How t h e S y s t e m Works

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Acknowledgements
The successful implementation of SMAP would not have been possible without the support and efforts of the Utah Copper Division Smelter Maintenance Department and Plant

Management. The financial support and confidence of Utah Copper Division and Kennecott's Metal Mining Division management also contributed to the successful implementation of SMAP.

A New Launder Design Procedure

H. R. Green, D. M. Lamb, and A. D. Taylor

Introduction
The design of slurry launders has usually been based on strictly empirical concepts. An examination of the most common procedures reveals that they do not account for many of the variables that are recognized as significant for slurry transport. These may include flow rate, volume concentration of solids, solids specific gravity, solids size distribution, particle shape, launder geometry, and roughnes of the wetted surface. It was decided to develop a design procedure, which would accomplish two things: First: Take into consideration most of the known significant variables and systematize the procedure to assure

consistent results. Second: Provide a rational basis for examining and utilizing operating data to refine and improve the system. To accomplish this, it was necessary to develop a basic design concept. This concept has been developed through a complex development history, and yet still appears workable and technically sound. That concept may be outlined as follows: First: The solids transport velocity is the fundamental basis for slurry launder design. Second: The stream configuration, hence the launder size, is integrated with the solids transport velocity so that the actual stream velocity exceeds the solids transport velocity. Third: The launder slope is that which will achieve the

1310

AUGUST 1978

SOCIETY OF

required actual stream velocity. It was originally planned to utilize a series of charts and nomographs for the design procedure. A nomograph, based on data given in Taggart's Handbook of Mineral Dressing,l was developed to determine the solids transport velocity. The velocity thus determined was used with Manning charts to determine the launder slope and configuration as though the fluid were water. It was planned to utilize a "slope adjustment factor" to increase the slope to compensate for the apparent viscosity of the slurry. All attempts to develop a suitable correction factor failed. This failure was principally due to the complex relationship of viscosity to the required slope. It was then decided to revise the entire approach. Specifically, the present procedure is based on the DarcyWeisbach flow equation, which is rationally preferable to the Manning equation. The camp2 equation is used for the solids transport velocity. The necessity of reference to the Moody curves for the Darcy friction factor is avoided by using the Colebrook and white3 equation. The resulting mathematics require iterative solutions for several of the unknowns.

Mathematics
The discussion which follows concerns the mathematical basis of the launder design procedure for pipe, rectangular, and Ushaped launders. The equations used are shown in Table 1; the symbols and units in Table 2. Many papers have been published regarding the apparent viscosity of solid-liquid suspensions. The experimental data which formed the basis of these papers exhibit considerable scatter even though the experiments were carefully conducted. D. G. ~ h o m a s 4 correlated data from a large number of

investigators. The mathematical treatment employed in this correlation reduced the scatter considerablv and minimized the effect of particle size and shape, The apparent viscosity-volume concentration curve resulting from Thomas's work is used by many designers of slurry pipe lines where the particle size distribution is controlled. An apparent viscosity-volume concentration curve for suspensions of 20 micrometer panicles was produced from unpublished data. The shape of this curve was similar to Thomas's but exhibited a steeper slope as the concentration increased. Further data from a USBM paper by Schack, Dean, and ~ 0 1 1 0 ~ 5 produced curves for other particle sizes. These, also, had slopes steeper than the Thomas curve in the high concentration region. On the basis of these data and from examination of several other curves for apparent viscosity of solid-liquid suspensions, the Thomas curve was adjusted to accelerate the slope increase as the solids concentration becomes greater. This adjusted curve was assumed to apply to suspensions having panicles averaging 320 micrometers (50% wt. passing). A family of curves between the adjusted Thomas curve for 320 micrometer particles and the curve for 20 micrometer particles was then constructed. The intermediate curves were developed as a function of the ratio of increased particle surface area as the particles became smaller. These curves are shown in the Fig. 1 and are used to determine the apparent viscosity of the slurry. Effective roughness values, Table 3, for various launder surfaces was derived from a family of curves published by the U. S. Army Engineers in 1964.6 The mathematical relationship given in the above paper is as follows:

