RLE 2-A; Section 10 12 Tumampos, Bea Desiree 13 Turiano, Marie Christine 14 Ulpindo, Catherin Jane 15 Umali, Mara Patrizia

16 Uy, Jerome 17 Valdellon, Francesca WHAT ARE HUMAN RIGHTS? Human rights are universal - the birth right of all human beings. Human rights focus on the inherent dignity and equal worth of all human beings. All human rights are equal, indivisible and interdependent. 4 categories of obligations: Respecting a right means that a state must not violate a particular right. Protecting a right means that a state has to prevent violations of that right by non-state actors. Fulfilling a right means that a state has to take all appropriate measures, like allotting budgetary resources, to the realization of that right. Promoting a right means that a state must educate the public and raise awareness about that right. (United Nations Development Programme) HISTORY OF THE UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which was adopted by the UN General Assembly on 10 December 1948, was the result of the experience of the Second World War. With the end of that war, and the creation of the United Nations, the international community vowed never again to allow atrocities like those of that conflict happen again. World leaders decided to complement the UN Charter with a road map to guarantee the rights of every individual everywhere. The document they considered, and which would later become the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, was taken up at the first session of the General Assembly in 1946. The Assembly reviewed this draft Declaration on Fundamental Human Rights and Freedoms and transmitted it to the Economic and Social Council "for reference to the Commission on Human Rights for consideration . . . in its preparation of an international bill of rights." The Commission, at its first session early in 1947, authorized its members to formulate what it termed "a preliminary draft International Bill of Human Rights". Later the work was taken over by a formal drafting committee, consisting of members of the Commission from eight States, selected with due regard for geographical distribution. The Commission on Human Rights was made up of 18 members from various political, cultural and religious backgrounds. Eleanor Roosevelt, widow of American President Franklin D. Roosevelt, chaired the UDHR drafting committee. With her were Ren Cassin of France, who composed the first draft of the Declaration, the Committee Rapporteur Charles Malik of Lebanon, Vice-Chairman Peng Chung Chang of China, and John Humphrey of Canada, Director of the UNs Human Rights Division, who

prepared the Declarations blueprint. But Mrs. Roosevelt was recognized as the driving force for the Declarations adoption. The final draft by Cassin was handed to the Commission on Human Rights, which was being held in Geneva. The draft declaration sent out to all UN member States for comments became known as the Geneva draft. The first draft of the Declaration was proposed in September 1948 with over 50 Member States participating in the final drafting. By its resolution 217 A (III) of 10 December 1948, the General Assembly, meeting in Paris, adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights with eight nations abstaining from the vote but none dissenting. The entire text of the UDHR was composed in less than two years. At a time when the world was divided into Eastern and Western blocks, finding a common ground on what should make the essence of the document proved to be a colossal task. ARTICLE 17 (1) Everyone has the right to own property alone as well as in association with others. (2) No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his property

Property is a necessity. "Property" doesn't mean simply land, or any other physical good. Property is anything that people can use, control, or dispose of. A property right means the freedom to use, control, or dispose of an object or entity. (David Boaz, 1997) Every natural or legal person is entitled to the peaceful enjoyment of his possessions. No one shall be deprived of his possessions except in the public interest and subject to the conditions provided for by law and by the general principles of international law. (Protection of Property in European Convention of Human Rights, 1948) St. Thomas Aquinas writes of property as a theologian. He approaches property in discussing the decalogue, the command that "Thou shalt not steal" . The discussion concerning stealing is to be found in the Summa Theologica, II-II q. 66. Stealing is taking the property of another, whether secretly by theft (furtus) or openly by robbery (rapina). What is a man's claim to property? Why must others respect a man's claim to something as his own? The first article is the following: whether the possession of exterior goods is natural to man. The first point Thomas makes is that God has possession over all things in a primary sense. Things by their nature obey God, since their nature comes from God himself. Man's ownership of things is over the use of things. Man can use things for his own good. Lower things are for the sake of higher things, and so the things of nature are for the sake of man to use for his own good. Thomas cites Aristotle's Politics: that the possession of exterior things is natural to man.

