Functions 2.

2 Differential Protection

2.2.7
General

Setting Notes

Differential protection is only effective and available if this function was set during configuration of the Functional Scope = (address ) . If the function is not required is to be set. Additionally, the type of protected object must be decided during configuration (address ). Only those parameters are offered which are reasonable for the selected type of protected object; all remaining are suppressed. The differential protection can be switched or in address allows to operate the protection but the trip output relay is blocked. Note When delivered from factory, the differential protection is switched OFF. The reason is that the protection must not be in operation unless at least the connection group (of a transformer) and the matching factors have been set before. Without proper settings, the device may show unexpected reactions (incl. tripping)! . The option

Starpoint Conditioning If there is a current transformer in the starpoint connection of an earthed transformer winding, i. e. between starpoint and earth electrode, the starpoint current may be taken into consideration for calculations of the differential protection. The earth-fault sensitivity is thus ensured. If a starpoint is earthed but the earth current is not available for the measurement, the zero sequence current is eliminated automatically in order to avoid false operation in case of an external earth fault; the following parameters are then omitted. Equally, the parameters are not available if the respective transformer side has no earthed starpoint in the protected zone. You have informed the device about the earthing conditions during setting of the object properties (Subsection General Power System Data under margin heading Object Data with Transformers, addresses , , , and/or and Subsection Topology of the Protected Object under margin heading Assignment of Further 1-phase Measuring Locations). The conclusion is: If the starpoint of a side of the protected power transformer is earthed and the starpoint current is fed to the device (via a further 1-phase current input) you can, nevertheless, leave the default setting for inclusion of the earth current unchanged in address for side 1 on Yes. This parameter can only be altered with DIGSI under Additional Settings. The same considerations apply to any other or additional earthed sides: During setting for side 2 if earthed, for side 3 if earthed, for side 4 if earthed, for side 5 if earthed. the corresponding earth current will be considered by the differential protection.

In auto-transformers the earth current flowing in the winding can be considered even if a complete three-phase CT set has been installed as illustrated in figure 2-6, where instead of measuring location Z3 also the three phase currents can be connected to a three-phase measuring input of the device. The device then calculates the sum of the three currents and uses it as earth current. Set address to . It is required to assign the respective three-phase measuring location to one side and to declare it as earth winding (the side of the auto-connected winding facing the earth electrode). This parameter can only be altered in DIGSI at Display Additional Settings.

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Functions 2.2 Differential Protection

Differential Current Monitoring With busbar protection or short-line protection differential current can be monitored. At address the monitoring can be set to and . Its use is only sensible if one can distinguish clearly between operational error currents caused by missing transformer currents and fault currents caused by a fault in the protected object. The pickup value (address ) must be high enough to avoid a pickup caused by a transformation error of the current transformers and by minimum mismatching of different current transformers. On the other hand, the pickup value must lie clearly below the differential protection ( , address ); otherwise no differentiation between operational errors caused by missing secondary currents and fault currents due to short-circuit in the protected object would be possible. The pickup value is referred to the rated current of the protected object. Time delay (address ) applies to the annunciation and blocking of the differential protection. This setting ensures that blocking with the presence of faults (even of external ones) is avoided. The time delay usually amounts to a few seconds. Feeder Current Guard With busbars and short lines a release of the trip command can be set if one of the incoming currents is exceeded. The differential protection only trips if one of the measured currents exceeds the threshold (address ). The pickup value is referred to the rated current of the respective side. With setting (pre-setting) this release criterion will not be used. If the feeder current guard is set (i. e. to a value of > 0), the differential protection will not trip before the release criterion is given. This is also the case if, in conjunction with very high differential currents, the extremely fast instantaneous value scheme has detected the fault already after a few milliseconds. Trip Characteristic Differential Current The parameters of the tripping characteristic are set in addresses to . Figure 2-49 illustrates the meaning of the different settings. The numbers at the different branches of the characteristic signify the addresses of the settings. (address ) is the pickup value of the differential current. This is the total fault current into the protected object, regardless of the way this is distributed between the sides. The pickup value is referred to the rated current of the protected object. You may select a high sensitivity (small pickup value) for transformers (presetting 0.2 N Obj). With reactors, generators and motors the sensitivity can be set even higher, provided that the current transformer sets are of similar design. A higher value (above rated current) should be selected for lines and busbars. Higher measuring tolerances must be expected if the rated currents of the current transformers differ extensively from the rated current of the protected object, or if there are multiple measuring locations.