n = Manning roughness coefficient; R = Hydraulic radius, feet; k = Effective roughness, feet. The above equation was solved for "k" and a tabulation of " k" values for various "n" and "R" values was produced on the HP9820A calculator. For any particular hydraulic radius a correlation exists between the Manning "n" and the roughness value "k". It is assumed an average hydraulic radius of 0.183 m would apply to launder sizes most likely to be encountered. Errors introduced by this assumption are minimal. Published "n" values for various types of surfaces and the derived n-k correlation resulted in the approximate "k" values shown in Table 3. The solids t r a n s y t velocity E q 1 was derived from an equation by Camp. Camp's equation was for the self-cleaning or sediment transport velocity in sewers. The equation as

H. R. Green, Member SME, is Engineering Supervisor, D. M. Lamb, Member SME, is Engineering Specialist, A. D. Taylor, Member SME, is Chief Metallurgical Engineer, Bechtel Corporation, San Francisco, CA. Preprint 78816, AlME Annual Meeting, Denver, CO., February 1978. Manuscript, November 3, 1977. Discussion of this paper must be submitted, in duplicate, prior to November 30, 1978. In accordance with the Postal Service Regulations, this material has been assessed a page charge and is considered advertisement for postal purposes.
Flgure I APPARENT VISCOSITY OF SLURRY

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MINING ENGINEERING

121 1

originally expressed by Camp was as follows:

V = Velocity, ft/sec; g = Acceleration of gravity, ft/sec;2 S = Specific gravity of particles; Dg = Particle diameter, feet; f = Darcy friction factor, dimensionless; B = Particle motion constant, dimensionless.

Camp stated that, when constant "B" is 0.04, the calculated velocity is that which will start motion of the particles. When constant "B" is 0 . 8 , the calculated velocity is that which will achieve adequate self-cleaning in sewers. The solids transport velocity in this paper uses 0 . 8 as the particle motion constant. Continuity velocity, Eq. 2 through 5, is derived from the fundamental continuity equation Q = VA and the geometry of the stream crow section. Hydraulic radius. Eq. 6 through 9, is developed from the stream geometry and the definition of hydraulic radius. The mean hydraulic depth, Eq. 10 through 13, is used to calculate the Froude number. The equations listed are derived from the stream geometry and the definition of mean hydraulic depth. The mean hydraulic depth is equal to the area of the stream cross-section divided by the width at the water surface.

The Froude number, Eq. 14, is the ratio of the flow velocity to the velocity of elementary free-surface waves. When the Froude number is greater than one, the flow is said to be supercritical, when equal to one it is critical, and when less than one it is subcritical flow. Launders should never be designed with Froude numbers near one. When flow velocities are close to the wave velocity, disturbances can cause extreme wave action and large variations of flow depth. The Darcy-Weisbach friction factor is usually determined by reference to a family of curves based on the work of F. L. Moody. For more efficient use of programmed calculators and computers, the Colebrook and White equation, Eq. 15, is used to calculate the Darcy friction factor. Slope and velocity, Eq. 16 and 18, respectively, are derived directly from the Darcy-Weisbach flow formula. Four times the hydraulic radius is substituted for diameter to adapt the equation to open-channel flow. The Darcy-Weisbach flow equation is usually stated:

h =

@ C !

D2g

in consistent units

h = Head low; f = Darcy friction factor, dimensionless; L = Pipe length; D = Pipe diameter; V = Flow velocity: g = Acceleration of gravity.