Aristotle's Politics (Book I, chapter 3) contains in investigation into the nature of various kinds of property. Aristotle says "Property of this sort then seems to be bestowed by nature herself upon all, as immediately upon their first coming into existence." After Thomas cites Aristotle, he looks to the Sacred Scripture, the book of Genesis (I, 26). The natural dominion of man over other creatures, which belongs to man in keeping with his reason, is manifested in the creation of man: "Let us make man to our image and likeness, and he will be lord over the fishes of the sea, etc... It is God who has first dominion or ownership of all things, and by his providence he ordered some things for man's sustenance. So, we find a world ready and provided for us with food, or at least with the raw materials to produce food, and so we have a natural dominion over these things, that is, the right to use them. At the same time, we must remember that things primarily belong to the Creator. Therefore, man is not the master of all. Rather, God is. With regard to the first, man has the moral right to take possession of things. The right is based on necessity or need. The power to take possession of things is necessary to human life for three reasons: 1. Each person is more concerned about procuring something that will belong to him alone and something that will belong to many or to all. If something belongs to all, then each man will shirk his labor and will tend to leave to others that which concerns the whole community. This is the case in a household where there are many servants. It is also the case in a bureaucracy. The individual bureaucrat has no reason to take on more work than he has, and he has no personal stake in being more diligent about public property. 2. Human affairs are handled in a more orderly manner when each man takes care of procuring something as his own. 3. Men live better in peace when each individual is content with his own things. When a group of people own something in common and without any division, there are frequent quarrels. With regard to the use of things, while each man has the right to take possession of things, he does not have the right to use these things with no regard to others. Man should not possess exterior things as if they were solely his own, but as if they were common. For example, he should share them willingly when others are in need. Thomas quotes the Apostle Paul: (First Letter to Timothy, 6: 17-19): Charge the rich of this world not to be proud, or to trust in the uncertainty of riches, but in God, who provides all things in abundance for our enjoyment. Let them do good and be rich in good works, giving readily, sharing with others, and thus providing for themselves a good foundation against the time to come, in order that they may lay hold on the true life. The desire for necessities is legitimate, but acquiring property can lead to greed (a. 18), which is the most evident form of moral underdevelopment (a. 19). Everyone has the right to obtain what is necessary, and all other rights are subordinate to this right, including the rights of property and free trade (a. 22). In other words, private property is

not an absolute and unconditioned right, and one is not justified in keeping for oneself what one does not need, when others lack necessities (a. 23). Sometimes the common good may even demand the expropriation of landed estates (a. 24). (Populorum Progressio 1967) The right to property is not absolute. Ultimately, God owns everything. We are simply stewards. Our God-limited right to property stems from our intrinsic dignity as creative creatures made in the image of God. As Pope Leo XIII said, the right of private property must be regarded as sacred. (Richards, 2010) Common good which the Church defines as the sum total of social conditions which allow people, either as groups or as individuals, to reach their fulfillment more fully and more easily (Compendium of the Social Doctrine of the Church,164). The conflict is partially the result of two differing perspectives on private property and its role in a just society. The Church sees no conflict between private ownership and common good; in fact, a respect for the right to own property is an essential element in advancing the common good. In Rerum Novarum, the first social encyclical, Pope Leo XIII condemned socialism (the communal ownership of the means of production through the instrument of the State) and affirmed that every man has by nature the right to possess property as his own (Rerum Novarum, 6). Furthermore, Pope Leo affirms, at least in part, the modern American conservatives conviction that financial gain provides an appropriate incentive toward productivity in service to the common good (Rerum Novarum, 8), and states that the practice of all ages has consecrated the principle of private ownership, as being pre-eminently in conformity with human nature, and as conducing in the most unmistakable manner to the peace and tranquility of human existence (Rerum Novarum, 11). This respect for individual property is grounded in the divine law, particularly the Seventh and Tenth Commandments, which prohibit theft and disordered desire for the goods of others. "And the great owners, who must lose their land in an upheaval, the great owners with access to history, with eyes to read history and to know the great fact when property accumulates in too few hands it is taken away. And that companion fact: when a majority of people are hungry and cold they will take by force what they need. And the little screaming fact that sounds through all history repression works only to strengthen and knit the repressed."- John Steinbeck, The Grapes of Wrath, Chapter 19 In state ownership, the properties are managed by the state rather than individuals or communities. State ownership may refer to state ownership or control of any asset, industry, or enterprise at any level, national, regional or local (municipal); or to common (full-community) non-state ownership. The process of bringing an asset into public ownership is called nationalization or municipalization. Individual use "rights" are based on the state's management policies. For example, if a family is allocated in an apartment that is state owned, it will have been granted a tenancy of the apartment, which may be lifelong or inheritable, but the management and control rights are held by various government departments. The following is cited from a research conducted by: Mary M. Shirley and Patrick Walsh entitled Public versus Private Ownership: The Current State of the Debate: Our review found greater ambiguity about ownership in theory than in the

