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15 - 17, 2002 By: Neil Johnson, Detroit Stoker Company and SFT, Inc. Retired
ABSTRACT
The stoker fired community consists of comparably newer units (fifteen years old), units that were installed in the 1940s and those in between. Those units were designed with a variety of factors depending on the manufacturer and the boiler design. Except for the units installed after the Clean Air Act, the older units are grand fathered to some degree from emissions controls. With the exception of biomass fired stokers, to obtain a permit for a new coal fired stoker today would be exceedingly difficult. It behooves the operators of the existing stokers to maintain and run their units as well as possible. This will extend as long as possible the life of the unit without a major replacement which might trigger New Source Review (NSR). This paper will provide design criteria as would be applied to a new spreader stoker fired unit, some basic emission control techniques and suggestions for maintaining good operating practices.
Refuse Fuels
A spreader stoker is an excellent combustor of cellulose waste such as: $ Wood(Shredded Trees to Sawdust) $ Garbage (Refuse Derived Fuel) $ Bagasse (Sugar Cane Residue) $ Industrial Residue (Paper, Plastics, Wood) $ Furfural Residue $ Peanut Shells $ Shredded Tires Most of these fuels can be burned without auxiliary fuel with proper attention to fuel moisture, design heat release, combustion air system design, and preheated air temperature. Co-generation and the emphasis on renewable fuels has driven increased use of these fuels. The spreader stoker is ideally suited for the combustion of these fuels. Size consist of the fuel is important from the standpoint of efficiency, availability, and low emissions. The curve shown in Figure 2 suggests an appropriate size range.
Fuel Feeders
To approach even energy release, it is necessary to have fuel feeder/distributors which will evenly feed the fuel over the entire grate surface. These feeder/distributors can be mechanical, pneumatic or a combination of both. They must be placed across the width of the front of the stoker in sufficient quantity to achieve even lateral distribution of the fuel and have the means to longitudinally adjust fuel distribution for various types of fuels and sizing. They should be able to bias the feed rate one feeder to another, and to adjust for segregation of fuel sizing from one feeder to another. How well the fuel feeder/distributors can adopt to the different characteristics of solid fuels plays a major part in the ability to operate at lowest possible emissions and highest combustion efficiency. There are many types of feeders that have been installed through the years. Feeders have been furnished which are reciprocating, vibrating, drum , or chain conveyor. There are distributors which have overthrowing, overrunning rotors or underthrow rotors. For the distribution of refuse both mechanical and pneumatic types have been utilized. This paper will discuss three of these types of feeder/distributors which are the types that the writer would recommend for a new unit. The chain type feeder both overthrow and underthrow types will be discussed for coal burning. Air swept distributor spouts are used almost universally for refuse burning. Regardless of the type of feeder, the results and goals must be the same, that is to distribute the fuel evenly over the entire grate surface. This then relates to the feeders having the ability to adjust the longitudinal distribution for differences in coal sizing characteristics. Lateral distribution is a function of the feeding width in relation to the grate width, as well as the ability of the rotor blades of mechanical feeders to splay the fuel in a lateral direction as well as longitudinally. The absolute minimum feeder width to grate width is 40%. The goal should be to have a feeder width of at least 50%. Coal feeders should have a non-segregating distributor interfacing between the coal bunker and the stoker feeder. A coal scale is recommended between the non-segregating spout and the coal bunker. A coal scale provides a method for tracking daily, weekly, or monthly coal usage. All modern coal scale electronics provide for real time usage in terms of coal rate per hour which is useful for tracking efficiency. Each coal feeder has the mechanism to regulate coal feed rate within the feeder. Older methods of control were to connect the feeders mechanically to a pneumatic control system. Present day distributed computer control systems can send a 4-20 mA signal to the feeder. With computers there is better control of fuel feed to maximize boiler efficiency and emission control. It is not practical to meter refuse at the fuel distributer except for special refuse fuels that will pass through a
mechanical feeder without problems. The nature of most refuse fuels requires large metering devices of special design to prevent bridging of the fuel and blockages within the feeding device. These feeders do not adapt to the boiler front where the distributor is located. Therefore, the refuse metering device is located above the distributor with a connecting chute in between. For maximum efficiency, best load following characteristics and lowest emissions, it is recommended that there be a separate metering device for each fuel distributor, and that the metering devices be kept full of fuel at all times. It is also important that the metering device be kept in a vertical plane from the front to prevent lateral maldistribution of the refuse in the furnace.
