Dr.

Zhenhe (Song) Song

zhenhe.song@ghd.com
GHD Pty Ltd
Ci v i l En gi n e e r i n g A n a l y si s a n d M o d e l l i n g (CI VL3 1 4 0 )
1
Part 1 Geomechanics (Plaxis)
Dr. Zhenhe Song
zhenhe.song@ghd.com
Part 2 Hydraulics (Fluent)
A/Prof. Tongming Zhou (Unit coordinator)
tzhou@civil.uwa.edu.au
Part 3 Structures (Multiframe)
Mr. Philip Christensen
PhilC@formsys.com
2
Yusuke Suzuki ysuzuki@civil.uwa.edu.au
Wensu Chen wensu@civil.uwa.edu.au
Wen Gao 0454883@student.uwa.edu.au
3
All the students to set up PLAXIS Version 9
software before tutorial.
If you get your laptop this year, you may have
PLAXIS 2010, you need to reinstall Plaxis V9
Please try to run PLAXIS in your laptop and make
sure it works well.
Please ask help from the IT support if you have
any problems to open PLAXIS.
IT Support: Keith Russell russell@civil.uwa.edu.au
4
2x2hrs sessions per week
First 2hrs: Lecture (Theory)
Second 2hrs: Tutorials (Practice)
4 weeks in total
6% Weekly Practice; 14% Assignment
40% Exam (combined)
5
This note has incorporated the note from previous
teaching by Prof. Yuxia Hu
The development of tutorial questions by Dr. Long
Yu
6
Finite element analysis in geotechnical engineering: theory, David
M. Potts, Lidija Zdravkovi
Finite element analysis in geotechnical engineering: application,
David M. Potts, Lidija Zdravkovi
Guidelines for the use of advanced numerical analysis, David Potts,
Kennet Axelsson, Lars Grande, Helmut Schweiger and Michael
Long
7
Model l i ng and FEM i n Geot echni cal Engi neeri ng
8
St abi l i t y
Loading on St ruct ure
Movement
Footing;
Retaining Wall and Deep Excavation;
Piles and Bridge Abutment;
Embankment, Dams and Seawalls;
Tunnel;
Stockpile;
Dynamic (Seismic Analysis)
10
Soils are neither elastic, nor homogeneous.
Soils around the world vary.
Same soil with different saturations and
consolidations behaves differently.
Soil properties are difficult to measure.
In situ vs laboratory testing
11
13
New civil engineer: 14/04/2005
Geotechnical engineering is complex. It is not
because youre using the FEM that it becomes
simpler;
The quality of a tool is important, yet the quality of
a result (mainly) depends on the users
understanding of both the problem and the tool;
The design process involves considerably more
than analysis.
14
Traditional methods of analysis often use
techniques that based on assumptions that over
simplify the problem at hand.
These methods lack the ability to account for all of
the factors and variables the design engineer
faces and may severely limit the accuracy of the
solution.
15
Equi l i bri um (st ress)
Compat i bi l i t y (st rai n)
Const i t ut i ve
Rel ati onshi p (stress-
st rai n)
Boundary Condit i on
Solution of Geotechnical
Problems
Numerical Exact or
Closed Form
Empirical, Based
on Experience
Limit
Analysis
Discrete
Element
Finite
Element
Finite
Difference
Boundary
Element
Finite/
Boundary
Element
17
Limit
Equilibrium
Met hod of Analysi s Sol ut i on Requi rement s Desi gn Inf ormat i on
St r ess
Equil ibrium
Com patibil ity Constitut ive
behaviour
Stabil ity Displ acem ents
Li mi t equi l i bri um \ (P) X \
R i gi d p l as t i c
\ X
Sl i p- l ine met hod \ (P) X \
R i gi d p l as t i c
\ X
Li mi t Anal ysi s
- Lower Bound
- Upper Bound
\
X
X
\
Per fec tl y pl ast i c
\
\
\
\
X
X
Di spl acement f i ni t e
el ement
\ \ \
Any
\ \
P partially satisfied
18
Receive Design Pr escr ipt ions
(f r om a cl ient )
Obt ain Soil Pr oper t ies
(Sit e invest igat ions and lab t est ing)
Model Geot echnical Pr obl em
Det ailed Design Repor t
19
Ver if icat ion
http://www.cofs.uwa.edu.au/Researh/centrifugeprojects.html
http://www.pbase.com/image/41209293
Geotechnical model
Numerical modelling
Physical modelling
Silo
20
Plain strain or axisymmetric
21
Footing (B/2)
C
L
22
Discr et isat ion (mesh):Divide t he model f ield (soil and/ or
st r uct ur e) int o par t s (nodes and element s)
Displacement Appr oximat ion: Over each par t (element ),
displacement is expr essed as f unct ion of nodal values
Element Equat ion: Use an appr oximat e var iat ional pr inciple (e.g.
minimum pot ent ial ener gy) t o der ive an element equat ion KU
E
=P
E
23
Global Equat ion: Then assemble t he par t s of element equat ion
t o f or m a global equat ion KU=P
Boundar y Condit ion: For mulat e boundar y condit ions and modif y
global equat ions. Loads af f ect P, displacement af f ect U
Solut ions: Solve displacement values at nodes and t hen st r ess
and st r ain can be evaluat ed
Footing (B/2)
Element
x
x
x
Node
Gauss point (integration point)
x
C
L
24
25
E le m e n t Ty p e D e g r e e o f
F r e e d o m
p e r
E le m e n t
Pla ne Stra in Ax i s y mm etr ic
I n te g r a t i o n
rul e
G a u s s p o i n t
C o n s t r a i n ts
p e r
El em ent
R a t io D e g r e e s
o f F r e e d o m
C on s tra in ts
S u i ta b l e I n te g r a t io n
rul e
G a u s s p o i n t
C o n s t r a i n ts
p e r
E le m e n t
R a t i o o f D e g r e e s
o f F r e e d o m
C o n s t r a i nt s
S u i ta b l e
3 - n o d e d c o n s t a n t
Strain
t r i an g l e
1 1 - p o i n t 1 1 Y 3 - p o i n t 3 1/3 N
6 - n o d e d l i n e a r
Strain
t r i an g l e
4 3 - p o i n t 3 4/3 Y 6 - p o i n t 6 2/3 N
1 0 - n o d e d quadrati c
Strain
t r i an g l e
9 6 - p o i n t 6 3/2 Y 1 2 - p o i n t 1 0 9 / 1 0 N
1 5 - n o d e d c u b i c
Strain
t r i an g l e
1 6 1 2 - p o i n t 1 0 8/5 Y 1 6 - p o i n t 1 5 1 6 / 1 5 Y
4 - n o d e d
q u a d r i l a te r a l
2 2 x 2 3 2/3 N 3 x 3 5 2/5 N
8 - n o d e d
q u a d r i l a te r a l
6 3 x 3 6 1 Y 3 x 3 9 2/3 N
1 2 - n o d e d
q u a d r i l a te r a l
1 0 4 x 4 1 0 1 Y 4 x 4 1 3 1 0 / 1 3 N
1 7 - n o d e d
q u a d r i l a te r a l
1 6 5 x 5 1 4 8/7 Y 5 x 5 1 9 1 6 / 1 9 N
Sloan, S. W. and Randolph, M. F. (1982) Numerical prediction of collapse loads using finite element analysis, Int. J. Num. Ana. Meth. Geo.
26
x
y
u
v
1
2
3
Function:
u(x,y) = a
1
+ a
2
x + a
3
y
v(x,y) = b
1
+ b
2
x + b
3
y
(x
1
, y
1
)
u
1
, v
1
(x
3
, y
3
)
u
3
, v
3
(x
2
, y
2
)
u
2
, v
2
u
1
= u(x
1
, y
1
) = a
1
+ a
2
x
1
+ a
3
y
1
u
2
= u(x
2
, y
2
) = a
1
+ a
2
x
2
+ a
3
y
2
u
3
= u(x
3
, y
3
) = a
1
+ a
2
x
3
+ a
3
y
3

