UNEMPLOYMENT AND UNDEREMPLOYMENT Two of the most hard to solve problems in the society Whats the difference between

n unemployment and underemployment? unemployment = jobless condition underemployment = you have a job but its not enough to cover your needs; your skills are not matched with the job that youre doing Causes of Unemployment institutions have under-subscription of long term courses and over-subscription of common courses calamities and frequent change in season influx of technological inventions companies discrimination towards the applicants prospective workers outlook toward employment population growth Underemployment and Unemployment Issues Zulueta and Liwag (2001) emphasized that the labor market as well as the education of an individual are two of the top issues that must be considered when studying unemployment and underemployment

 NSO stated that 9 out of 10 Filipinos are literate, which means that there are a lot of competition once they graduate and enter the world of work Schools must design their curricula in consideration of the needs of the prevailing system in the economy Types of Unemployment Cyclical Unemployment results from the ups and downs of business cycle of the country Structural Unemployment results from the mismatch between the available skill and the requirements in the labor market Frictional unemployment transitional and temporary type of unemployment; happens when people move from one job to another Technological unemployment employees are replaced with machines that can display fast and accurate outputs Seasonal unemployment unemployment resulting from seasonal changes in the labor supply

Effects of Unemployment What are the social and political implications if unemployment/underemployment? poverty some people may blame the government because of its inability to provide jobs and industries for growth, which could lead to their dissatisfaction in the government may lead to indecent jobs like prostitution, robbery, drug dealing, etc. may eventually address their distrust to the church UNEMPLOYMENT, UNDEREMPLOYMENT, AND UNPAID WORKERS THEORIES OF EMPLOYMENT THEORY X - describes a traditional view of direction and control An average man dislikes work and will avoid it unless directly supervised Employees must be forced, manipulated and directed to ensure that organizational aims are met The threat of reprimand must exist with an association People prefer to be supervised in this way so as to avoid responsibility People are comparatively unambitious and their main motivating strength is yearning for protection

THEORY Y - positive view towards the workforce Employees are determined and keen to accept bigger responsibilities Employees will work in the direction of organizational purposes THEORY Z Many employees are assured for a position for life, ever increasing their fidelity to the company Cautious assessment occurs over a phase of time, and the accountability for accomplishment or breakdown is shared among workers and the board Most workers do not work on several tasks to learn more about the company where they belong THE UNEMPLOYMENT POOL People always decide, at any point, to quit job and find work 4 REASONS TO BE CONSIDERED TO BE A PART OF THE UNEMPLOYMENT POOL He/she may be a new graduate or new entrant into the labor force He/she resigned from his job in search for other employment opportunities He/she may be laid off from work He/she lost the job (fired; company closed down, etc.) UNPAID WORKERS

 A person who performs voluntary work Common in rural areas Their services are compensated by other forms like food, shelter, clothing, etc. Despite the absence of standard wages and benefits, they are still considered as employed GOVERNMENTS LABOR POLICY Labor Code of the Philippines - established to protect the rights of the people involved in the labor force (workers and companies)

POVERTY A socio-economic problem that usually occurs in developing countries The deprivation of basic economic necessities such as food, shelter, clothing, money, etc. Deficiency of wealth and income May cause social exclusion and malnutrition CAUSES Illiteracy Scarcity of private ownership of the means of production High population Terrorism

 Physical and natural factors like calamities and catastrophes Rampant corruption and irregularities in the government Lack of economic opportunities in the country Addiction to vices CHARACTERISTICS Absolute Poverty General concept of poverty Fixed set of standards which is consistent over time Relative Poverty Socially defined poverty Deprivation of basic needs of an individual as compared to another group EFFECTS Brings devastating effects in the psychological aspect of an individual Instability in the socio-political structure if the society People may blame the government Poverty can also harm the countrys economy Emergence of radical anti-poverty movements Sanitation problems and outbreak of illnesses High crime and suicide rate Political violence Poor housing projects Lack of employment opportunities Low literacy rate Widens economic gap between the rich and poor