TABLE 1 EQUATIONS Equation Number

1

Description Solids Transport Velocity Continuity Velocity Continuity Velocity Continuity Velocity Continuity Velocity Hydraulic Radius Hydraulic Radius Hydraulic Radius Hydraulic Radius Mean Hydraulic Depth Mean Hydraulic Depth Mean Hydraulic Depth Mean Hydraulic Depth Froude Number Darcy Friction Factor Launder Slope Reynolds Number Velocity as a function of R,, S, L f

& & I
mls mls mls mls mls m m m
m

Launder S h a ~ Pipe, Rectangular and U-shaped Pipe Rectangular U-Shaped, n S 0.5 U-Shaped, n> 0.5 Pipe Rectangular U-Shaped, n S 0.5 U-Shaped, n> 0.5 Pipe Rectangular U-Shaped, n S 0.5 U-Shaped, n> 0.5 Pipe, Rectangular. and U-Shaped Pipe, Rectangular. and U-Shaped Pipe, Rectangular, and U-Shaped Pipe, Rectangular, and U-Shaped Pipe, Rectangular, and U-Shaped

Equation --

2
3
4

5
6
7
8

10
11
12

m
m

13 14
15

mlm

16 17
18

mls

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AUGUST 1978

SOCIETY OF

Reynolds number, Eq. 17, is stated in one of its many familiar forms. This one, again, substitutes 4 times the hydraulic radius for diameter.

Procedure
The initial launder size is calculated so that the continuity (design) velocity is 1.15 times the solids transport velocity. This 15% safety margin is estimated to cover input data inaccuracies and launder construction variation. This design system permits the evaluation of the flow data associated with the individual variation of physical dimensions and flow rate. An initial set of flow and launder size data is calculated from usually available information concerning the launder performance requirements. This initial set of data is used as a reference or starting point for the eventual design. Based on the initial set of data, the calculated launder size is then adjusted to dimensions consistent with construction tolerance and practice. Entry of this new dimension creates a new set of flow data for analysis. After a satisfactory set of flow data is obtained by entering new dimensions, the slope is adjusted to conform to construction tolerance. Entry of a new slope generates anew set of flow data. Following a satisfactory slope selection, the effect of varying flow rates in the now-fixed launder can be evaluated. This is done by entering the desired flow rates in the calculations. For each flow rate entered a new set of flow data is generated. The adjustment of diameter, flow depth to diameter ratio,

Discussion
Having selected the mathematical basis for the flow calculations, it is appropriate to consider the limitations of such a basis. The formulae are stated in forms which apply to openchannel flow of liquids. It is assumed that the slumes behave essentially as true liquids. The calculation system does not apply to solid-liquid suspensions with solids concentration and particle size such that the slurry exhibits plastic or thixotropic characteristics. For pipe launders the flow-depth-to-diameter ratio must be less than one. The variety of conditions encountered in open-channel flow is greater than in pipe flow both because of the existence of the free surface and the alternative stages of flow having equal energy. Because of this, it is reasonable to expect that the hydraulic transport of solids in launders would be subject to more uncertainties than in pipes flowing full under pressure. This launder design system specifies that the Reynolds number must be greater than 5000 and that the Froude number must not be between 0.8 and 1.5. These re.quirements will assure adequate turbulence and avoid the unstable flow conditions associated with near critical flow. In launder design, as in many fluid flow problems, there is no absolute single answer. Many combinations of slope, velocity, and physical dimensions may satisfy the requirements of a particular problem. The nature of open-channel flow, with its free surface, extends the conditions that will satisfy a particular problem over that of pipes flowing full under pressure. The mathematical basis and the design procedure apply only to uniform flow sufficiently remote from junction boxes, feed points, and other transitions to produce equilibrium conditions.

TABLE 3 AVERAGE EFFECTIVE ROUGHNESS

Launder Material Concrete pipe: Lined Unlined Asbestos-cement pipe Clay drain tile, plain Vitrified clay tile

k, Meters

.001350 .001350 .001350 .000728

TABLE 2 NOMENCLATURE Wood stave pipe Steel pipe: Plain Rubber lined Plastic lined Plastic pipe: Welded joints Flanged or coupled joints Fibreglass pipe (FRP),flanged or coupled Cast iron pipe, uncoated Concrete construction: Formed only, no finish Float finish Trowel finish Pre-cast, rough joints Wood construction: Smooth planed surface Rough surface Steel construction: Welded sections, unlined Rolled sections, unlined Rubber lined Plastic lined Plastic construction, free formed .000728 ,002292 .000728