(
(
(

3
2
1
3 3
2 2
1 1
3
2
1
1
1
1
a
a
a
y x
y x
y x
u
u
u
u = ?
Solve for
a
1
, a
2
, a
3
27

+ +
+ +
+ +
=

=
2A
) x y(x ) y x(y ) y x y (x
2A
) x y(x ) y x(y ) y x y (x
2A
) x y(x ) y x(y ) y x y (x
N
N
N
N
1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1
3 1 1 3 3 1 1 3
2 3 3 2 2 3 3 2
3
2
1
{

=
)
`

=
3
3
2
2
1
1
3 2 1
3 2 1
N 0 N 0 N 0
0 N 0 N 0 N
v
u
U
v
u
v
u
v
u
Functi on of (x,y)
Functi on of (x,y)
{

=
)
`

=
6
6
5
5
4
4
3
3
2
2
1
1
6 5 4 3 2 1
6 5 4 3 2 1
N 0 N 0 N 0 N 0 N 0 N 0
0 N 0 N 0 N 0 N 0 N 0 N
v
u
U
v
u
v
u
v
u
v
u
v
u
v
u
28
x
y
u
v
1 2
3
(x
1
, y
1
)
u
1
, v
1
(x
3
, y
3
)
u
3
, v
3
(x
2
, y
2
)
u
2
, v
2
u = ?
6
5
4
(x
6
, y
6
)
u
6
, v
6
(x
5
, y
5
)
u
5
, v
5
(x
4
, y
4
)
u
4
, v
4
Function:
u(x,y) = a
1
+ a
2
x + a
3
y + a
4
x
2
+ a
5
xy + a
6
y
2
v(x,y) = b
1
+ b
2
x + b
3
y + b
4
x
2
+ b
5
xy + b
6
y
2

