PORTFOLIO IN TYPES OF INFORMATION SYSTEM

Submitted By: Bongat, Jeremie BSIT- 4C Submitted To: Prof. Vias

INTRODUCTION
Information System is a combination of people, hardware, software, communication devices, network and data resources that processes (can be storing, retrieving, transforming information) data and information for a specific purpose. It includes input, process, output, feedback and control. The inputted data like information, instruction and data itself then will be processed (calculating, programming, storing) using technology devices such as computers, and produce output (printing reports, displaying results) that will be sent to another user or other system via a network and a feedback method that controls the operation. Feedback with the help of Information System, businesses is able to process and operate its daily works more accurate and easier. All data and information are stored in electronic database which is much safer and easier to be attached then traditional method. The study of Information Systems involves people, information, business processes (activity to develop & deliver product or service) & IT (Computers). Also information systems are by means by which organizations and people use computers to collect, process, store, use (analyze) and distribute information. Now in modern days, information system has evolved and we are much likely to have in our organization a Computer Based Information System. A computer-based information system (CBIS) is an information system in which the computer plays a major role. It consists of hardware, software, data, procedures and people.

The hardware we are referring to is the machinery, the computer which is often referred as the central processing unit (CPU), and all of its support equipment. Among the support equipment are input and output devices, storage devices and communications devices. The software it refers to the computer programs, are machine-readable instructions that direct the circuitry within the hardware parts of the CBIS to function in ways that produce useful information from data. The data are the facts that used by program to produce useful information. Procedures are the policies that govern the operation of a computer system. "Procedures are to people what software is to hardware". Lastly the people, every computer-bases information system needs people to be useful. Today many information systems are arrived that has a big role in every organization. In this documentation I present different types of information system and their current trends.

MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM

Management information systems (MIS) are complex decision support systems used by companies to enhance and improve their business operations. Historically, an MIS was a management tool to help company management make informed decisions for their business based on information gathered from all business departments. Technology has greatly improved the effectiveness of the MIS. The current trends of management information system nowadays are the enterprise resource planning, networking, data mining, education and careers. Enterprise resource planning (ERP) software is a form of MIS that is installed in all departments and locations of businesses to enhance the availability of company information. With the globalization of the economic marketplace, companies have sought ways to improve their ability to collect and report financial information to management for effective decision making. ERPs fill this void by allowing companies to use one computer system to effectively record all company information. Another trend in MIS is the ability for companies to network with other companies for business purposes. Manufacturing firms can shorten their supply chain using electronic data interchange (EDI) to transfer the necessary information for ordering more products. Networking also allows companies to transfer money through several bank accounts, creating a quicker process for paying bills and purchasing materials. An MIS ensures that management has all the pertinent information for these business operations, allowing them to review the effectiveness of their operations.

An important trend in MIS is the ability for companies to use data mining tools to collect information regarding consumer purchases and other economic trends. This allows management to translate this information into goals and directions for future business operations. Most MIS software also has trending or forecasting models that allow companies to project emerging consumer markets for profitable operations. Companies can use their internal figures in the MIS to measure the effectives of their external data mining techniques. As MIS software becomes more prevalent in businesses, many colleges and universities have developed educational programs to train students on these programs. Most degrees are four-year baccalaureate programs that combine general business courses with a mix of computer programming and management classes. This helps students to develop a well-rounded education in the development and implantation of MIS software. Advanced degrees are also offered. Lastly, Computerized MIS programs have led to a new career in database management and consulting.

EXPERT SYSTEM
Earlier expert systems were almost exclusively developed on specialized machines by specialists called knowledge engineers. These early applications were typically expensive, not particularly user friendly, and often designed to demonstrate what the technology might do rather than to cost-effectively solve a problem. Today, however, it appears that highly useful expert systems are being developed in relatively large numbers on inexpensive personal computers by scientific, engineering, and technical personnel who do not have specialized expert systems training. The changes in hardware and software tools that have aided and permitted this change and their acceptance by a wide variety of users are described. The recent trends in the expert systems just like in the commercial of Nestle once you have inputted your weight you will easy determine the procedures that you will do in order to have a healthy body or if you have a good body in order to maintain it. The Blind Spot Information System is a latest trend of expert system. It helps detect vehicles in blind spots during normal driving and traffic approaching from the sides when reversing out of parking spots. It uses multiple-beam radar modules, which are packaged in the rear quarter panels one per side. The radar identifies when a vehicle enters the defined blind spot zone and illuminates an indicator light on the corresponding side view mirror, providing a warning that a vehicle is approaching.

