what
is
now going
on.
Since
Von Bremen
wrote, how-
no
less
sick-list,
or
is,
of
many hundreds. An
official
lous condition.
the
the
in 1913, as
compared
At
the
by the
War
estimated.
ritorial
explanation
which
as to the shortage
army
Office,
9,211
lies in
The
navy
army
at 390,250
Rear Guard
in
Ambush
Artillery Patrol
THE ARMY
and ought not
serves,
31
to be counted.
There
is
to be a
For
is
not
five years.
Aus-
It has been
years behind.
In June,
finally,
we
sum of
months
at least, to 2,200,000
men.
"Characteristic,"
Rundschau
in
hand, attention
is
drawn
in the
We
to
to the
hoped
On the other
Danziger Zeitung
moment
in
by 1915
it
is
shall
hear
much
in the next
field artillery
few months of
and foot
in-
artillery,
troops,
division.
I there-
officer in the
newest book of
in-
The infantry
with the ninety-eight gun and bayonet; the sword-knot non-commissioned officers (Portepeeunteroffiziere) , battalion-drummers and am-
To
the infantry belong the sharpshooter battalions (Jagerbataillone), the guard sharpshooter battalion (Garde jagerbataillon}
and the guard rifle-battalion (Gardeschiitzenbataillon}. The infan-
Its chief
for scouting
is
shooting
it
The cavalry
mounted
and
(In Saxony guard-riders (Gardereiter) and carbineers; in Bavaria heavy riders and light horse (Chevaulegers}.}
The
riflemen.
it
hind cover and for demolishing light field fortifications. The drivers
carry a sword and revolver, the cannoneers a dagger and revolver.
The
as the
it
division
is
mounted and
and
carries
sword
THE ARMY
33
fortifications;
siege guns.
The
the infantrymen.
in
It
is
etc.
Its
weapons
In time of peace the blue coats and red colof the infantry, the varied colored attilas and fur
uniforms.
lars
all interesting
In order
enemy
all
gray
ciple
war
that
enough,
is all
laid
categories of troops
of protective coloring.
It
is
merely an adjunct
the infantry which decides battles
is
34
However, the
infantry of to-day is something very different from the
infantry of the eighteenth and even from that of a
artillery.
German military
world learned new tactics
from
the sharpshooters
war of the
rebellion.
battle
forma-
on the idea of giving more play to the indiIn spite of the technical progress that has made
tion rests
vidual.
know
many
consider
war reduced
But
this is
incredible rifle-ranges.
quick-firing
It has been
rifles
now
mathin the
men
the
disfive
body of the
sixth.
But men
in battle line
no longer
stand closely one behind the other, nor even closely side
Pursuit
Infantry Embarking
THE ARMY
by
Even
side.
in
what
is
Within certain
to the individual.
35
own
own
fire
is
to give
limits the
more play
men
choose
their
their
and use
their
the
have
r
The
indeed,
some
much of the
parade tricks. But these
is still
too
ears
is
The pa-
and miles
many,
in extent.
For
the
first
field,
time in Ger-
autumn, whole army corps were to have enmock combat with one another.
this
gaged in
In the ordinary
rifle
practise the
men
are taught
first
groups and detachments, next in whole troops and companies and finally
in conjunction with cavalry and artillery.
They are
made to adapt themselves to the most unfamiliar and unusual surroundings. Even the targets are of the most
varied description targets that fall to the ground
:
hit,
when
by smoking
be some of the
eyes open in
all directions.
diers.
It
is
is
a quick-loading
rifle
which renders
it
pos-
may
not at
first
seem
to the
American reader of great importance, but which becomes more interesting when it is realized that this is
the smallest caliber which will inflict sufficient injury on
an enemy
to
make
its
use profitable.