point the rotor imparts the maximum velocity to the coal. As can be seen from Figure 4, the presence of the underthrow rotor permitted designing the air assist nozzles so that they impact on the coal at the bottom of the rotor which is the point of highest velocity. The combination of rotor speed and air velocity provides the boiler operator with maximum flexibility in achieving longitudinal distribution. In addition, experimental work has found that adjusting the trajectory of the coal as it leaves the feeder can further assist in throwing fine coal to the rear of the furnace, thus the adjustable trajectory plate. Figure 5 Illustrates the recommended limits of coal sizing for the underthrow feeder. By comparing this with the coal size distribution in Figure 1, it can be seen that the underthrow feeder is capable of properly
Figure 5
distributing coal having higher percentages of fines. The goal at all times is to allow the operator to optimize fuel distribution in the furnace to achieve even heat release.
discharge grate will have virtually no ash at the rear and the ash bed depth will slowly increase as the grate moves forward. A desirable depth of ash discharging off of the front of the grates is 4" to 6". The increase in ash depth from the rear to the front changes the resistance of the fuel bed plus the ash to the air flow. Having a highly air resistant grate surface will minimize this affect.
Traveling Grate
Traveling grate spreader stokers have been in existence since 1938 and are the most popular way to burn coal on stokers for boilers above 50,000 lbs of steam/hr (Figure 7). In addition to coal, traveling grate spreader stokers are burning a wide variety of waste fuels as discussed previously. Ash is discharged at the front of the grate for two reasons. First of all, if the ash pit were in the rear, the fuel would be thrown directly into the ash pit without burning or worse, causing an ash pit fire. Second, the spreader stoker is a size classifier of the fuel and the coarser fuel is fed to the rear requiring more time to burn. The speed of the grate, at a given load, is a function of the pounds of fuel being burned per square feet of grate and the ash content of the fuel. On a given unit and fuel, the grate speed is a function of load. The relationship is not exactly linear since as the load increases, the rate of flycarbon rising also increases due to the increased furnace velocities. Since the function of a spreader stoker is to release equal energy for each square foot of grate, BTU/SQ FT/HR is the primary design criteria. Even though2 some of the energy is release in suspension, to have a common denominator of comparison, the total BTU input from the fuel is divided by the total active air admitting grate area to arrive at a unit heat release. Most units designed to burn bituminous coals, sub-bituminous coals, and lignite can have heat releases up to 750 KBTU/SQ FT/HR. Units exist which run at rates considerably higher. Low volatile bituminous coals as commented on in Fuel Types for Spreader Stokers should be designed for a maximum heat release of 600 KBTU/SQ FT/HR to minimize combustible loss. The higher carbon content requires more time to burn out and the lower heat release allows for slower grate speeds and more time in the furnace. The need for low emissions of NOx and CO also demands a consideration of heat release which will be discussed later. The grate heat release for refuse fuels such as wood or bagasse can be designed for 1,000 KBTU/SQ FT/HR or above depending on fuel moisture conditions and other factors affecting good combustion. Burning of refuse fuels will be covered more fully under Vibrating Grates. The ABMA published the Recommended Design Guideline for Stoker Firing of Bituminous Coals. Within this guideline for spreader stokers, allowable input in BTU/FT of WIDTH/HR is tied to the amount of flycarbon reinjection. It was felt that the amount of flycarbon reinjection for a given unit affected the carryover from the furnace and a greater width would provide more time for burnout of the carbon. This is important to a unit meeting particulate regulations with a mechanical dust collector. Figure 8 However, the goal of boiler manufacturers was to offer a unit having a minimum width to reduce costs. Because of this, a criteria was developed for an input per foot of grate width to maintain reasonable width to length ratios. This is necessary for good combustion and reduced emissions. A maximum heat release for coal of 14.5 MKBTU/FT OF WIDTH is suggested. This input is all right for any amount of reinjection on a unit equipped with a baghouse or precipitator.