Description rad m m m Arc Cosine Launder diameter Particle diameter Mean hydraulic depth o flow f Froude number Darey-Weisbach friction factor Acceleration of gravity (9.8 mls2) Effective roughness of launder surface Flow depth to launder diameter ratio Flow rate Reynolds' number Hydraulic radius Launder slope Specificgravity of pulp Specificgravity of solids Apparent viscosity of pulp Flow velocity as a Function of R,, S, & f Continuity velocity Solids transport velocity Launder width meter second pascal radian new ton

rad N

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MiNlNG ENGINEERING

1213

TABLE 4 ---------------------------------------------------------------------.
PROJECT : X Y - EXPANSIOU Z - CLIENT : ARC ENCINEERIhC COIIPANY ENGINEER: HRC,DLlL APPLICATION: TAILING LAlfNDBR
.TOR 1 0 .. . 1 .

RECHTFL COPPUKATIOR-YININC AND IIETALS DIVISIOII SLURRY LAUNDER DESICN PROCRAI!

I?. ..? L

DATE : 020178 LAUNDER NO: 0 0 4

...................................................................... PRIMARY INPUT DATA -----------------*LAUNDER SHAPE *FLOW RATE. LlSGPll *FLOW DEPTH TO LAUNDER DIAMETER RATIO *EFFECTIVE ROUGHNESS OF LAUNDER. F t E T SOLIDS PARTICLF S I Z E . HICRONS ' 9 9 % PASSING
$02 P - - - . .l.l-C-T- Y. C -

PIPE LO500 .600

'SOLIDS S P E C I F I C CRAVITY *SLURRY S P E C I F I C CRAVITY SLURRY SOLIDS CONCENTRATION WEIGHT X VOLUUE Z *APPARENT VISCOSITY OF SLURRY.CENTIPOISES *PRII!ARY INPUT FOR DESICN CALCULATIONS

----------FLOW BATE USGPU LAUNDER DIAUETER INCHES 32.08 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 28.00 28.00 28.00 28.00 28.00 28.00 28.00 28.00 28.00 SLOPE IN.IFT. .a613 .0870 .I250 .I250 .I250 -1250 ,2278 .I250 .I250 .I250 .I250 .I563 .I563 .I563 .I563 DESIGN VELOCITY FT.lSEC. SOLIDS TRANSPORT VELOCITY FT./SEC FLOW DEPTH TO DIAUETER RATIO DEPTH OF FLOW INCHES REYNOLDS NUUBER DARCY FRICTION FACTOR FROUDE NUIIBER DESlGN RISK

DESIGN DATA

---- ------ -------- ------- -------- --------1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 10500. 10500. 10500. 8400. 6300. 4200. 4200. 4200. 6300. 8400. 10500. 10500. 8400. 6300 4200. 6.65 7.61 8.76 8.32 7.73 6.94 8.67 6.97 7.75 8.32 8.74 9.54 9.06 8.43 7.57 5.73 5.69 5.64 5.58 5.49 1.37 1.28 5.37 1.49 5.58 5.64 5.61 5.55 5.47 5.34

ITEM

-------- ------ -------- -------- ------ ------- ------------------.600 .600 .534 .L67 .397 .I19 .300 .I52 .440 .520 .599 .558 .486 .413 .331 19.25 18.00 16.03 14.01 11.91 9.57 8.40 9.84 12.31 14.57 16.78 15.61 13.62 11.55 9.27 .631+06 .675+06 .719+06 .627+06 .527+06 .417+06 .470+06 .413+06 .525+06 .626+06 .723+06 .752+06 .654+06 .549+06 .433+06 .0221 .022L .a227 .a233 .0240 .a251 .0259 .D251 ~0240 .0233 .0228 .a230 .a235 .0242 .a254 1.01 1.20 1.49 1.54 1.58 1.61 2 . 1 1.58 1.54 1.49 1.42 1.63 1.70 1.75 1.78 HIGH HIGH HIGH LW O LW O LW O LW O LW O LOU HIGH HIGH LW O LW O LW O LOU DESIGNREFERENCE DIAU 6 DEPTH ADJ. SLOPE ADJCSTUENT FLOW RATE ADJ. FLOW RATE ADJ. FLOW RATE ADJ. DIAU 6 DEPTH ADJ. SLOPE ADJUSTUENT FLOW RATE ADJ. FLOW RATE ADJ. FLOW RATE ADJ. SLOPE ADJUSTMENT FLOW RATE ADJ. PLOW RATE ADJ. FLOW RATE ADJ.