In other words,
if
it
does not
kill
him
at once
it
will
THE ARMY
in the
and
Russian- Japanese
in a
number of
37
There are
Maxim
rifles
which can
fire as
many
as a
own gun,
German government
considers
it
is
its
its
of manufacture of which
A recent innovation
is
is
a carefully
guarded
secret.
with so-called
It consists of ninety
men and
six
and
more than two hundred infantry regispeak of the cavalry and artillery, which
as there are
ments, not to
ing.
Many
38
will be in
two
by
artillery far
makes the
latter place
The
rational,
and
is
confined to
no longer
and per-
army
in time
of peace
is
With
school learning
in other words,
sur-
young men
that,
name-
withdrawn from
much
in
an age
THE ARMY
39
all
and
is
One
army.
The
authorities
encouraged
it
in every
way, for
was
in
now
army which
is
existence of
its
all its
pomp
and glory.
his court.
Next came
officers.
A large majority
ending
lines,
uniforms.
40
portance
is
attached.
and
in which
some
It
But most
the
common
interesting of all
soldiers.
and
trees
and on
their
parade
grounds you
and palisades while occasionally the obstacles are of the
most serious kind iron railings with twisted spikes
;
through which they must make their way. In the stadium games the soldiers lined up on the farther side of
a great swimming-pool that runs along one end of the
field
At a given signal
swam for dear life to the
they
other
plunged
climbed the low protecting wall and were off helterskelter for the hurdles and other obstacles. Behind one
side,
Effect of
Two
Scaling Barricades
Wall
THE ARMY
held in place by soldiers and
One almost
to clamber.
him
it all
up
41
the contestants
had
it,
but there
ticipants,
ness
freshness, joyous-
call schneidigkeit,
which
Even
on the parade-ground
will
his
know
men.
tests.
Great importance
is
On
soldier
seems to
the officer
moment.
is
across the field with the tails of their long coats flap-
and
officers
associations,
If the infantry
the cavalry
now
is
is
less exclusiveness.
German army,
mak-
is
which
is
of hollow
steel.
men
Men of straw,
straw head
is
off in passing.
The
little
first
is
own bridge-wagons,
so that they can either repair bridges that have been de-
new
ones.
It has been
CO
A
bfi
.S
"w
'g
e3
Cavalry Patrol
THE ARMY
chests are
still
more useful
if
43
would supersede cavalry, but the German army administration evidently does not think so, as it has more than
150,000 horses in use even in time of peace.
war
all
In time of
planes.
for the
The
rest,
and aero-
and there
is
There
is
lately been
disease
advanced
and that
they proved more enduring in the recent Turkish-Bulgarian War, while the Prussian horse, through faults in
the
manner of
44
simply an
academic question and nothing short of war itself can
demonstrate that under all conditions another type of
This, however,
is
to honor,
and an expedition of
Europe.
is
If cavalry
still
the latest
is
German
writers,
is
path by which the infantry shall storm. It has sometimes been thought of the battle of the future that it
would
consist of
trary
side
is
by
the case.
The two,
in this
fantry coming
German
coming war,
will fight
in-
in.
Wheel Belt
for
Cannon
Howitzer Battery
THE ARMY
45
rantable.
is
novelty
useful innovation
of
flat
great
Another most
gunners.
A number
form
as to
is
now have
into the
gunmud.
fast.
its belt,
will,
The
largest
and there
field
guns
The
fire shells
is
is
less,
in fortresses or those
of these
size
is
is
is
filled
either
used
The
a so-called
of
ever increasing,
much
is
shrapnel
guns
is
by ignition or percussion.
it
burst in the
air,
just
One
may
interest
46
who follow
those
In
drag the
heights.
artillery
up
According
the hills
and have
to recent strategy
it
it
all
the
made
to
crown the
chooses rather
The
other side.
strike are
may
The guns
They
will
be invisible.
it
are being
is
observed
The low
situation has
its
its
In order
now
When desired it is
One advantage of
this
new
invention
is
that the
which
it is
gunners.
Many
to assist the
gunner
in taking aim.