Vibrating Grate
Air cooled horizontal vibrating grates have been used to burn coal for many years (Figure 8).Their application has been for small and medium sized spreader stoker fired boilers with a steaming rate of less than 150,000 LBS of ST/HR and for coal driers. Perhaps the term vibrating is not quite accurate since they are designed for low frequency vibration and the vibration cycle is intermittent. A timing device creates dwell time and vibrating time changing with boiler load. Units having more than one module in width are vibrated separately
rather than in unison. The vibrating action creates some agitation to the fuel bed and thus, the design heat release is a little more conservative than for a traveling grate. A maximum of 650 KBTU/SQ FT/HR should be used for bituminous coal. Refuse such as wood or bagasse is burned successfully on an air cooled vibrating grate stoker. The low ash in wood or bagasse means that the grate needs to vibrate infrequently. The fuel bed is quiescent without slag so the vibrating action readily moves the ash. However, the development of the water cooled vibrating grate has materially affected the wood burning power boiler in the pulp and paper industry as well as in co-generation facilities (Figure 9). Boilers equipped with a water cooled grate have higher availability and lower operating costs. The grate surface of the stoker rests on a grid of tubes connected to headers at both ends. This grid and its frame rests on flexing plates which are fastened to a supporting structure. The frequency of vibration and the Figure 9 timing methods are the same as for the air cooled vibrating grate. The water which cools the grate can either be tied to the boilers natural circulation or be part of the feed water circuit. In any case, the water must be boiler quality. The heat release burning refuse fuels such as wood waste, without regard to emissions, is a function of fuel moisture primarily. Units with fuel having a moisture content from 40% to 55% can be designed at heat releases up to 1100 KBTU/SQ FT/HR with proper attention to combustion air temperatures. Units with fuels having a moisture content less than 40% have been designed with burning rates of 1250 KBTU/SQ FT/HR. In practice, some units operate at well over design values.
can also assist in lower CO formation. The amount of air that has been used in these three level systems is approximately 35% of total air. This air must be delivered with sufficient energy to produce turbulence and mix the burning fuel with oxygen to complete combustion. The temperature of the overfire air can be either ambient or preheated. The choice should be that of the boiler designer. It is essential to design the overfire air system with sufficient static pressure to produce the required penetration into the combustion chamber for a given nozzle size. Nozzle shape is very important for the most efficient utilization of the fan energy. Tests have shown that some nozzle shapes are much more efficient than others. Later units have been equipped with nozzle sizes up to 3 inches in diameter. Further test work has shown that up to 30 inches static pressure is required to produce the needed energy for penetration and good turbulence.
Refuse combustion
The guidelines for undergrate air flow are no different for refuse firing than for coal firing. It is necessary to achieve even air flow. Some designs have used zoned undergrate air flow because the longitudinal fuel distribution has been poor. Zoning allows manual control to supply more air where there is a pile of fuel across the grates. It is better to achieve good fuel distribution as well as air distribution to eliminate the necessity for manual air adjustments. Virtually all refuse has a moisture content exceeding 25% and requires preheated air. Traveling grate spreader stokers designed to burn refuse fuels having moisture contents greater than 35% can use preheated air temperatures up to 550o F. Care should be used in selecting air temperatures for lower moisture fuels to prevent slagging on the grates. A careful examination of the fuel analysis and fusion temperature should be made.
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The water cooled vibrating grate spreader stoker has essentially replaced the traveling grate for burning refuse fuels. Since the air flow through the grates has little affect on grate temperatures, a higher air temperature can be utilized. When the refuse fuel has a moisture content above 35%, the water cooled vibrating grate can utilize air temperatures up to 650o F. However, the same cautions should be observed for lower moisture fuels.
High quantities of overfire air have been used for spreader stokers burning refuse fuels for many years. The high volatile proportion in the refuse means a greater proportion of the energy is released in suspension above the grates with resulting long flame travel. High quantities of overfire air are required to provide turbulence, mixing and oxygen for the complete burn out of the volatile. Increasing the quantity of overfire introduced to the furnace above the level of fuel feeding results in lower velocities at the fuel feed level and lower carryover of particulate. Figure 11 illustrates a unit having three levels of overfire air. This configuration has been used with overfire systems capable of 50% of total air. Since air cooling is less important on a water cooled vibrating grate, higher proportions of overfire air can be used. It is essential to use good design practices in the selection of nozzle sizes and air pressure, as well as the location of the rows of air and the number of nozzles in each row.
infiltration of tramp air between the stoker and the boiler reduces performance and increases excess air. Close attention to these matters will allow operation of the unit at 25% excess air or less in the furnace.