DATA IDENTIFICATION

14
15

and slope may be used to bring the Reynolds and Froude numbers to the desired values. Usually any adjustment that will result in a higher flow velocity will also result in larger Reynolds and Froude numbers. The above sequence of design steps, except the reference one, can be done in any order desired but the sequence noted is the usual one. The calculation sequence for the initial launder size and flow data is: 1. Assume launder diameter. 2. Calculate continuity velocity (Eq. 2 , 3, 4, or 5, depending on launder geometry). 3. Calculate hydraulic radius (Eq. 6, 7, 8, or 9, depending on launder geometry). 4. Calculate Reynolds number (Eq. 17). 5. Calculate Darcy friction factor (Eq. 15) by trial and error. 6. Calculate solids transport velocity (Eq. 1). 7. If the continuity velocity is not equal to 1.15 times the solids transport velocity, assume another value for the launder dimension and repeat steps 2 through 7. If the continuity velocity equals 1.15 times the solids transport velocity, go to step 8. 8. Calculate launder slope (Eq. 16). 9. Calculate mean hydraulic depth (Eq. 10, 11, 12, or 13, dependingon launder geometry). 10. Calculate Froude number (Eq. 14). 11. At this point all values for the initial launder size and flow data have been determined. The calculation sequence for launder size adjustment is nearly identical to the initial sequence. The new diameter and flow-depth-to-launder diameter ratio is used in calculations 2 through 6 and 8 through 10 in the same manner as for the initial calculations. Step 7 is omitted. The slope adjustment calculation sequence is different from the first two described above. In this sequence of calculations the launder size and flow rate are fixed. The slope is specified

and the flow-depth-to-launder diameter ratio is calculated. The sequence of calculations for this adjustment is as follows: 1. Assign and input desired value for the launder slope. 2. Assume a value for the flow-depth-to-diameter ratio. 3. Calculate continuity velocity (Eq. 2, 3, 4, or 5, depending on launder geometry). 4. Calculate hydraulic radius (Eq. 6, 7, 8, or 9, depending on launder geometry). 5. Assume a value for the Darcy friction factor. 6. Calculate velocity as a function of hydraulic radius, slope, and Darcy friction factor (Eq. 18). 7. If the continuity velocity equals the velocity calculated in step 6, proceed to step 8: if not, assign a new value to the flowdepth-to-launder diameter ratio and repeat steps 3 through 7. 8. Calculate the Reynolds number (Eq. 17). 9. Calculate Darcy friction factor. Solve Eq. 15 for "f", friction factor, by trial and error. 10. If the value of the Darcy friction factor assumed in step 6 equals the friction factor calculated in step 9, go to step 11; if not, use the friction factor value calculated in step 9 as the assumed value in step 5 and repeat steps 6 through 10. 11. Calculate the mean hydraulic depth (Eq. 10, 11, 12, or 13, depending on launder 12. Calculate the Froude number (Eq. 14). 13. Calculate the solids transport velocity (Eq. 1). 14. All values based on the slope adjustment have now been determined. At this point the design of the launder is complete. If it is required to determine the operating conditions at other flow rates, the calculation sequence noted for slope adjustment is used. The diameter and slope are held constant and the desired flow rate is assigned as step 1. Then repeat steps 2 through 13 as above. Design summaries of a typical problem for pipe. U-shaped, and rectangular launders are reproduced as Tables 4, 5, and 6. These summaries were produced using Bechtel's Fortran program on a time-share computer.