empirical literature. In the debate over the effects of competition, theory suggests that ownership may matter and if so, that private firms will outperform SOEs. The empirical studies squarely favor private ownership in competitive markets. Theorys ambiguity about ownership in monopoly markets seems better justified, since the empirical literature is also less conclusive about the effects of ownership in such markets. Theories that assume a welfare maximizing government suggest that SOEs can correct market failures. In contrast, public choice theories are skeptical of the benevolent government model. Corporate governance theories suggest that even well intentioned governments may not be able to assure that SOE managers do their bidding. The empirical literature favors those skeptical of SOEs as a tool to address market failures. In studies of industrialized countries, where we might expect more developed political markets to motivate greater government concern with welfare maximization or better information and incentives to overcome corporate governance problems, private firms still have an advantage. The private advantage is more pronounced in developing countries, where market failures are more likely. In brief, it states that state-owned enterprises are more successful in developed political markets and are able to overcome corporate government problems. Also, private firms are more advantageous in developing countries. Privately or state owned properties both have their advantages and disadvantages, it all depends on the kind of people managing them. Philippine Republic Act 386 Book 2 Chapter 1 Article 427 Ownership may be exercised over things or rights. Philippine Republic Act 386 Book 2 Chapter 1 Article 428 Art. 428. The owner has the right to enjoy and dispose of a thing, without other limitations than those established by law. Philippine Republic Act 6657 An Act Instituting a Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program To Promote Social Justice and Industrialization, Providing the Mechanism For Its Implementation, and For Other Purposes. It is the policy of the State to pursue a Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP). The welfare of the landless farmers and farm workers will receive the highest consideration to promote social justice and to move the nation toward sound rural development and industrialization, and the establishment of owner cultivatorship of economic-size farms as the basis of Philippine agriculture. The State shall promote industrialization and full employment based on sound agricultural development and agrarian reform, through industries that make full and efficient use of human and natural resources, and which are competitive in both domestic and foreign markets: Provided, That the conversion of agricultural lands into industrial, commercial or residential lands shall take into account, tillers' rights and national food security. Further, the State shall protect Filipino enterprises against unfair foreign competition and trade practices. The agrarian reform program is founded on the right of farmers and regular farm workers, who are landless, to own directly or collectively the