from a unit burning bituminous coal will be about 60%. By reinjecting the flyash caught in the boiler hoppers and mechanical collector, the part of the ash being discharged as flyash will be that in the final collection system. The total amount of ash from the combustion of the fuel leaving as flyash remains unchanged. With collector reinjection the amount of combustible in the discarded flyash will be lower and thus, the weight of flyash going to disposal will be lower. Burning bituminous coals will result in a combustible content of the flyash being discarded being about 25% or less with mechanical collector reinjection. Spreader stokers have been reinjecting for years and now circulating fluid bed fired boilers use the same technique to lower carbon loss. The reason for the lower combustible in the flyash with collector reinjection is the fact that smaller sized particles 6 of flyash have lower concentrations of combustible. The particle larger than 30 mesh may have a combustible content of 90% while the particle less than 200 mesh may have a combustible content as low as 5%. A mechanical collector allows little of the particle size larger than 200 mesh to go to the final cleanup device. Therefore the combustible in the flyash being disposed of is low. The larger particles have been reinjected into the furnace for reburning. As the combustible is burned out of the larger particles, they reduce in size until they pass through the mechanical collector to the final collection device. In this way, the total carbon loss from a spreader stoker is kept quite low.
Emission Control
The emissions of sulphur dioxide cannot be controlled in the combustion process since at least 95% of the sulphur in the coal is converted to SOx. Newer existing plants regulated under the Clean Air Act have had to install SO2 scrubbers. Older units have had to change to low sulphur coal. The emissions of nitrogen oxide, carbon monoxide, and hydrocarbons are affected by the combustion process. Some of the results from the combustion process are predictable.
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Excess oxygen and heat release affect nitrogen oxide emissions from spreader stokers. Excess oxygen is the
most predictable element of the combustion process affecting these emissions. Many tests have been run on single units at various excess oxygen levels starting in the 1970s with tests conducted by the ABMA under contract with the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Department of Energy (DOE) (Bessette, 1981). All of these tests have resulted in graphs of nitrogen oxide emission related to excess air having essentially the same slope. The same units were operated at different loads to simulate changes in grate heat release rates. This has shown that nitrogen oxide emissions do increase with increased heat release rates. That has led to the design of spreader stoker fired units having a maximum grate heat release of 700 KBTU/SQ FT/HR to minimize nitrogen oxide emissions. Pershing (1982), in laboratory tests run at the University of Utah, determined that fuel size affects the emissions of nitrogen oxide from spreader stokers. He determined that coal particle size less than 1/10th of an inch produced nitrogen oxides at a higher rate. This is due to the more rapid combustion of the finer particles producing higher temperatures. Full size unit testing has demonstrated this to be true (Figure 15). A unit operating with coal falling within the boundaries of the ABMAs coal size curve for spreader stokers emitted lower nitrogen oxides over a range of excess oxygen values than did the same unit operating with a coal with sizing falling on the fine side outside the ABMA curve.
Furnace temperature from the heat of combustion does affect the emissions of nitrogen oxide from spreader stoker firing, as it does on other types of solid, gaseous, or liquid fuel firing. Combustion air temperature affects furnace temperature and Figure 16 thus, nitrogen oxide emissions. Units with preheated will emit higher emissions than those utilizing ambient combustion air (Figure 16). If steam conditions permit, it would be well to design a unit with just an economizer rather than a combination of economizer and air heater. In the earlier part of the paper, there were comments on overfire air quantities of 30% to 35% of total combustion air for staging of the combustion process. Tests have shown that this quantity of overfire air, properly located in the furnace, can reduce nitrogen oxide emissions. With a high quantity of overfire air located above the elevation of fuel entry to the furnace, there is very low excess oxygen at the grate line. In addition, staging the combustion process probably lowers the furnace temperature at any given location. For maximum effectiveness, even heat release without spikes is most important. Several years ago, while experimenting with the design of coal feeders and field testing of a new coal feeder design for the purpose of being able to distribute a wider range of coal sizes properly, it was found that the method of fuel feed does affect nitrogen oxide emission. A unit operated with standard coal feeders adjacent to an identical unit operating with new type coal feeders had 15% to 20% higher nitrogen oxide emissions under all conditions for a 13 day test period (Figure17). Each unit was operated under the same conditions as closely as possible for the 13 day test period. Excess oxygen was varied as well as load. It can be seen that the unit with the new type coal feeder had, for the entire 13 day test period, lower nitrogen oxide emissions. The design of the new feeder kept the coal low in the furnace as it was distributed over the grates. With high percentages of air being used for staging, the oxygen at the grates, and the velocity was lower so less nitrogen oxide was produced. The emissions of carbon monoxide and Hydrocarbons from a spreader stoker are affected primarily by excess oxygen, heat release rate, and the proper application of overfire air turbulence. Excess oxygen, if it becomes too