SOCIETY OF

B E C H T E L C O R P O R A T I O N - M I N I N G AND I i E T A L S D I V I S I O N SLURRY LAUNDER D E S I G N PROGRAM ----J O B NO : 1234 P R O J E C T : XYZ E X P A N S I O N : 020178 DATE : ABC E N G I N E E R I N G COtIPANY CLIENT LAUNDER NO: 0 0 5 E N C I N E E R : HRC .DIIL ~. APPLICATION: TAILING L A U N D E R
~ ~~

TABLE

................................................

P R I K A R Y I N P U T DATA U-SHAPED 10500 .600 .00443

' E F F E C T I V E ROUGHNES S O L I D S P A R T I C L E S I Z E , HICRONS '99% PASSING 5 0 1 PASSING 'SOLIDS S P E C I F I C CRAVITY *SLURRY S P E C I F I C C R A V I T Y SLURRY S O L I D S C O N C E N T R A T I O N WEIGHT 1 VOLUME 1 *APPARENT V I S C O S I T Y OF S L U R R Y , C E N T I P O I S E S *PRIMARY I N P U T FOR D E S I C N C A L C U L A T I O N S

----------FLOW RATE USGPH LAUNDER WIDTH INCHES SLOPE IN./FT. DESICN VELOCITY FT./SEC. SOLIDS TRANSPORT VELOCITY FT./SEC. FLOW DEPTH TO WIDTH RATIO DEPTH OF FLOW INCHES REYNOLDS NUHBER DARCY FRICTION FACTOR FROUDE NUHBER DESIGN RISK HIGH HIGH LOW LOW LOW LOW LOW LOW LOW HIGH HIGH Loll LOU LOIJ LOV

D E S I G N DATA

ITEM

--- ----

-------- ------

DATA I D E N T I F I C A T I O N

-------------------

FLOW RATE A D J . FLOW R A T E A D J . WIDTH. DEPTH ADJ. S L O P E ADJUSTMENT FLOW RATE A D J . FLOW RATE A D J . FLOW RATE A D J . SLOPE ADJUSTHENT FLOW RATE A D J . PLOY RATE A D J . FLOW RATE A D J .

BI:Cl!TEL

---------------------------------------------------------------------P R O J E C I : XYZ EXPANSION : ABC ENCI!;IERINC CO!IPANY CLIENT ENGINEER: HRC,DlIL T A I L I N G LAUNDER APPLICATIO!!: P R I H A R Y I N P U T DATA *LAUNDER S H A P E *FLOW R A T E . u s c p n 'FLOW D E P T H T O LAUNDER U I D T H R A T I O * C F F E C T I V E ROUGHNESS OF LAUNDER, F E E T S O L I D S P A R T I C L E S I Z E . IIICRONS '99% PASSING 50% PASSING * S O L I D S S P E C I F I C CRAVITY 'SLURRY S P E C I F I C G R A V I T Y SLURRY S O L I D S C O N C E N T R A - -O N .TI WEIGllT I VOLUME X 'APPARENT V I S C O S I T Y O F S L U R R Y . C E N T I P 0 I S E S .PRIHARY I N P U T FOR D E S I G N C A L C U L A T I O N S JOB NO DATE LAUIIDEP.
: 1234 : 020178 NO: 0 0 6

CORPO1:ATIOI:-!!I!:IlCl AND L'CTALS D I I ' I S I O I I SLI!RRY L A U I I C E R L E S I G K PnocP.h!%

TABLE 6

D E S I G N DATA SOLIDS TRANSPORT VELOCITY FT-ISEC. FLOW DEPTH TO WIDTH RATIO DEPTH OF FLOW INCHES

----------REYNOLDS NUMBER DARCY FRICTION FACTOR FROUDE MUHBER DESICN RISK HIGH HIGH HIGH LO11 LOU LOW LOW HIGH LOW LOW LOU LOW LOW LOW LOW LOW LOW

---- ------ -------- -- - - - - - -- ------ --------- -------- ------ -------ITEM 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 10500. 10500. 10500. 10500. 8400. 6300. 4200. 4200. 4200. 6300. 8400. 10500. 10500. 10500. 8400. 6300. 4200.