When we
reflect
Observation Column
Observation Ladder
THE ARMY
that some of the guns can shoot five
47
and
built, are
tiquity,
now regarded
and
in
to the
in
turrets project a
few
Here
from
Germany
and sink
all,
into
German
all
formidable.
To
the south
Ulm
Saxony
is
position,
can
is
by reason of
its
natural
be.
Whether
the
Germans
back into
Their policy
is to keep to the offensive and spare their own land as
much as possible. However, what strength of arms may
these strong positions remains to be seen.
fail to
accomplish
may
With
her commerce entirely cut off, the food supply for the
nation at large will be but scanty, and of
cisms I have read on the
all
the
criti-
the last
tration
out, but
it
effect.
The Army of
the
Air
made of balloons,
air-ships, aeroplanes
and
kites, also
of
THE ARMY
49
known
1870 Germany attempted to make
It
may
not be generally
Fourteen years
later,
gun.
1887 a regular balloon corps w as organized with a major, a captain, three lieutenants and fifty non-commisr
The
The
captive balloon
the
first
50
batteries or battle-ships.
less
than
five
under the "general board of inspection of military, air and power transport matters." The
combined appropriations of Prussia, Bavaria and Wiirtair-ship battalions
temberg for their air fleets in 1913 amounted to 70,000,000 marks. The recent ships, which are not necessarily
confined to the Zeppelin type, though built along the
same
lines, are
year the
"L
its
and twenty-seven
of
killed, among them almost all
Germany's chief
military aeronautic experts. "L III," which is nearly
trial trip.
It exploded in mid-air
were
The
largest
of 32,000 cubic
at present, the
run by four Maybach moeach of one hundred seventy horse-power, and beats
is
seventy-nine kil-
by
six kilometers.
can in any
is
way compare
with
this.
Under
construction
fifty feet.
They can
lift
Airship Parseval
THE ARMY
pounds and
their cost
is
51
their air-ships
seven hundredth
trip.
Whether
in
course to be seen.
One can
under favorable conditions, throwing down enough explosives on an army to put it completely to rout. But
the Zeppelin
is
and
its
motors make
enough noise to warn a whole city of its approach. Russia and Germany herself now have many vertical guns
for shooting air-ships.
On
can
fly
fleet
near the shore and no camp can feel quite safe from it
in future.
It would be so tempting to drop a shell in
the midst of an enemy's general staff and thus bring
confusion into the whole guidance of the army!
over Paris. It
is
first
airman to shoot,
its
sides.
too, at
down
The new
let
52
ships, however, as I
and
it is
on the enemy.
have
The
said,
latest idea
is
To
Germany awakened
Not
late.
until after
war
an exhibition
fifteen
more
solid
and
believed
it is
All records were broken by German machines during the past year, and the great Prince Henry
the French.
races in
May, though
demon-
The
conditions were
The
German army
is
the Al-
its
metal
Marine Airship
Bay
THE ARMY
53
mandeered.
by
rail
of action.
They
will be
ing eyes of the birdmen, that false marches and maneuvers will be undertaken, that bivouac fires will be
lighted in unoccupied places merely for the purpose of
deceiving.
cannon by covering
The German
these
new night
moon and
to
make
their
by
and catch and interpret sounds.
It
is
way
ground
possible for a
of a passing horse
whether it is running free or whether it is carrying a
load, also to estimate the approximate number of a passfinely trained ear to tell in the case
The enemy
carries
powerful
electric search-
drawn by four
horses.
There must
wagon
The infantry
can now be loaded on
Aeroplanes, too,
now
carry search-
lights.
An
army.
(the
new
it
in the
a special arrange-
same
is
done with
its
Such a wagon
The
With
all
Officers
and
of baggage.
inventions, however,
war remains
the
woman
German
officer
and com-
w hen he
r
is
obliged to exercise."
to a distinguished
The
Harvard pro-
Albatross-Taube Packed
for
Shipping
Double Monoplane
Albatross
THE ARMY
fessor
55
who had no
should have marked both of
contradiction to offer.
may
in a class.
