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ctd) Some Important Chemical Compounds (a) Common Salt (NaCl) Sodium chloride is known as common salt .Its main source is sea water. It also exists in the form of rocks and sodium chloride obtained from rocks is called rock salt. Common salt is an important component of our food. It is also used for preparing sodium hydroxide, baking soda, washing soda etc. (b) Sodium Hydroxide or Caustic Soda (NaOH) Sodium hydroxide is prepared by passing electricity through an aqueous solution of sodium chloride (also known as brine). 2NaCl (aq) + 2H2O (l) 2NaOH (aq) + Cl2 (g) + H2 (g) This process is known as chlor -alkali process due to the formation of chlorine and sodium hydroxide (an alkali) as the products. Properties 1. It is a white translucent solid. 2. It is readily soluble in water to give a strongly alkaline solution. 3. Crystals of sodium hydroxide are deliquescent. (c) Bleaching Powder (CaOCl2 ) Its chemical name is calcium oxychloride .It is prepared by passing chlorine gas through dry slaked lime. Preperation: Ca (OH)2 + Slaked lime Uses : 1. For bleaching cotton and linen in textile industry. 2. For bleaching wood pulp in paper industry.
3. For disinfecting drinking water. 4.For the manufacture of Choloroform (CHCl3) 5.Used for making food unshrinkable. 6.Used as an oxidizing agent in many chemical industries.
d) Baking soda (NaHCO3) Its chemical name is sodium hydrogen carbonate .It is prepared by passing CO2 gas through brine solution Preperation : NaCl + H2O + CO2 + NH3 NH4Cl + NaHCO 3
Properties : 1. It is a white crystalline solid, sparingly soluble in water at room temperature. 2. Its aqueous solution is weakly alkaline due to hydrolysis. 3. On heating, it decomposes to give sodium carbonate and carbon dioxide. 2NaHCO3 Na2CO3+H2O+CO2. 4.It reacts with acids to give CO2 gas. NaHCO3+ HCl NaCl+ H2O+CO2 Uses1. It is used as a component of baking powder. In addition to sodium hydrogen carbonate baking soda contains tartaric acid. 2. It is used in soda- acid fire extinguisher. 3. It acts as mild antiseptic and antacid.
(e) Washing soda (Na2 CO3 .10 H2O) Its chemical name is sodium carbonate deca-hydrate. It is obtained by heating baking soda in turn is obtained by passing CO2 gas through sodium chloride solution saturated with ammonia . Preperation : NaCl + H2 O + CO2 + NH3 NH4 Cl+ NaHCO3 2 NaHCO3 Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2 Sodium Carbonate
Recrystallisation of sodium carbonates gives washing soda. Na2 CO3 + 10H2O Na2CO3.10H2O Uses1. It is used in glass, soap and paper industries. 2. It is used for removing permanent hardness of water. 3. It can be used as a cleansing agent for domestic purposes. 4. It is used in the manufacture of sodium compounds such as borax. (f) Plaster of Paris (CaSO4 .1/2 H2 O) Its chemical name is calcium sulphate hemihydrate. It is obtained by heating Gypsum upto 373K(100 C) Preperation : CaSO4 .2H2 O CaSO4..1/2H2O +3/2H2O Gypsum Plaster of Paris (P.O.P)
On treatment with water it is again converted into gypsum and sets as a hard mass. CaSO4..1/2H2O +3/2H2O CaSO4 .2H2 O Plaster of Paris Gypsum Uses 1. It is used by Doctors for setting fractured bones.
2. It is used for making statues, models and other decorative materials, toys , cosmetics, blackboard chalk . 3. It is used as a fire- proofing material. 4. It is used in chemical laboratories for sealing air gaps in apparatus where air- tight arrangement is required. 5. It is used for making surfaces smooth before painting them and for making ornamental designs on the ceilings of houses and other buildings.
Water Of Crystallisation & Hydrated Salts The water molecules which form part of the structure of a crystal of a salt are called as water of crystallisation. The salts which contain water of crystallisation are called as hydrated salts. Note: 1) Every hydrated salt has a fixed number of molecules of water of crystallisation in its one formula unit. For example Copper sulphate crystals has 5 molecules of water of crystallisation and hence written as CuSO4 . 5H2O. It is called as Copper sulphate pentahydrate. Other examples are Na2CO3.10H2O, CaSO4.5H2O, FeSO4.7H2O. 2) It should be noted that water of crystallisation is a part of crystal structure of a salt. Since water of crystallisation is not free water , therefore, it does not wet the salt. 3) The water of crystallisation gives the crystals of the salts their shape and in some cases, imparts them colour. For example hydrated CuSO4. Blue ; hydrated FeSO4 Green. Action of heat on hydrated salts When hydrated salts are heated strongly , they lose their water of crystallisation. .The salt which have lost their water of crystallisation are called as anhydrous salts. For example : CuSO4.5H2O heat CuSO4 + 5 H2O On strong heating, blue copper sulphate crystals turn white.(due to the loss of water of crystallisation). The dehydration of copper sulphate crystals is a reversible process. This implies the anhydrous copper sulphate turns blue on adding water. CuSO4 + 5 H2O CuSO4.5H2O