lands they till or, in the case of other farm workers, to receive a just share of the fruits thereof. To this end, the State shall encourage and undertake the just distribution of all agricultural lands, subject to the priorities and retention limits set forth in this Act, taking into account ecological, developmental, and equity considerations, and subject to the payment of just compensation. The State shall respect the right of small landowners, and shall provide incentives for voluntary land sharing. Section 9. Ancestral Lands. For purposes of this Act, ancestral lands of each indigenous cultural community shall include, but not be limited to, lands in the actual, continuous and open possession and occupation of the community and its members: provided that the Torrens Systems shall be respected. The right of these communities to their ancestral lands shall be protected to ensure their economic, social and cultural well-being. In line with the principles of selfdetermination and autonomy, the systems of land ownership, land use, and the modes of settling land disputes of all these communities must be recognized and respected. Section 19. Incentives for Voluntary Offers for Sales. Landowners, other than banks and other financial institutions, who voluntarily offer their lands for sale shall be entitled to an additional five percent (5%) cash payment. Philippine Republic Act 9700 The RA 9700 or the CARPER law which was signed by GMA on August 7, 2009 contains an extension of the budget for CARP especially the Land Acquisition and Distribution (LAD) program for five years starting July 1, 2009 and the necessary reforms to complete the acquisition and distribution of the remaining One Million Hectares of private agricultural lands to landless farmers. Moreover, CARPER law provides for clarification of policies and its interpretation by CARP implementation agencies including the decision of judicial courts. Agrarian Reform means the redistribution of lands, regardless of crops or fruits produced, to farmers and regular farm workers who are landless, irrespective of tenurial arrangement, to include the totality of factors and support services designed to lift the economic status of the beneficiaries and all other arrangements alternative to the physical redistribution of lands, such as production or profit-sharing, labor administration, and the distribution of shares of stock which will allow beneficiaries to receive a just share of the fruits of the lands they work. SEC. 4.Scope. -The Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law of 1988 shall cover, regardless of tenurial arrangement and commodity produced, all public and private agricultural lands as provided in Proclamation No. 131 and Executive Order No. 229, including other lands of the public domain suitable for agriculture: Provided, That landholdings of landowners with a total area of five (5) hectares and below shall not be covered for acquisition and distribution to qualified beneficiaries. SEC. 7. Priorities. - The DAR, in coordination with the Presidential Agrarian Reform Council (PARC) shall plan and program the final acquisition and

distribution of all remaining unacquired and undistributed agricultural lands from the effectivity of this Act until June 30, 2014. Phase One: During the five (5)-year extension period hereafter all remaining lands above fifty (50) hectares shall be covered for purposes of agrarian reform upon the effectivity of this Act. All private agricultural lands of landowners with aggregate landholdings in excess of fifty (50) hectares which have already been subjected to a notice of coverage issued on or before December 10, 2008; rice and corn lands under Presidential Decree No. 27; all idle or abandoned lands; all private lands voluntarily offered by the owners for agrarian reform: Provided, That with respect to voluntary land transfer, only those submitted by June 30, 2009 shall be allowed Provided, further, That after June 30, 2009, the modes of acquisition shall be limited to voluntary offer to sell and compulsory acquisition: Provided, furthermore, That all previously acquired lands wherein valuation is subject to challenge by landowners shall be completed and finally resolved pursuant to Section 17 of Republic Act No. 6657, as amended: Provided, finally, as mandated by the Constitution, Republic Act No. 6657, as amended, and Republic Act No. 3844,as amended, only farmers (tenants or lessees) and regular farm workers actually tilling the lands, as certified under oath by the Barangay Agrarian Reform Council (BARC) and attested under oath by the landowners, are the qualified beneficiaries. The intended beneficiary shall state under oath before the judge of the city or municipal court that he/she is willing to work on the land to make it productive and to assume the obligation of paying the amortization for the compensation of the land and the land taxes thereon; all lands foreclosed by government financial institutions; all lands acquired by the Presidential Commission on Good Government (PCGG); and all other lands owned by the government devoted to or suitable for agriculture, which shall be acquired and distributed immediately upon the effectivity of this Act, with the implementation to be completed by June 30, 2012; "Phase Two: (a) Lands twenty-four (24) hectares up to fifty (50) hectares shall likewise be covered for purposes of agrarian reform upon the effectivity of this Act. All alienable and disposable public agricultural lands; all arable public agricultural lands under agro-forest, pasture and agricultural leases already cultivated and planted to crops in accordance with Section 6, Article XIII of the Constitution; all public agricultural lands which are to be opened for new development and resettlement: and all private agricultural lands of landowners with aggregate landholdings above twenty-four (24) hectares up to fifty (50) hectares which have already been subjected to a notice of coverage issued on or before December 1O, 2008, to implement principally the rights of farmers and regular farm workers, who are landless, to own directly or collectively the lands they till, which shall be distributed immediately upon the effectivity of this Act, with the implementation to be completed by June 30, 2012; and "Phase Three: All other private agricultural lands commencing with large landholdings and proceeding to medium and small landholdings under the following schedule:

"(a) Lands of landowners with aggregate landholdings above ten (10) hectares up to twenty- four (24)hectares, insofar as the excess hectarage above ten (10) hectares is concerned, to begin on July 1,2012 and to be completed by June 30, 2013; and "(b) Lands of landowners with aggregate landholdings from the retention limit up to ten (10) hectares, to begin on July 1, 2013 and to be completed by June 30, 2014; to implement principally the right of farmers and regular farm workers who are landless, to own directly or collectively the lands they till. SECTION 8 Order of Priority - A landholding of a landowner shall be distributed first to qualified beneficiaries of that same landholding up to a maximum of three (3) hectares each. Only when these beneficiaries have all received three (3) hectares each, shall the remaining portion of the landholding, if any, be distributed to other beneficiaries. SEC. 18. Valuation and Mode of Compensation. - The LBP shall compensate the landowner in such amount as may be agreed upon by the landowner and the DAR and LBP or as may be finally determined by the court as just compensation for the land. The compensation shall be paid in one of the following modes at the option of the landowner: (1) Cash payment, under the following terms and conditions: (a) For lands above fifty (50) hectares, insofar as the excess hectarage is concerned - Twenty-five percent (25%) cash, the balance to be paid in government financial instruments negotiable at any time. (b) For lands above twenty-four hectares and up to fifty (50) hectares Thirty percent (30%) cash, the balance to be paid in government financial instruments negotiable at any time. (c) For lands twenty-four (24) hectares and below - Thirty-five percent (35%) cash, the balance to be paid in government financial instruments negotiable at any time. (2) Shares of stock in government-owned or controlled corporations, LBP preferred shares, physical assets or other qualified investments in accordance with guidelines set by the PARC; (3) Tax credits which can be used against any tax liability; (4) LBP bonds INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS - defined as any "original creative work manifested in a tangible form that can be legally protected" Intellectual Property is divided into two categories: a) Industrial Property - patents, trademarks and industrial designs. b) Copyright - includes works of art, literature, music and more recently computer programs. Intellectual property shall include rights relating to: * literary, artistic and scientific works,