The German
officer,
and as frivolous
I grant,
as the son
up
morning
train-
work
out.
little
work.
list is
kept of
all
its
employees
officers in which
work and
their gen-
He
officers.
like
down
a day"
is
And peace-time
is
who had
paign regarding
their
"The great
when facing
the
enemy.
ideals
duty
is
The
lieutenant
who does
an absolute hero to
his
his
men.
officers in the
regular standing army, the great majority of them belonging to the nobility, who feel that they have a hereditary right to these positions.
am
inclined to think
war.
The
one serious
military career
Biplane
Airship Transportation
Wagon
THE ARMY
57
Germany and
the
Germans, gives
a bad character for arrogance and instances
side-
sumptuousness
bitter passions.
in the
and
This
less
officers are
needed than in
of
whom
of war.
Instead of numbering
five or six
in time
hundred men
58
the size
of a battalion
hundred or
raised to eleven
is
who must be licked into shape as quickly as posbut who serve mainly to fill up the ranks at the
recruits,
sible,
must leave
his occupation
and take
Even
German
in
liable
on
How many
penitentiary
hasten to naturalize
will
is
the war.
corps, each
army
by instant
census
is
requisition.
But not
at
random.
the country
it is
all
list
or
the horses in
and commis-
that purpose.
brought before
final
military, partly
of
civilian
ff,
0*1
their
The transferring of
Easily Upset
59
horses to the rallying centers
is
ties
the state
difficul-
Germany
million men
the
war
is
putting, so
it
is
some four
estimated,
And
who belong
to the
by
Prussian
officers in the
army
They
are taken in
own
the institution
by
homes
Public and
in out-of-
How
Xot
is
60
By
Whether he
is
absolute
commander
it
remains on a
in time
of war.
other question.
If he does he
enormous wave of
loyalty, but,
presence of a monarch in
camp
will be
is
an-
upheld by an
often a hindrance to
at the
bitter
the operations.
The
On him
planning and the responsibility for carrying out of the plans, though he has under him a huge staff of subordinates more than two
a Moltke.
falls the
hundred
army
ized.
in all
is
But such
stars of
THE ARMY
tury.
Only a Frederick
61
was
decisions; the
to hold a council
new one
from
for the
is
its
commanding general
sponsibility himself.
T
Headquarters travels with the arm) and with
it
goes
The
minister of
war remains
course of
at
home
to
see to the
male influences
royal ladies
bardment of beautiful
cities
and the
like.
Germany who
to the
bom-
There are
at
are likely to
who objected
to the last
to be absolutely relentless in
man and
The
If the example of the Franco-Prussian War is followed the Germans will put as many as six different
armies into the field, each with some four army-corps.
umn
at
we may
at a considerable
this
amount.
Were
the whole
and the
Its occupation
French have
of
Liege and Namur, which they believed to be impregnable, that they have done little to fortify their own
borders in that direction.
Who the
commanding
generals of the
Judging by
made
German army
public in America.
63
Prittwitz.
Whether
will be given a
or not the
command
is
German
doubtful.
He
crown-prince
is brave and
am told that
his
last sufficiently
perience.
THE NAVY
IN 1848 the German Confederation was at war with
Denmark on account of Schleswig-Holstein. The national parliament voted six million thalers for the crea-
tion of a fleet
it
it
in such disordered
But on June
fourth,
Hamburg and
mouth of
from
the
The
from another
from Helgoland
a shot was fired. It
direction,
British possession,
when suddenly
itself,
then a
signified that
the ships were within the three-mile limit over which then
and now a
state's
Eng-
German Confederation
THE NAVY
stating that ships had been seen in the
65
and conducting themselves as warships; that England would not recognize such ships with
a black-red-gold flag as war-ships, but would treat them,
a black-red-gold flag
if
need
be, as pirates.
less
fleet.
first
lord of
to
weaken her
The attempts
failed, the fleet
The
state
political influence
position, he said,
purchasers, had
by
this
own
fleet
and
now
called Wilhelmshaven.