In case of busbars and short lines, the through-flowing current can increase substantially, depending on the stage could trip. In such cases should be set to . system. The unstable

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Functions 2.2 Differential Protection

Figure 2-49

Tripping characteristic of the differential protection

The tripping characteristic comprises two further branches. The base point of the first branch is determined by address and its slope by address . This parameter can only be set with DIGSI under Additional Settings. This branch covers current-proportional errors. These are mainly errors of the main current transformers and, in case of power transformers with tap changers, differential currents which occur due to the transformer regulating range. The percentage of this differential current in this latter case is equal to the percentage of the regulating range provided the rated voltage is corrected according to the description of the 2.1.4 in Object Data with Transformers. The second branch produces a higher restraint in the range of high currents which may lead to current transformer saturation. Its base point is set at address and is referred to the rated object current. The slope is set at address . The restraint during current transformer saturation can be influenced by this parameter branch. A higher gradient results in a higher restraint. This parameter can only be set with DIGSI at Additional Settings. Delay Times In special cases it may be advantageous to delay the trip signal of the differential protection. For this, an additional delay can be set. The delay time is started if an internal fault in the protected object has been detected by the DIFF>-stage and the trip characteristic. is the time delay for the tripping stage . This parameter can only be set with DIGSI at Additional Settings. The dropout time of all stages is determined by the minimum trip time duration of all protection functions. All setting times are additional delay times which do not include the operating times (measuring time, dropout time) of the protective function.

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Functions 2.2 Differential Protection

Increase of Pickup Value on Startup The increase of the pickup value on startup serves as an additional safety against overfunctioning when a nonenergised protection object is connected. At address it can be switched to or . Especially for motors or motor/transformer units in block connection it should be set to . The restraint current value (address ) is the value of the restraining current which is likely to be undershot before startup of the protected object takes place. This parameter can only be set with DIGSI at Additional Settings. Please be aware of the fact that the restraint current is twice the traversing operational current. The pre-set value of 0.1 represents 0.05 times the rated current of the protected object. Address determines by which factor the pickup value of the Diff> stage is to be increased on startup. The characteristic of this stage increases by the same factor. The IDiff>> stage is not affected. For motors or motor/transformer in unit connection, a value of is normally adequate. This parameter can only be set with DIGSI under Additional Settings. The increase of the pickup value is set back to its original value after time period has passed. Add-on Restraint In systems with very high traversing currents a dynamic add-on restraint is enabled for external faults. The initial value is set at address . The value is referred to the rated current of the protected object. The slope is the same as for characteristic branch b ( , address ). This parameter can only be set with DIGSI at Additional Settings. Please note that the fact that the restraint current is the arithmetical sum of the currents flowing into the protected object, i.e. it is twice the traversing current. The additional stabilisation does not influence the stage . The maximum duration of the add-on restraint after detection of an external fault is set to multiples of an ACcycle (address ). This parameter can only be set with DIGSI at Additional Settings. The add-on restraint is disabled automatically even before the set time period expires as soon as the device has detected that the operation point diff/ stab stationary (i.e. via at least one cycle) within the tripping zone near the fault characteristic ( 80 % of the fault characteristic slope). Add-on restraint operates individually per phase, but blocking can be extended to all three phases (so-called crossblock function). By means of address it can be determined how long the crossblock should be effective. This parameter can only be set with DIGSI at Additional Settings. Here, too, setting is in multiple of one AC-cycle. If 0 Per. cycle is set, crossblock is ineffective, i.e. only the phase with detected external fault will be blocked. Otherwise all phases will be blocked. in this case the same setting as for is advisable. When set to , the crossblock function is always effective. Harmonic Restraint Restraint with harmonic content is available only when the device is used as transformer protection, i.e. the (address ) is a or or or . This function is also used for shunt reactors if current transformers are installed at both sides of the connection points. The inrush restraint function with 2nd harmonic can be switched in address and . It is based on evaluation of the 2nd harmonic present in the switch-on inrush current. The ratio of 2nd harmonics to the fundamental (address , ) is set to 2fN/ fN = as default setting. It can be used without being changed. To provide more restraint in exceptional cases, where energising conditions are particularly unfavourable, a smaller value can be set at the afore-mentioned address. The restraint with harmonics does not influence the stage . (address )