* performances of performing artists, phonograms and broadcasts, * inventions in all fields of human endeavor, * scientific discoveries, * industrial designs, * trademarks, service marks and commercial names and designation, * protection against unfair competition, and all other rights relating to intellectual activity in the industrial, scientific, literary or artistic fields." Laws on Intellectual Property Rights Republic Act No. 8293 otherwise known as the Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines was enacted and signed into law in 1997. It took effect on January 1, 1998. Philippine Governing Body: Bureau of Patents, Trademarks and Technology Transfer [BPTTT]. Definition Coverage Exclusions Sources Patents The R.A. 8293 Part II R.A. 8293 Part II Sec. http://www.w word patent Sec. 21. 22. Non-Patentable ipo.int/patent originates Patentable Inventions. - The scope/en/pat from Inventions. - Any following shall be ents_faq.htm the Latin pat technical excluded from patent l#protection ere, which solution of a protection: means "to lay problem in any 22.1.-22.6 open" (i.e., to field of human Discoveries, http://www.c make activity which is schemes, methods for hanrobles.co available for new, involves an treatment of the m/legal7pate public inventive step human or animal body nts.htm#.UAt inspection). and is by surgery or therapy yG2FRI30 More directly, industrially and diagnostic it is a applicable shall methods practiced on Governing shortened be patentable. It the human or animal Body: World version of the may be, or may body, Intellectual term letters relate to, a plant varieties or Property patent, which product, or animal breeds. Organization was a royal process, or an 22.5. Aesthetic decree granti improvement of creations; and ng exclusive any of the 22.6. Anything which rights to a foregoing. is contrary to public person, order or morality. (Sec. predating the 8, R. A. No. 165a) modern Sec. 23. Novelty. - An patent invention shall not be system. considered new if it forms part of a prior art. (Sec. 9, R. A. No. 165a) Sec. 24. Prior Art. Trademark A trademark, A trademark may R.A. 8293 Part III Sec. http://www.in

trade mark, or trademark is a distinctive sig n or indicator used by an individual, bu siness organization, or other legal entity to identify for consumer s that the products or services o n or with which the trademark appears originate from a unique source, designated for a specific market, and to distinguish its products or services from those of other entities.

be any word 123 Registrability. (XEROX), name a. Consists of (GIORGIO immoral, ARMANI), deceptive or slogan (GOT scandalous MILK?), symbol matter (McDonalds b. Consists of the golden arches), flag or coat of device (the arms or other Pillsbury insignia of the Doughboy), Philippines package design c. Consists of a (Coca-Cola name, portrait bottle), or or signature combination of identifying a these that serves particular living to identify and individual distinguish a except by his product from written consent others in the d. Is identical with marketplace and a registered identify it with its mark belonging source. Even a to a different sound (NBC proprietor chimes), color (green-gold shade for Qualitex dry cleaning press pads), smell (freshly cut grass for tennis balls), or hologram (1997 MasterCard Globe Hologram Design) can function as a trademark.

ta.org/Trade markBasics/ FactSheets/ Pages/Learn theLanguage FactSheet.a spx http://www.c hanrobles.co m/legal7mar ks.htm#.UAt 3LGFRI30 Governing Body: International Trademark Association

Copyright

A copyright protects the original way an idea is expressed, not the idea itself. This includes artistic, literary, dramatic or musical works presented in a tangible medium such as a book, photograph, CD, or movie.

R.A. 8293 Part IV Chapter II Sec. 172. Literary and Artistic Works

R.A. 8293 Part IV Chapter IV Sec. 175. Unprotected Subject Matter. Notwithstanding the provisions of Sections (a) Books, 172 and 173, no pamphlets, protection shall articles and extend, under this law, other writings; to any idea, (b) Periodicals procedure, system and newspapers; method or operation, (c) Lectures, concept, principle, sermons, discovery or mere data addresses, as such, even if they dissertations are expressed, prepared for oral explained, illustrated delivery, whether or embodied in a work; or not reduced in news of the day and writing or other other miscellaneous material form; facts having the (d) Letters; character of mere (e) Dramatic or items of press dramaticoinformation; or any musical official text of a compositions legislative, (f) Musical administrative or legal compositions, nature, as well as any with or without official translation words; thereof. (n) (g) Works of drawing (h) Original ornamental designs or models for articles of manufacture (i) Illustrations, (j) Drawings or plastic works (k) Photographic works (l) Audiovisual and cinematographic works (m) Pictorial illustrations and