Figure 17
high, will result in a slight increase in carbon monoxide emissions. At some minimum excess oxygen, which could be different from one unit to another, the carbon monoxide increases rapidly. During the 13 day feeder test, both units operated with very low carbon monoxide emissions. The level of excess oxygen at which the carbon monoxide increased was less than 2%. Carbon monoxide emissions, in general, have not been a problem for spreader stokers. The control of emissions from spreader stokers has been limited to the combustion techniques for minimizing the emissions of nitrogen oxide and carbon monoxide. There are additional in furnace techniques that have been developed. These include: Natural Gas Reburn Technology Flue Gas Recirculation to Reduce Excess Oxygen Combination of Gas Reburn and Flue Gas Recirculation Post combustion systems in use today are Selective Non-Catalytic Reduction (SNCR) and Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR). A combination of best combustion technology, in furnace systems, and post combustion systems is possible.
OPERATION
There exists today a host of efforts to tighten emission regulations and to include elements previously not regulated. Older grand fathered units may be subject to regulations that they had been exempt from. Newer units, constructed under New Source Performance Standards (NSPS), may have their permit requirements tightened and new elements added. CIBO has written many documents in response to these proposals pointing out the unreasonableness of the proposed rules and showing the vast difference between utility units and industrial units when utility testing results were going to be used to apply regulations to industrial units. ABMA and other organizations also have responded to environmental proposals. Some of these proposals do not have good information on true health affects nor do they consider economic factors. On June 28, 2002 there was a Technology Transfer Openhouse at the Medical College of Ohio. A demonstration of a Rapid Absorption Process SO2 Reduction system and LoTOx Nox Removal system had been installed with funds partially provided by the Ohio Coal Development Office/Ohio Department of Development as well as participation by the Medical College of Ohio, SFT, Inc., Beaumont Environmental Systems, and BOC Gases (Technical Transfer Paper). The college has three boilers rated at 70,000 LBS ST/HR (two coal fired and one gas fired) and one 40,000 LB ST/HR coal fired boiler. Testing of the two systems showed removal of both sulphur
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dioxide and nitrogen oxide in excess of 90%. It is claimed that other pollutants, including mercury can be removed by this system. There are other innovative systems being developed and existing facilities should research what is available. The CIBO and ABMA offices can assist in locating literature on available systems. Perhaps some readers of this paper generate electricity. CIBO has published an industry type list of non-utility facilities with cogeneration. The total number of facilities is 1013, the number of facilities that generate over 25 MW is 491, and the number of facilities that send more than 30% of the electrical output to the grid is 268. These units have a big stake in any proposed revision to the regulations. CIBO is responding to an EPA effort to redefine Maximum Available Control Technology (MACT). CIBO has pointed out the wide diversity of type in the 42,000 boilers and the 15,000 process heaters, and, the little data that EPA has to support the revisions as well as that some cannot be met. Another area that CIBO is very active in is the EPAs efforts to reform the New Source Review (NSR) program. With all of these forces at work, it behooves the existing plants to operate their units as well as possible to establish the best baseline data. Non Utility Generators (NUG) are always trying to be as efficient as possible and operate with minimum costs since selling electricity is their income. Industrial facilities can minimize their fuel costs, maintenance costs, downtime, and maximize their capacity by good operating habits. In addition, should an add on control for emissions be required, the cost of operation and the results from the device will improve with efficient boiler operation. Existing boilers are controlled by a wide variety of systems. There may be some that are still controlled by pneumatic systems that measure steam flow, air flow and pressure and then modulate the control air pressure to the controlled device. Newer units as well as older units that have converted are controlled by sophisticated distributed computer control systems. The device that is controlled