Adalbert, was
One of
the cause of
was wounded
in
the
66
Add
to these twenty-one
In 1867 the
Prussian
fleet
merged
North German
in that of the
being but
fleet
played no
two
in the Baltic,
tween the Meteor., whose whole crew numbered sixtythree, and the French despatch-boat Bouvet, with
so quick
and
came
into action.
Even
Germany on
to build
a seaman, was
though
Von
made
up
a strong navy.
A general, not
ing to which the navy, by 1882, would have had fourteen large ironclads, seven monitors, twenty cruisers
it
THE NAVY
in part.
that
67
Germany
should build
all
her
own
ships.
The
sink-
grief.
He
He
was
Von
Stosch in
conscientious,
Von
now grand admiral and state secretary for the navy office, that the German torpedoboat fleet became the best in the world. Tirpitz made a
new weapon of it, one that could be used not merely for
officer,
Tirpitz,
But
ventions
search-lights,
Gatling
guns,
its
in-
torpedo-boat-
Toward
began
to
or near shore
is
In 1887 was
68
Mean-
on her career as a
colonial
Germany had
while
started
Some of
her
little
cruisers
service
interest in the
little
was not
to be
won
was
to reor-
Henry of
is
at the
military.
At
present
own com-
mands, of the
latter.
Brandenburg
class,
Ad-
Four great
battle-ships
all
of the
England
re-
scientifically,
how a
fleet
fleet at all
And
almost before
Germany was
at
work
should be
THE NAVY
69
"How few
little in
acted as flag-ship.
ing-ship,
we made
mistakes
much
been superseded
that
but
the German fleet, which had fewer and less available ships than
many other countries, has outdistanced them all in tactical developThe stake, it is true, became greater as ships reprement.
senting a capital of millions and carrying hundreds of men took the
place of the little boats, but the method remained the same. Commander and crew, by progressing from easier to more difficult and
more warlike maneuvers, achieved that feeling of security which is
.
The
to
win
fleet legislation
all
by risking
all."
first
time looked
the fleet
was intended
to accomplish.
Two
squadrons,
of eight battle-ships each, were to be in constant readiness and were to have a flag-ship at their head. Six large
cruisers
70
was
to be
new crews of
This greatly
Wars and
disturbances in Samoa.
ad-
legislation
The preamble
before.
declared that
"Germany must
have a battle-fleet so strong that even for the most powerful naval opponent a war is connected with such dangers that that opponent's
own
And
further:
German
be impaired."
position as a
"For
this
power may
purpose
it is
not
battle-fleet be as
strong as
that of the greatest maritime power, for, as a rule, a
though
it
us.
But even
German
fleet
THE NAVY
71
first
so
The
in our fleet
ers
kept, partially
to a
manned,
in reserve.
number of submarines,
In 1906,
in addition
example
in building
dreadnaughts necessitated
eight,
six,
72
be brought
to be
to seventy-two, fifty-four
up
new
service.
will all
now
ships
But
of which are
is
The
being supposed to
battle-ships arc
ranged
in classes.
etc.
It
is
from
these
mon-
sters,
to
most
The Konig
class
is
to be larger in dimension, in
H. M. Ship Seydlitz
in
Dry-Dock
Signaling on Submarine
THE XAVY
armament than
The
ships:
73
Next come
bert.
the
Helgoland
friesland, Thiiringen,
Konig Al-
class
There
is
of course, with far greater speed than any of the battleships. Xext comes the Seydlitz (25,000 tons), then the
Moltke and the Goeben (23,000 tons), and the Von der
Tann (19,500 tons). The Goeben has already been
practically captured, as has also the Breslau
tons)
ish
They
are
government
now
is
in the Dardanelles,
man
cities (like
(4,550
Twenty-
names of Ger-
berg), while the rest for the most part have such names
Some
fifteen
now
and far from the needed proIt remains to be seen what use
tection
of their
fleets.