http://www.c hanrobles.co m/legal7cop yright.htm#. UAt8sGFRI3 0

advertisements; (n) Computer programs; and (o) Other literary, scholarly, scientific and artistic works. R.A. 8293 Part IV Chapter III Sec. 173. Derivative Works 173.1. The following derivative works shall also be protected by copyright: (a) Dramatizations, translations, adaptations, abridgments, arrangements, and other alterations of literary or artistic works; and (b) Collections of literary, scholarly or artistic works 173.2. The works referred to in paragraphs (a) and (b) of Subsection 173.1 shall be protected as a new works: Provided however, That such new work shall not affect the force of any subsisting copyright upon the original

works employed or any part thereof, or be construed to imply any right to such use of the original works, or to secure or extend copyright in such original works. (Sec. 8, P. D. 49; Art. 10, TRIPS) Bible Verses You shall not steal (Exod. 20:15) The earth is the Lords and the fullness thereof, the world and those who dwell therein, for he had founded it upon the seas and established it upon the rivers. (Psalm 24:1-2) And God blessed them. And God said to them, Be fruitful and multiply and fill the earth and subdue it and have dominion over the fish of the sea and over the birds of the heavens and over every living thing that moves on the earth. (Gen 1:28) Expropriation is the politically motivated and forceful confiscation and redistribution of private property outside the common law provided that it would be for the welfare of the common good. This is supported by the CARP and CARPER mentioned earlier. The biblical basis is from the following verses: The Lord, your God will bless you abundantly in the land he will give you to occupy as your heritage. There should be no one of you in need. (Deuteronomy 15:4) If there is among you a poor man, one of your brothers, you shall not harden your heart or shut your hand against your poor brother, but you shall open your hand to him, and lend him sufficient for his need. (Deut. 15:7-8) The needy will never be lacking in the land, that is why I command you to open your hand to your poor and needy brothers in your country. (Deut. 15:11) When a stranger sojourns with you in your land, you shall not do him wrong. The stranger who sojourns with you shall be to you as the native among you, and you shall love him as yourself; for you were strangers in the land of Egypt: I am the Lord your God. (Lev. 19:33-34) The "birthright" is the biblical tradition that bestows upon the firstborn son the father's possessions upon the father's death. The birthright promise came from God's original promises to Abraham. It was a "dual" promise of both a "material" and "spiritual" nature. One was of temporary material "national greatness" that will ultimately be fulfilled in the establishment of the Kingdom of

God on earth. Starting in chapter 12 of Genesis, Abraham is chosen by God to be the father of many nations and whom the world would be blessed through. (Genesis 12:1-3; 13:16; 15:3-5, 17:1-7; 22:17) The promises given to Abraham by God are: You will be a great nation You will be a multitude of nations Your name shall be great You will be a blessing Blessed be everyone who blesses you Cursed be everyone who curses you In you all families of the earth will be blessed Your descendants shall be as numerous as the stars in heaven Your descendants will be as numerous as the sand on the seashore Kings will come from you You will be exceedingly fruitful Sarah, Abraham's wife, was also promised blessings and so were her children (Genesis 17:15-16):

She will be blessed She will be a mother of many nations Kings of people will come from her

APPLICATION A very concrete example would be the constant downloading of torrents as well as the illegal photocopying of books, journals without the consent of the publisher or the author himself. Another example is the currently very well known debate between the Philippines against a lot of countries like China regarding the Spratly Islands. There has also been news about the Philippine government seizing properties and some belongings of both previous presidents, Marcos and Estrada who were both known to have used the Filipino's money for their personal gain. The Philippine government auctioned off on Tuesday a prime property once owned by the late dictator Ferdinand Marcos for more than $2 million. The 3,900-square-meter (41,000square-foot) lot in the mountain resort city of Baguio was acquired by a real estate firm for P93 million ($2.16 million), said Nick Suarez of the Presidential Commission on Good Government. (Tempo, 2012) The act of stealing is a direct violation of this right. Taking someone's property as own is certainly depriving someone of his rights.