may be powered by a pneumatic or electric controller. It is essential that the system be checked, maintained and calibrated on a regular basis. Any loss motion in the linkage to the controlled device should be eliminated. Measuring instruments for temperature, pressure and drafts should be maintained and calibrated on a defined schedule. Oxygen analyzers should be calibrated and the readings recorded as a check on any change in efficiency. Oxygen analyzers are usually located at the boiler or economizer outlets. If a boiler does not have one, either one should be installed or a portable device should be used to record oxygen levels. No matter how well the remainder of the boiler is maintained, well operating controls and instruments are essential for the continued efficient operation of the boiler. The coal handling system should be designed to minimize segregation of coal size to the stoker hoppers. Running a sieve analysis on the coal from each spreader stoker feeder or across the width of a mass burn stoker will indicate the degree of segregation to the stoker. If there is segregation, steps should be taken to minimize this. Even sizing to each feeder of a spreader stoker or across the width of a mass burn stoker will help in achieving efficient burning of the coal. A thorough inspection of the stoker should be made at every annual outage. Worn feeder parts that introduce lost motion should be replaced. Worn parts prevent using the full capabilities of the feeder to distribute the coal evenly. During operation, a regular schedule should be maintained to observe the fire to assure that it is burning evenly over the entire grate surface. An inspection of the fire through the rear doors should be made to see that the fire is carried back to the rear wall but not piling at the wall. One should be able to see between the rear wall and the flames. Make sure that the depth of ash is that desired and, if not, adjust the bias for the grate speed. Grates, sprockets, bearings, etc. require inspection at the annual outage for wear or warpage should the grate surface have been overheated. Careful examination of all the seals between the stoker and boiler is a necessity. By keeping the seals in good condition, infiltration of air is kept to a minimum. The boiler, heat traps, ductwork, particulate collectors, and fans should be checked for leakage of air or flue gas. Infiltration of tramp air can reduce efficiency and increase draft losses through the entire boiler system. This will then use more induced draft fan horsepower. Infiltration of air can be checked by lighting a torch and see if the flames are drawn into the unit at any location. Another method is to build a water cooled probe for checking oxygen levels in the furnace against oxygen levels at downstream locations. An increase in oxygen indicates infiltration. Also, a smoke bomb can be placed in the unit and then pressurize it to see where the smoke comes out into the building. This method is dirty and smelly. Repair any places that infiltration is found. It will pay dividends.
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Draft loss is another indicator of deteriorating efficiency. Slag and soot buildup in the boiler passes, economizer or air heater will increase draft loss. Slag or soot buildup in the dust collector or worn tubes and vanes can also increase draft loss. High draft loss uses more induced draft fan power and, if the increase in draft is high enough, the capacity of the unit will be decreased. One unit has been observed where increased draft loss reduced the units capacity by 20%. Good instrumentation will include draft readings at strategic locations throughout the unit and by checking the recorded records, any deteriorating conditions can be monitored. Speaking of loss of capacity due to induced draft fan capacity, regular inspections of the fan blades and scroll for erosion is necessary. This is especially true if the fan is located upstream of the final particulate cleanup device. Although the design criteria put forth in this paper may not fit existing units, there are ways to improve the design of any given unit. See if there are ways to improve seals between the stoker and boiler. Look at ways to prevent infiltration of tramp air. Can soot blowing be improved to prevent slag buildup which creates draft loss? How can the overfire air system be improved to lower nitrogen oxide emissions, decrease particulate carryover, and operate at lower excess oxygen? Will a new coal feeder for spreader stokers improve the ability to burn a lower cost coal, lower nitrogen oxide emissions, and lower excess air? Any improvement to operation will produce lower operating costs and provide an easier transition to possible additional emission control requirements.
REFERENCES
American Boiler Manufacturers Association (ABMA), Recommended Design Guidelines for Stoker Firing Bituminous Coals First Edition. Bessette, R. D., et al Emissions and Efficiency Performance of Industrial Coal Stoker Fired Boilers by ABMA DOE/ET 10386-TI (Vol. !), August 1981 Pershing, D. W., et al Formation and control of NOx Emission from Coal-Fired Spreader-Stoker Boilers 19th Symposium (International) on Combustion, Haifa, Israel, 1982. Goss, W. L. Technical Transfer Paper Multi-Pollutant Control System, Medical College of Ohio, June 28, 2002
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