 Lower life expectancy Drug abuse URBAN SOCIAL PROBLEMS Migration of people from urban to rural communities - most people believe that opportunities are abundant in the rural areas - concept of greener pastures - negative effects include: pollution; emergence of squatters; prostitution and STDs; psychological and mental illnesses; alcohol and drug abuse; crime and juvenile delinquency Squatters (with physical, social and legal characteristics) CULTURE OF POVERTY Social theory coined by Oscar Lewis First used in 1959 in his book Five Families: Mexican Case Studies in the Culture of Poverty Considered impoverished individuals as one of the important parts of the society Characteristics of culture of poverty: - absence of financial resources - lack of savings - early experience with sex - no confidence/mistrust in the government - matriarchal family and broken family - lack of privacy

SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES ON POVERTY STRUCTURAL FUNCTIONAL THEORY Optimistic view about the existence of poverty in the society The poor should aim high and engage in activities that would help them improve their way of life CONFLICT THEORY The bourgeoisie (rich) dominates the businesses while the proletariat (poor) serve as the workers The wealth of the rich are brought to them by the hard work of the poor, and as a result, the rich continues to exploit the poor to earn more Most lawmakers are members of the capitalist class, and most of their legislations are made to protect their businesses and increase their profits SYMBOLIC INTERACTION THEORY Poverty can be associated with symbols and actions like laziness, irresponsibility, lacking in intellectual and physical abilities Poverty is tantamount to voicelessness, humiliation, dependency, and powerlessness Individuals who have wealth are commonly attributed as intellectuals, responsible, industrious

CULTURE OF POVERTY THEORY The poor are economically and emotionally dependent, marginalized, and socially excluded in the society This ideas is considered as a culture because it can be passed on to the next generation DEPENDENCY THEORY Poverty is rooted from the dependency of a less developed country to a highly industrialized country Rich countries need raw materials which they could get from the resources of poor countries Poor countries, on the other hand, need investors in order to improve their economy Later on, foreign companies will abuse the resources and enjoy the cheap labor and tax incentives given to them by the poor countries EVOLUTIONARY THEORY Survival of the fittest; the poor werent able to survive the challenges of life, thus resulting in poverty CAPITALIST THEORY The capitalists will do everything in their power to increase their production and income, even if the welfare of the poor will be compromised

INTERNATIONAL MEASURES OF POVERTY POVERTY THRESHOLDS - WORLD BANK $1 per day for developing countries, $2 per day in Latin America, $4 in Eastern Europe and $14.40 per day in highly developed countries MINIMUM CALORIE REQUIREMENTS - WHO A family is considered poor if it does not met 80 percent of the minimum calorie requirements HOUSEHOLD INCOMES - NATIONAL STATISTICS COORDINATION BOARD (PHILIPPINES) A Filipino worker must earn at least P13,113 per month, wherein P8,734 should be allotted for food while the remaining balance should be distributed to the other basic needs This minimum monthly wage can be affected by other variables, depending on the situation HUMAN POVERTY INDEX - UN DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM Three factors must be considered: deprivation of knowledge; deprivation of long and healthy life; and deprivation of decent living standards

EDUCATION, GENDER, FAMILY STRUCTURES AND POVERTY Education - having a higher educational attainment will save you from the harmful claws of poverty Gender - more women and matriarchal families live in the poverty line because of economic discrimination Family Structure - matriarchal and broken families are vulnerable to experience poverty ANTI-POVERTY PROGRAMS AND POLICIES IN THE PHILIPPINES MILLENIUM DECLARATION - United Nations MEDIUM TERM DEVELOPMENT PLAN - FP GMA ACCELERATED HUNGER MITIGATION PLAN - FP GMA KAPIT BISIG LABAN SA KAHIRAPAN - FP GMA LINGAP PARA SA MAHIHIRAP PROGRAM FUND - FP JEE SOCIAL REFORM AGENDA - FP FVR