74
will be
or
is still
at
Cuxhaven
Hamburg.
It
is
is
it is
at the service
Its
of the
Germany's
ally,
Austria,
Henry of Prussia.
although in May, 1914, she
makes
fleet,
at present a very
fifteen ships
of the
line,
weak showing.
She has
seven protected
cruisers.
and of
compared
to her
own
sixty-
thirty-
compared to seventeen. England has forty-four armored cruisers, of which ten are dreadnaughts; Germany has but fourteen armored cruisers, and but five of
may
Germany
is
THE NAVY
75
won
fleets.
Moreover,
is
and fourteen
and two
though
cruisers in the
cruisers in the
Black Sea.
use in the
many
years, its
so far
it is
Most important of
sailed
tle-ships or ships
line
all,
because that
of the
is
line.
They
line,
mean
that their
may
sometimes have to be
adopted; but rather that they are to string out, one be-
76
It
may
The ruling
idea,
of course,
as
is
new
fire
be that
position
exigencies arise.
fire.
All
this is diligently
calculation
is
is
their fire
indeed the great distinction between modern naval encounters and those of former times
work, if
we may
call it so.
lies
in this
team
hundred yards or
less
German
fleet that,
make
H. M. Cruiser Breslau
in the
Lock
at Kiel
THE XAVY
up such
thrilling
to occur again,
77
and
if
The range
at
all
the
way
easily
heavy ammunition
is
gone,
The German
is
that at
from the
often prac-
fleet
range, firing at a
jectiles
The pro-
as compli-
is
up
We
can no longer
the utmost
damage
Experience
has shown that at very close range they will pass through
blocks of steel
thick !
little
mark
the
is
fast
guns themselves
78
are
from
correspondingly.
The
woman
in
Germany.
best are
from
and weigh
the foundries of
it is
nated by an ingenious contrivance. Altogether the cannon of to-day have become so complicated and so perfect as instruments that
them than
navy gives
it
It
is
its
it
is laid.
said that
And the
life
of such a gun
is
short.
German
dred.
barrel,
after
The
difference
lies in
fifty to
two hun-
rivalries over
over almost
Dreadnaughts
actual warfare, and the
THE NAVY
nation that has
them
made mistakes
79
in theory
may
live to
rue
bitterly in practise.
The guns
battle-ships,
be they can
are placed,
in
a whole broadside
any
;
in turrets
on the
direction; if need
while, as
two turrets
guns direct from the bow or stern. The turrets are armored with tough hard steel and their surface is curved
The King and the
so that a shot will glance off.
Kaiser classes carry ten great guns, the Helgoland
and Nassau classes even twelve, but the latter are no
more
effective, as they
Some of
to have three
the
new
and even
four guns to a turret, but the German navy is conservative enough not to wish to try the experiment.
Theoretically at least a great dreadnaught
unsinkable.
number of
Not only
cells
is
its
is
almost
cells
them
it
will not
have things
all its
own way.
in
is
the heavy
armament
of the
ships, for
The appropria-
tions
billion.
And
the ex-
cordingly.
etc.,
and 1895, at a cost of one hundred fiftymillion marks, had already outgrown its usefulness
its
opening.
Its widening,
is
which will
to cost
two hun-
We
first
Armored
Germany and
England has
Japan
fifteen
and
But
The big
battle-cruiser
is
(for the
two.
as long as a battle-ship, or
THE NAVY
even longer;
also, is called
it,
81
a dreadnaught.
It has
Where,
then,
is
the difference?
The
difference
is
ten.
in the
The
can
fly to
single
between two
fires,
The
cruis-
new instrument of
can also fight each other.
war has thus been introduced that may, after all, once
ers
contests thrilling
The small
armored one, has but a light iron belt and carries only
light guns and deck torpedo tubes. Its purpose is not
to
engage
in battle, unless
rather to avoid
it.
it
latter
type
is
alto-
swiftness,
is
when
the fleet
make
and a
it
approaching.