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Functions 2.2 Differential Protection

The inrush restraint can be extended by the so-called "crossblock" function. This means that on harmonic content overshoot in only one phase all three phases of the differential stage IDIFF> stage are blocked. The duration for which the crossblock function is active can be limited at address . Setting is in multiple of the AC-cycle. This parameter can only be set with DIGSI at Additional Settings. If set to (pre-setting is ) the protection can trip when the transformer is switched on a single-phase fault even while the other phases carry inrush current. If set to the crossblock function remains effective for as long as high-order harmonics are detected in any phase. Apart from the second harmonic, the 7UT6x can provide restraint with a further harmonic. Address is used to disable this harmonics restraint, or to select the harmonic for it. Available for selection are the and the . Steady-state overexcitation of transformers is characterised by odd harmonic content. The 3rd or 5th harmonic is suitable to detect overexcitation. As the third harmonic is often eliminated in transformers (e.g. in a delta winding), the fifth harmonic is more commonly used. Converter transformers also produce odd harmonics which are practically absent in the case of an internal short-circuit. The harmonic content intended for blocking the differential protection is set at address . For example, if the 5th harmonic restraint is used to avoid trip during overexcitation, 30 % (default setting) are convenient. Harmonic restraint with the n-th harmonic operates individually per phase. However, it is also possible as it is for the inrush restraint to set the protection in such manner that not only the phase with harmonic content overshoot but also the other phases of the differential stage are blocked (so-called "crossblock" function). The duration for which the crossblock function is active can be limited at address . Setting is in multiple of the AC-cycle. This parameter can only be set with DIGSI at Additional Settings. If set to the crossblock function remains effective for as long as high-order harmonics are detected in any phase. When set to , the crossblock function is always active. . If the differential current exceeds the magnitude set at address no n-th harmonic restraint takes place. This parameter can only be altered in DIGSI at Display Additional Settings.

Note The current values / NO in the settings overview below always refer to the rated current of the main protected object. The current values / NS always refer to the rated current of the relevant side of the main protected object.

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Functions 2.2 Differential Protection

2.2.8

Settings
Addresses which have an appended "A" can only be changed with DIGSI, under Additional Settings.

Addr. 1201

Parameter DIFF. PROT.

Setting Options OFF ON Block relay OFF ON OFF ON OFF 3. Harmonic 5. Harmonic OFF ON 0.20 .. 2.00 I/InS; 0 NO YES NO YES NO YES NO YES NO YES NO YES 0.05 .. 2.00 I/InO 0.00 .. 60.00 sec; 0.5 .. 35.0 I/InO; 0.00 .. 60.00 sec; 0.10 .. 0.50 0.00 .. 2.00 I/InO 0.25 .. 0.95 0.00 .. 10.00 I/InO 0.00 .. 2.00 I/InO 1.0 .. 2.0 0.0 .. 180.0 sec 2.00 .. 15.00 I/InO 2 .. 250 Cycle;

Default Setting OFF

Comments Differential Protection

1205 1206 1207

INC.CHAR.START INRUSH 2.HARM. RESTR. n.HARM.

OFF ON OFF

Increase of Trip Char. During Start Inrush with 2. Harmonic Restraint n-th Harmonic Restraint

1208 1210 1211A 1212A 1213A 1214A 1215A 1216A 1221 1226A 1231 1236A 1241A 1242A 1243A 1244A 1251A 1252A 1253 1261A 1262A

I-DIFF> MON. I> CURR. GUARD DIFFw.IE1-MEAS DIFFw.IE2-MEAS DIFFw.IE3-MEAS DIFFw.IE4-MEAS DIFFw.IE5-MEAS DIFFw.IE3phMEAS I-DIFF> T I-DIFF> I-DIFF>> T I-DIFF>> SLOPE 1 BASE POINT 1 SLOPE 2 BASE POINT 2 I-REST. STARTUP START-FACTOR T START MAX I-ADD ON STAB. T ADD ON-STAB.

