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Transmission Line Impedance Matching & Mismatching

PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVE Upon successful completion this experiment, the student will be able to learn:
1. 2. 3. 4. Get started with AWR Microwave Office Tool Transmission line impedance matching and mismatching. Calculation of Standing Wave ratio and reflection Co-efficient Plotting of SWR & Reflection Co-efficient on Smith Chart

Discussion
Voltage Standing Wave Ratio:
VSWR stands for Voltage Standing Wave Ratio, and is also referred to as Standing Wave Ratio (SWR). VSWR is a function of the reflection coefficient, which describes the power reflected from the antenna. If the reflection coefficient is given by , then the VSWR is defined as:

For a radio (transmitter or receiver) to deliver power to an antenna or a load, the impedance of the radio and transmission line must be well matched to the antenna's impedance. The parameter VSWR is a measure that numerically describes how well the antenna is impedance matched to the radio or transmission line it is connected to. The VSWR is always a real and positive number for antennas. The smaller the VSWR is, the better the antenna is matched to the transmission line and the more power is delivered to the antenna. The minimum VSWR is 1.0. In this case, no power is reflected from the antenna, which is ideal.

Physical Meaning of VSWR:

VSWR is determined from the voltage measured along a transmission line leading to an antenna. VSWR is the ratio of the peak amplitude of a standing wave to the minimum amplitude of a standing wave, as seen in the following Figure:

Figure 1. Voltage Measured Along a Transmission Line.

Reflection Co-efficient:
When an antenna or the load is not matched to the receiver, power is reflected. This causes a "reflected voltage wave", which creates standing waves along the transmission line. The amount of reflection due to the mismatch is given by reflection co-efficient ( ). If the VSWR = 1.0, there would be no reflected power and the voltage would have a constant magnitude along the transmission line. The reflection Coefficient is given by

Standing Wave Patterns

VSWR, Reflected Power & S11

Table I. VSWR, Reflected Power, and (s11)

VSWR 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 50.0

(s11) 0.000 0.200 0.333 0.429 0.500 0.556 0.600 0.667 0.714 0.750 0.778 0.800 0.818 0.875 0.905 0.961

Reflected Power (%) 0.00 4.0 11.1 18.4 25.0 30.9 36.0 44.0 51.0 56.3 60.5 64.0 66.9 76.6 81.9 92.3

Reflected Power (dB) -Infinity -14.0 -9.55 -7.36 -6.00 -5.10 -4.44 -6.02 -2.92 -2.50 -2.18 -1.94 -1.74 -1.16 -0.87 -0.35

Note that VSWR is a highly non-linear function of the reflection co-efficient.

Lab Task
Design the following circuit in AWR Microwave Office

Case 1

Where, Zs = Source Impedance Zo = Characteristic Impedance Zl = Load Impedance

Place the value of the impedance and match the impedance i-e Zs = Zo = Zl o Match the source impedance, characteristic impedance and load impedance o Analyze what happens when all the impedance are matched & Plot the reflection coefficient on the smith chart.

Case 2
Mis-match the source impedance and keep the characteristic impedance and load impedance same i-e Zs [Zo = Zl] o Analyze what happens at the point of mismatch. Plot reflection co-efficient and VSWR o What happens when Zs > [Zo = Zl]. Plot the reflection co-efficient and VSWR o What happens when Zs < [Zo = Zl]. Plot the reflection co-efficient and VSWR

Case 3
Mis-match the source impedance and keep the characteristic impedance and load impedance same i-e [Zs = Zo] Zl o Analyze what happens at the point of mismatch. Plot reflection co-efficient and VSWR o What happens when [Zs = Zo] > Zl. Plot the reflection co-efficient and VSWR o What happens when [Zs = Zo] < Zl. Plot the reflection co-efficient and VSWR

Note: Write a comprehensive report with proper table to contents (not mandatory) and detail case study analysis with graphs attached and proper references (not mandatory). Try to verify the results theoretically as well. The videos that I gave you and told you are going to help in doing these cases. Adios Amigos