Bio LT3 Reviewer by: Ronron Avila 2K Cells (Structure and Organelles) Cell Structure Cell Membrane o Phospholipids

ids - Pair of layers -double bond -unstable that has spaces so that water can pass -Has two parts: Phosphate Head- Hydrophilic or Polar (interacts w/ H2o), Fatty Acid Tails-Hydrophobic or non-polar region( does not interact w/H2o) o Membrane Protein- Acts as a transporter of molecules in and out of the cell. Also acts as a receptor for other molecules. o Cholesterol o Carbohydrates Cytoplasm- gel-like material inside the cell in which organelles are located Nucleus - Bounded by a nuclear envelope -Double membrane perforated with pores -Connected to the Rough ER -Contains the most of the genetic material (DNA) -Controls the activities of the cell Organelles I(Present in Both Animal and Plant) Cytoskeleton -consists of microtubes,intermediate fibers and microfilaments which together maintain cell shape, anchor organelles and cause cell movement. Centrioles -Composed of microtubes for protein filaments -Focus for the centrosome which acts as a microtube organizing center (MTOC) for the assemble of the spindle microtubla apparatus for cell division Ribosomes -The site of protein synthesis in the cell Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) o Rough ER- some ribosomes are found o Smooth ER-produces lipids -double membrane system -runs through the cell and continuous with the nuclear envelope -synthesis of protein and membrane components such as fatty acids and phospholipids -synthesis of steroid hormones -Metabolism of carbohydrates -detoxification of poisons

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Golgi Apparatus -flattened disk-like vesicles -plays a very important role in the modification and packaging of proteins that are bound ribosome of the Rough ER Mitochondria -Primary source of energy in cells -Synthesize ATP -Sites of cellular respiration -generates ATP from substrates in reactions using oxygen. Lysosomes -contains hydrolytic enzymes used to digest macromolecules -primary function is to destroy foreign materials that enter the cell from the external environment and destroy organelles of the cell as part of the normal process of organelle replacement -found in some plant cells Organelles II(found in only plants cells) Vacuoles -plays an important role in plant cell growth -causing elongation as they absorb water -stores food, water and waste Chloroplasts -plant cell organelles that contain chlorophyll (chemical that makes leaves green) And the enzymes required for photosynthesis -Light dependent synthesis of carbohydrates from carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H20) Cell Wall -can be found in all plants, in fungi and in some protists -provides structural support and protection

Prokaryotes-unicelleular (but not all) Protists or Protozoans are eukaryotic but they are unicellular -Plant and animal cells are eukaryotic Has only -DNA(Single Loop -Genetic Material -Nuclear Region -Cell Membrane -Chlorophyll (not in chloroplasts) Cell Transport

-Cytoplasm -Ribosomes -Cell Wall

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Concentration Gradient -difference in the concentration of materials between adjoining region Diffusion -follows the concentration gradient (higher concentration to an area of lower concentration) Simple Diffusion-movement of molecules from an area of higher to lower concentration. Facilitated diffusion-Consist of Transport Proteins Two Types o Passive -Follows the concentration gradient -materials (glucose amino acids) pass though a channel (transport) protein. o Active -does not follow the concentration gradient -requires energy

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