Of large
torpedo-boats the
German
fleet
82
ing which
made
it
no contemptible adversary.
only weapon is the torpedo, for projectcarries four tubes on deck; its small guns
its
it
is its
Its
can turn,
the
bow
its
weapon and
It
protection.
up
it
It
has a rudder in
unarmored, but
is
For
it is
is
a creature of
guns by the
light of day.
dreaded above
all others,
the search-light.
little
smoke from
rising vertically
and
if
an enemy
from
their funnels
They often go
start to chase
and
forth in
them they
scatter,
more
rapidly.
Submarine Fleet
in
Harbor
at Kiel
THE NAVY
its
own
sel
and
search-light
83
him with
tries to blind
its
glare.
It
is
a risky
many
are sure to
to the
go
Germany
campaign.
flotilla will
damage
compared
to the
is
apt to be severe.
new
be of
when a torpedo
Dynamite
is
mild
in charging.
If the torpedo-boat
night,
its sister,
is
was
at
the reckoning.
ageableness.
Its
The newest
Germany
possible.
high
now
Eng-
much
seas.
When
there
is
submarine rides
84
is
She
is
helpless at that
moment,
is
Her
slowness
is
a disadvantage,
fleet,
not pur-
it.
vantage, too, for she has to carry two motors and can
not use the same one above and under water.
is
an
oil
is
run by an
The
are closed.
Why?
and
its
of
own
also deep-water
do not work so well as might be deIt has one other connection with the visible world
as
his
it
in the
Ernest zu Reventlow
is
words of a naval
officer,
Count
Roughly speaking,
the boat
in
If
is
THE NAVY
going on above,
surface
end of
is
it
reached and a
this
little
beyond.
At
the farther
is
pipe
85
This throws down the image reflected from the surface of the water, through the ver-
of the boat.
The image
is
is
floating
guidance of
this
make
image and
it is
at
it
ence.
when
it
periscope
is
not so wonderful as
The splashing of
sci-
it
sounds in theory.
it
seldom
is,
It
been overcome.
is
possible, with
under water.
seldom goes.
86
that
from a height on a
a well-known fact
it is
it
if
it
you can
will ask,
see
can
sights a submarine
far
be
warn
ships
That the
comes a menace to
when
its
own
it
arrangements are
the letting in and out of
ships.
tors
Its
and providing
artificial air
Yet
all
the
is
universally
They
new
instru-
ment of
said here:
"It
is
to be presumed,"
he dreamed in
Submarine
Flotilla
Torpedo Boat
Search Lights
Submarine About
to
Dive
THE NAVY
87
Mines can be planted in fields, as it were, by torpedoboats or submarine and then a hostile fleet can be lured
or chased in
is
among
them.
The North
Sea, as
them and
we know,
fatal results
use as coast-defenders.
to which
they can
down
retire,
enough
to the
enemy's harbors, can destroy docks and demoralize shipping. Already there is talk of specially armored decks
openings of
funnels.
More than
88
in the
upon
to
perform
in case
im grossen
is
Stile, in the
grand
style.
Even
if the
enemy's fleet is not conquered it can be greatly weakened and strategy and tactics will go far to make up for
want of numbers.
Troetsch begins by showing the different methods an
enemy will be likely to pursue and one sees throughout
that he has England in mind. First of all will corne;
as has already
happened
war
or
and other supplies. According to the Paris international agreement of 1856 there shall be no privateering,
which means that individuals
take prizes, but does not
mean
may
not
fit
this
THE NAVY
ers.
especially in
its
warm advocates
to
in naval circles,
89
game
is
There
not worth
is
is
cruisers
For a coun-
little is
to be gained;
lyzing
all
Holland
to
The
the hypothenuse of a
90
remember
the so-called
time of \var
the miles
Wattenmeer
all
so difficult to navigate.
they approach the shore, the English ships will inevitably run aground, while the German torpedo-boats
if
and submarines
w ork,
r
by means of an
the shore.