FLOW RATE USGPM

LAUUDEB WIDTH INCHES

SLOPE IN./FT.

DESIGN VELOCITY FT./SEC.

-----.95 1.01 1.33 1.68 1.71 1.76 1.80 1.45 1.71 1.12 1.66 1.62 1.51 1.55 1.60 1.66 1.12

DATA I D E N T I F I C A T I O N

------------------DESICN REFERENCE UIDTH. DEPTH ADJ. SLOPE ADJUSTMENT SLOPE ADJUSTMENT FLOW RATE A D J I FLOW RATE A D J . FLOW RATE A D J . WIDTH. D E P T H A D J . SLOPE ADJUSTMENT FLOW BATE A D J . FLOU B A T E ADJ. FLOW RATE A D J . W I D T H , D E P T H ADJ. SLOPE ADJUSTHENT F L O l i R A T E ADJ. FLOW RATE A D J . F L O U RATE A D J .

9
10 II 12 13 14 IS
I 6

11

MINING ENGINEERS

MINING ENGINEERING 1215

Conclusion
While the procedures described sound slightly formidable on first reading, familiarity with them will demonstrate that the principles are straightforward and logical. he calculations are extremely tedious to complete with a hand calculator. Bechtel has written programs for the Hewlett Packard HP 9820A programmable calculator and also in Fortran for use on a time share computer. Use of these programs has demonstrated that the necessary design calculations are accomplished quickly and easily. The Bechtel programs are confidential, but the mathematics presented in this paper will allow anyone with similar facilities to produce his own prigrams with little difficulty. This procedure was first programmed for the Hewlett Packard HP 9820A programmable calculator. Nearly all of the available memory (429 registers) was used for a program covering one launder geometry. Those who plan to program this procedure will find that a machine with more memory will be idvantageous. There is, of course, no problem with memory shortage if a shared time computer is utilized. There has not been sufficient operating experience with launders designed according to this procedure to guarantee the accuracy of the individual factors with a high degree of confidence. The system, however, is amenable to optimization, without major revision, as further data become available. The described design procedure is an advance in the state-of-

the-art of slurry launder design. Further refinements, that are anticipated as the system is used, can result in a better and better tool for the engineer charged with slurry launder design.

References
l ~ a g g a r t A. F., "Velocities in Tailing Launders", Handbook , o Mineral Dressing, John Wiley, New York, 1945, p. 20-35. d a m , T. R.,"Minimum Velocities for Sewers",Journal of the Boston Society of Civil Engineers, Vol. 29, 1942, p. 286. S ~ i n gH. W., Wisler, C. 0. and Woodburn, J. G., Hydraulics, , 5th ed., John Wiley, New York, 1948, p. 191. 4Thomas, D. G., "Transport Characteristics of Suspensions: VIII A note on the Viscosity of Newtoniad Suspensions of Uniform Spherical Particles", Journal of Colloid Science, Vol. 20, 1965, pp. 267-277. SSchack, C. H., Dean, K. C., and Molloy, S. M., "Measurement and Nature of the Apparent Viscosity of Water Suspensions of Some Common Minerals", R15334, U. S. Bureau of Mines, May, 1957. 6"~~draulic Design Criteria", U. S. Army Engineers Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, Miss., 1964. 7 ~ e r r yR. N., Chilton, C. H., and Kilpatrick, S. D., Chemical , Engineers Handbook, 4th ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1963, 3-299. g ~ o c h e r B. A., 'A Guide to Hydraulic Design of Launders". , Bechtel Corporation Internal Paper, June, 1975.

jolt?

AUGUST 1978

SOCIETY O F