Also automatic extraction of metadata from scientific publications is also an expert system. The system can automatically extract metadata from scientific papers in PDF format for the information system for monitoring the scientific research activity. Expert system also used in medical purposes the online diagnosis and the latest is knowledge and attitude regarding recovery among mental health practitioners and for teaching purposes in the teacher selection of resources. Ultra-large-scale interactive systems on the Internet have begun to change how teachers prepare for instruction, particularly in regards to resource selection. Consequently, it is important to look at how teachers are currently selecting resources beyond content or keyword search. Also expert system is for automatic grading and spreadsheet and database skills. Growing enrollment in distance education has increased student-to-lecturer ratios and, therefore, increased the workload of the lecturer. This growing enrollment has resulted in mounting efforts to develop automatic grading systems in an effort to reduce this workload.

DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM

Information plays a major role in any organization. The value of information depends on its application and use. The success of an organization largely depends on the quality of the information that it generates. The information is used as raw material for decision making. The use of computer based information system makes the process very effective and efficient when the large amounts of data are involved. Though there are several types of information systems are in existence which support decision making, the decision support system is one of them. From Gorry and Scott-Morton they say that A DSS is an interactive computer based system that helps decision makers utilizes data and models to solve unstructured problems. Decision Supports Systems (DSS) are computer-based information systems designed in such a way that help managers to select one of the many alternative solutions to a problem. It is possible to automate some of the decision making processes in a large, computer-based DSS which is sophisticated and analyze huge amount of information fast. A DSS is an interactive computer based information system with an organized collection of models, people, procedures, software, databases, telecommunication, and devices, which helps decision makers to solve unstructured or semi-structured business problems. Before Decision Support System can be Data Driven, Model Driven, Knowledge Driven, Document Driven, Communication Driven but now the current trends nowadays of Decision Support System is Inter- and Intra- organization DSS, Hybrid System, Online Analytical Processing (OLAP) and OLAP and web-based DSS.

The Inter- and Intra- organization Decision Support System These systems are driven by the rapid growth of Internet and other networking technologies such as broadband WANs, LANs, WIP, etc. Inter-organization DSS are used to serve companies stakeholders (customers, suppliers, etc.), whereas intra-organization DSS are more directed towards individuals inside the company and specific user groups. The latter, because of their stricter control, are often stand-alone units inside the firm. The New breeds of Decisions Support System are like Hybrid Systems, which are combinations units using aspects of more than one different type of DSS. A very popular example is Web based DSS, which can be driven by a combination of different models such as document-driven, communication driven and knowledge drive. Web-based DSS are computerized systems that deliver decision support information or decision support tools to a manager or business analyst using a "thin-client" Web browser. I think one of the examples of this is a standalone Hotel Reservation System connected to its online Hotel Reservation System it helps in decision support when it comes to statistics of how many people are must likely comfortable in reserving rooms online or walk in to the hotel. The On-line Analytical Processing (OLAP) is a category of software technology that enables analysts, managers and executives to gain insight into data through fast, consistent, interactive access to a wide variety of possible views of information that has been transformed from raw data to reflect the real dimensionality of the enterprise as understood by the user. Lastly, OLAP and web-based Decision Support Systems are by far the more popular Decision Support Systems these days.

ENTERPRISE COLLABORATION SYSTEM

Enterprise Collaboration is a process in which the right people connect with the right expertise or information at the right time to drive the right business decision. In todays business world characterized by global competition, increased specialization of expertise and a fast pace of decision-making, collaboration is not just another buzzword, it is often the difference between success and failure. There are trends that make enterprise collaboration increasingly vital for success. The porous enterprise is one of example of this. The idea here is that these days the walls that divide people within the enterprise from customers, partners, and the public are not impenetrable. Companies are realizing that it behooves them to open communication among the various members of the eco-system. The best contributions and assets from outside the enterprise should have ways to make it inside. One specific application of the porous enterprise concept is the crowdsourcing of ideas. Both sales force and liferay use this technique to engage their customers (and community) to help define product features and extensions. Marketplaces are also a way to enhance the value of a companys assets through its extended eco-system. Third parties such as partners, endusers, or even customers can publish their own value-add solutions, thereby creating opportunities for themselves and enhancing the overall value of your companys offerings. Also the mobile enterprise, the best enterprise collaboration tools will account for this and enable new ways to take advantage of the unique aspects mobility brings to a shared online workspace.