(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

6
5
4
3
2
1
2
6 6 6
2
6 6 6
2
5 5 5
2
5 5 5
2
4 4 4
2
4 4 4
2
3 3 3
2
3 3 3
2
2 2 2
2
2 2 2
2
1 1 1
2
1 1 1
6
5
4
3
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
a
a
a
a
a
a
y y x x y x
y y x x y x
y y x x y x
y y x x y x
y y x x y x
y y x x y x
u
u
u
u
u
u
Strain within an element:
Displacement:
u(x,y) = a
1
+ a
2
x + a
3
y + a
4
x
2
+ a
5
xy + a
6
y
2
v(x,y) = b
1
+ b
2
x + b
3
y + b
4
x
2
+ b
5
xy + b
6
y
2
Strain:
29
u
v
1 2
3
6
5
4
y a x a a
x
u
5 4 2 xx
2 + + =
c
c
= c
y b x b
y
v
6 5
3
yy
2 b + + =
c
c
= c
y b a x b a a b
x
y
y
u
) 2 ( ) 2 ( ) (
5
6 4 5 3 2 xy
+ + + + + =
c
c
+
c
c
=
{ j {
e
U B =
e
c
30
Constitutive Relation
Stress and strain can be written in vector form and then
expressed as
{ j { c o D =
Linear isotropic elasticity
31
1 2
3
6
5
4
P
1x
P
1Y
Body forces and surface tractions applied
to the element may be generalized into a
set of forces acting at the nodes
Based on an appropriate variational
principle (e.g. minimum potential energy) to
derive element equations:
j { {
e e
P U =
e
K
where
j v DBd B K
T e
}
=
In order to get [K
e
], integration (gaussian
integration) must be performed for each element.
Basically, the integral of the function is replaced
by weighted sum of the function at a number of
integration points
32
The stiffness for the complete mesh is evaluated by combining the
individual element stiffness matrixes assembly)
This produces a square matrix K of dimension equal to the number of
degree-of-freedom in the mesh
The global vector of nodal forces P is obtained in a similar way by
assembling the element nodal force vectors
The assembled stiffness matrix and force vector are related by:
j { { P U K =
33
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

(
(
(
(
(

1
44
1
34
1
33
1
24
1
23
1
22
1
14
1
13
1
12
1
11
1
33
1
43
1
44
1
24
1
23
1
22
1
14
1
13
1
12
1
11
K
K K
K K K
K K K K
K
K K
K K K
K K K K
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

+
+ +

(
(
(
(
(

2
66
2
56
2
55
2
46
2
45
2
44
1
44
2
36
2
35
2
34
1
34
2
33
1
33
1
24
1
23
1
22
1
14
1
13
1
12
1
11
2
55
2
65
2
66
2
45
2
46
2
44
2
35
2
36
2
34
2
33
K
K K
K K K K
K K K K K K
K K K
K K K K
K
K K
K K K
K K K K
Find symmetrical features, central
line can be a roller boundary. (CL)
(1)
Soil domain needs to be large
enough to avoid boundary effect.
(10x(B/2), 10x(B/2))
The bottom boundary can be fixed
boundary. (2)
The side boundary can be roller
boundary. (3)
Top boundary is normally a free
boundary. (4)
34
C
L
Footing (B/2)
10x(B/2)
10x(B/2)
1
2
3
4
Element size: the smaller, the more accurate
Element type: the higher order, the more accurate
Boundary conditions: domain size, realistic
Constitutive model: complexity economy
Soil parameters: realistic, measurable
Understanding of the real problem numerical
model
35
Less elements to reduce computation time
Smaller elements to increase accuracy
36
Optimum Mesh
Combination of coarse and fine mesh
How ?
37
Footing (B/2)
Displacement control (prescribed displacement) or
load control (prescribed load) ?
2-dimensional or 3-dimensional analysis ?
Plain strain or axisymmetric ?
Drained, undrained or consolidation analysis?
Construction Stages
38
Pre-processing
Define problem(2D or 3D? Plain strain or Axisymmetric? Soil model?
Drained or undrained?); define domain (size?); define boundary
condition; generate mesh (element type? mesh density?); input
soil/foundation parameters (worked out soil parameter from site
investigation).
2) Calculation
FEM Calculation Steps
3) Post-processing
Process calculation results, such as soil stress/strain distribution; soil
deformations, et al.
39