ON 0.00 I/InS NO NO NO NO NO NO 0.20 I/InO 0.00 sec 7.5 I/InO 0.00 sec 0.25 0.00 I/InO 0.50 2.50 I/InO 0.10 I/InO 1.0 5.0 sec 4.00 I/InO 15 Cycle

Differential Current monitoring I> for Current Guard Diff-Prot. with meas. Earth Current S1 Diff-Prot. with meas. Earth Current S2 Diff-Prot. with meas. Earth Current S3 Diff-Prot. with meas. Earth Current S4 Diff-Prot. with meas. Earth Current S5 Diff-Prot.with meas.current earth.electr Pickup Value of Differential Curr. T I-DIFF> Time Delay Pickup Value of High Set Trip T I-DIFF>> Time Delay Slope 1 of Tripping Characteristic Base Point for Slope 1 of Charac. Slope 2 of Tripping Characteristic Base Point for Slope 2 of Charac. I-RESTRAINT for Start Detection Factor for Increasing of Char. at Start Maximum Permissible Starting Time Pickup for Add-on Stabilization Duration of Add-on Stabilization

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Functions 2.2 Differential Protection

Addr. 1263A 1271 1272A 1276 1277A 1278A 1281 1282

Parameter CROSSB. ADD ON 2. HARMONIC CROSSB. 2. HARM n. HARMONIC CROSSB. n.HARM IDIFFmax n.HM I-DIFF> MON. T I-DIFF> MON.

Setting Options 2 .. 1000 Cycle; 0; 10 .. 80 % 2 .. 1000 Cycle; 0; 10 .. 80 % 2 .. 1000 Cycle; 0; 0.5 .. 20.0 I/InO 0.15 .. 0.80 I/InO 1 .. 10 sec

Default Setting 15 Cycle 15 % 3 Cycle 30 % 0 Cycle 1.5 I/InO 0.20 I/InO 2 sec

Comments Time for Cross-blocking Add-on Stabiliz. 2nd Harmonic Content in I-DIFF Time for Cross-blocking 2nd Harm. n-th Harmonic Content in I-DIFF Time for Cross-blocking n-th Harm. Limit IDIFFmax of n-th Harm.Restraint Pickup Value of diff. Current Monitoring T I-DIFF> Monitoring Time Delay

2.2.9
No. 5603 5615 5616 5617 5620 5631 5644 5645 5646 5647 5648 5649 5651 5652 5653 5657 5658 5660 5662 5663 5664 5666 5667 5668 5670 5671 5672

Information List
Information >Diff BLOCK Diff OFF Diff BLOCKED Diff ACTIVE Diff Adap.fact. Diff picked up Diff 2.Harm L1 Diff 2.Harm L2 Diff 2.Harm L3 Diff n.Harm L1 Diff n.Harm L2 Diff n.Harm L3 Diff Bl. exF.L1 Diff Bl. exF.L2 Diff Bl. exF.L3 DiffCrosBlk 2HM DiffCrosBlk nHM DiffCrosBlk exF Block Iflt.L1 Block Iflt.L2 Block Iflt.L3 DiffStrtInChaL1 DiffStrtInChaL2 DiffStrtInChaL3 Diff I-Release Diff TRIP Diff TRIP L1 Type of Information SP OUT OUT OUT OUT OUT OUT OUT OUT OUT OUT OUT OUT OUT OUT OUT OUT OUT OUT OUT OUT OUT OUT OUT OUT OUT OUT Comments >BLOCK differential protection Differential protection is switched OFF Differential protection is BLOCKED Differential protection is ACTIVE Diff err.: adverse Adaption factor CT Differential protection picked up Diff: Blocked by 2.Harmon. L1 Diff: Blocked by 2.Harmon. L2 Diff: Blocked by 2.Harmon. L3 Diff: Blocked by n.Harmon. L1 Diff: Blocked by n.Harmon. L2 Diff: Blocked by n.Harmon. L3 Diff. prot.: Blocked by ext. fault L1 Diff. prot.: Blocked by ext. fault L2 Diff. prot.: Blocked by ext. fault.L3 Diff: Crossblock by 2.Harmonic Diff: Crossblock by n.Harmonic Diff: Crossblock by ext. fault Diff. prot.: Blocked by CT fault L1 Diff. prot.: Blocked by CT fault L2 Diff. prot.: Blocked by CT fault L3 Diff: Increase of char. phase (start) L1 Diff: Increase of char. phase (start) L2 Diff: Increase of char. phase (start) L3 Diff: Curr-Release for Trip Differential protection TRIP Differential protection: TRIP L1

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