one's

Another example would be the comprehensive agrarian reform program that was recently approved that would finally let the hardworking farmers from Hacienda Luisita earn the land that they had plowed and took care of. On June 10, the Aquino administration and its Department of Agrarian Reform will celebrate the 24th anniversary of the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP). But for us in the farmers sector, theres no reason to celebrate. Agrarian reform, especially land distribution which is the heart of the program, is languishing under President Aquino. Agrarian Reform Secretary Gil delos Reyes already admitted that DAR will not be able to finish land distribution, leaving around 500,000 hectares almost half of DARs target land distributionundistributed by 2014. (Philippine Daily Inquirer, 2012)

SOURCES: St. Thomas Aquinas on Property. Retrieved on July 16, 2012: http://www.hyoomik.com/aquinas/property.html David Boaz (1997) Libertarianism. Retrieved on July 16, 2012: http://www.libertarianism.org/ex-5.html United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Retrieved on July 16, 2012: http://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/#atop Christian Community Bible Catholic Pastoral Edition (2005). Gerald Darring. Paul VI: Populorum Progressio: A Summary Article. Retrieved on July 16, 2012: http://www.shc.edu/theolibrary/resources/summary_populorm.htm Rodney Chrisman. (August 26, 2010) God Created Private Property and It is a Good Thing. Retrieved on July 16, 2012: http://www.rodneychrisman.com/2010/08/26/god-created-private-property-and-itis-a-good-thing/ Dr. Christophe Golay, Ioana Cismas. LEGAL OPINION: THE RIGHT TO PROPERTY FROM AHUMAN RIGHTS PERSPECTIVE. Retrieved on July 16, 2012: http://www.dd-rd.ca/site/_PDF/publications/humanright-en.pdf CRALAW. (n.d.). Retrieved July 22, 2012, from Chan Robles Virtual Law Library: http://www.chanrobles.com/legal7ipcp.htm#.UAtx_2FRI30 Raman, K. (2004). Ubiquity. Protecting intellectual property rightrs through information policy , 1-1. The Bible Truth. Retrieved on July 20, 2012: http://www.bibletruthonline.com/birthrightpromisesABRAHAMtoEPHRAIM.htm Mary M. Shirley, Patrick Walsh. Public versus Private Ownership: The Current State of the Debate. Retrieved on July 20, 2012: http://elibrary.worldbank.org/content/workingpaper/10.1596/1813-9450-2420 Republic Act 6657 (1988). Retrieved on July 20, 2012: http://agrarianreformlaw.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/ra-6657-as-amended.pdf Republic Act 9700 (2009), Retrieved on July 20, 2012: http://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra2009/ra_9700_2009.html Republic Act 9700 or CARPER law. (2010). Retrieved on July 20, 2012: http://gensanexchange.com/index.php?option=com_fireboard&Itemid=63&id=126 3&catid=31&func=fb_pdf Land Distribution under CARPER way off target by 50%. (2012). Retrieved on July 20, 2012: http://opinion.inquirer.net/29553/land-distribution-under-carperway-off-target-by-50 Marcos Property Sold for 2M. (2012). Retrieved on July 20, 2012: http://www.tempo.com.ph/2012/marcos-property-sold-for-2m/ Richards, Jay. Is the Right to Property Fundamental, Absolute, or Both? (2010). Retrieved on July 20, 2012: http://www.aei-ideas.org/2010/03/is-the-right-toproperty-fundamental-absolute-or-both/ Hall, Jason. The Right to Own Property is Important, But Not Absolute. (2011). Retrieved on July 20, 2012: http://ccky.org/wpcontent/uploads/2011/06/volume11number2Summer.pdf Chan, R. (n.d.). Chan Robles Virtual Law Library. Retrieved July 29, 2012, from CRVLL: http://www.chanrobles.com/republicacts/republicactno9700.php Editorial. (2009, 08 10). Retrieved July 29, 2012, from Inquirer.net: http://opinion.inquirer.net/inquireropinion/editorial/view/20090810219494/CARPer-right-and-wrong