Floating
by percusfrom
The German
fleet
enemy
there; while
it
borhood, notably
and
sea.
last
but not
North.
German
are fortified,
in the
Gibraltar of the
indeed, with true
Un-
subma
THE NAVY
From here they can issue
afar by
new
thie
91
from
projects.
Troetsch considers
more than
it
likely that
England
row but
One
in a broader sense.
But
can be obviated
if the
blockading line
begin somewhere between Dover and Calais, extend
along the east coast of Scotland, with bases at Rosyth
away.
this
from
the
time encircle
North Sea
all
to the Atlantic
the exits
from the
and
at the
Baltic: the
same
Skager
Rak and
upon
the enemy's
fleet.
is
will
and such a
hundred
line as
we have
fifty or three
hundred
miles.
It
is
a question
if
92
fleet
The whole
Sea
force
Germany
likely to
is
attempt to break
it
and to bring
many
has too
much
may
last a
year or longer.
Ger-
moment
They
has come.
That
is
Will
the question
may
When
it
modern
tactical
lie
to
victory
is
THE NAVY
In a modern
93
and always
Not that the maneuvers are necessarily com-
moving.
thrust
and parry.
ters.
First there
fleets,
Here
two
so
mission,
fight,
much
where the
The
the better.
fleets
so-called
passing
in
oppo-
escape
is
which the
Then
easier.
one another's
tails.
The
there
is
when
seriously crippled.
But
the crown
so-called crossing
and acme of
all fleet
maneuvers
is
the
of the T.
"The maneuver of
the crossing of the T," writes Troetsch, "conendeavoring to bring one's own line at right angles across the
head, or also across the tail, of the hostile line of enfilading it, as
sists in
the expression goes, so that the opposing lines come into the relative
Such a movement
.
positions of the two bars of the Latin T.
.
renders
it
own broad-
94
on the ship that is at the head of the enemy's fleet. In this way
one increases the effectiveness of one's own fire to the very highest
degree, inasmuch as all the shots which go too far to one side will
sides
own
fire
The
fire,
ships at
its
while one's
angle as
enemy's
line the
most
than he in his
open
is
fire in this
position
it
his disposal.
If one can
ing
is
already in progress.
The
fleet
the same direction and take a parallel course with the enveloping
fleet, whereby if it be swift enough it has the advantage of being on
the inner or shorter line: the battle then becomes a simple running
fight, or it can simply turn and follow the tail of the hostile line or
line in
a passing fight."
We
first
its
all
are
THE NAVY
And
war
95
is
As many men
are
now engaged
simultaneously as
From the
down from
;
The
difference between
may
next.
we have
arti-
wells
it
sub-
last
As
The
War of
1914? But
know Germany
now submit
to
consequences of
their long agitation against the imperial, or against any
last
96
All the
is
now
pressing into
France.
Russia, with her one hundred sixty millions,
to claim a
much
is
likely
new
treaty of peace?
Will
perhaps be between Teuton and Slav and will England have to move
to
any
case, that
now by
Germany
to Africa?
will
it
succumb. She
is
reproached
work of
destruction.
She devotes
Only
by which
re-
fighting force.
Every
Everything
And
single problem
and
so
is
it is
is
fore-
with her
attacked theo-
is
to
we have
THE NAVY
have
little difficulty
97
at
Germany
stabbing
when
in the back
bumptious
It
is
was already
she
side,
self-assertion.
halla that
Germany
England for
all,
is
to fall in ruins?
Is
Or
is
Germany
the
Wal-
all
other politi-
The moment is a serious one for us AmerWhere shall we stand in the new order of things?
cal edifices ?
icans.
all
types ex-
ist
Which
power?
THE END
kingdoms
CARDS OR
SLIPS
UA
712
H4
1914