A Multi-Agent Question-Answering System for E-Learning and Collaborative Learning Environment is one of trending system of enterprise collaboration. The increasing advances of new Internet technologies in all application domains have changed life styles and interactions. E-learning and collaborative learning environment systems are originated through such changes and aim at providing facilities for people in different times and geographical locations to cooperate, collaborate, learn and work together by using various educational services. One of the most important requirements of learners in online and virtual environments is the ability to ask questions and receive appropriate answers. The nature of such environments and the lack of physical existence of teachers make such issues critical and challenging problems. It presents a multi-agent system for building a question-answering system in learning management systems and collaborative learning environments. The cloud and software as a service has served as a key enabler for enterprise collaboration. 2012 will be the year when smart mobile devices, especially tablets, will provide full mobile access to collaboration systems in the cloud, enabling anyone, anywhere using any device to access a single platform. As collaboration become more mobile, all the people and organizations in an industry supply chain or partner ecosystem will be 100 percent connected and able to collaborate, no matter where they are -- even on a Wi-Fi-equipped airplane. Increased productivity and efficiency. Accelerated delivery cycles. Improved decision making. A reduction in mistakes and errors. It's all possible, it's started to happen, and 2012 will be the year it becomes the norm.

CLINICAL INFORMATION SYSTEM

A clinical information system is a collection of various information technology applications that provides a centralized repository of information related to patient care across distributed locations. This repository represents the patient's history of illnesses and interactions with providers by encoding knowledge capable of helping clinicians decide about the patient's condition, treatment options, and wellness activities. The repository also encodes the status of decisions, actions underway for those decisions, and relevant information that can help in performing those actions. The database could also hold other information about the patient, including genetic, environmental, and social contexts. It is a computer-based system that is dedicated to the collection, storage, manipulation and presentation of all the clinical information important to delivery of patient care. We must examine the organizational and social issues surrounding these systems to truly understand their potential use, benefit, and impact on health care delivery overall. The Digital Clinical System and Point of Care alarm notification are the trending in Clinical Information System. Alarm management and notification remains one of the most important patient safety concerns for healthcare providers. The lightweight, wearable Vocera Communications Badge. Nurses use the Vocera Communication System to speak with other clinicians while tending to patients. Communications and interruptions in the delivery of care also impact patient safety.

Besides providing direct care, caregivers must also coordinate the delivery of care by others, communicate with attending and consulting physicians, facilitate transports outside the unit for diagnostic tests or therapies, manage visits from respiratory therapy and the collection of specimens, and coordinate with social workers and discharge planners. Added to these activities are interruptions via nurse call, phones, overhead pages, and medical devices. "There can be so many alarms at a given time that the patient care environment becomes dysfunctional," says William Hyman, professor of biomedical engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University. "This is a well known occurrence where alarms can become un-responded to, becoming part of the background noise. When environments become excessively noisy, it can become so unbearable that users have been known to sabotage alarms." According to healthcare information technology veteran Charles Fox, "Using connectivity between medical devices and clinical information systems, we can be smart enough to let the clinician know what to focus on and what not to focus on; we need to help clinicians focus on the clinically significant data." Alarms must be truly actionable to improve patient safety. The integration required for this goes beyond a single parameter and its normal values and must evaluate parameters within the context of other parameters derived from other devices and data from information systems. This broader context results in patientspecific normal parameters that change over time. Traditional threshold alarm limits generate many false positive alarms of little clinical value. Adding decision support and specificity is critical to reducing false positive alarms.

COMMUNICATION SUPPORT SYSTEM

A new communication support system has been developed for assisting elderly people communicating by telephone and e-mail. The system consists of a conventional tablet computer, a computer-telephony interface board, a microphone, a speaker, a telephone line and the Internet. The tablet liquid crystal screen (TLCS) is used as a display device and an entry device, instead of a keyboard. When an elderly person telephones or sends an email, they then choose a communication person from the registered support personnel pictures displayed on the TLCS. The computer dials or sends e-mail, which is directly handwritten on the TLCS. When their home system receives a telephone call or e-mail, the computer displays the calling communication person's picture and name on the TLCS. The elderly person can therefore easily recognize and verify the person. Since this newly-developed communication support system does not employ a keyboard, it is easily operated by elderly persons. Also we have Peterborough Communication Support Systems; it is a unique sign language environment addressing the special needs of deaf, hard of hearing and non-verbal adults with developmental disabilities and additional sensory impairments. PCSS functions as a stepping stone to assist adults with developmental disabilities and communication challenges advance toward self-sufficiency. Clients are supported by both deaf and hearing staff that assists them with achieving personal goals and gaining independence. Sign Language, which is used at all times in the presence of Deaf, Hard of Hearing and non-verbal service users, is what sets this agency apart from other community living agencies.

KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

Knowledge management involves business, cultural and technological approaches that support the development and exploitation of knowledge assets. KM encompasses theories, model, process and tools that support the efficient and effective evaluation, development and exploitation of knowledge resources in business process and business decision making. Its a concept which addresses how external knowledge (outside the organization) is sought out and combined with internal knowledge to create new knowledge that meets the needs of target users/clients. It includes capturing, utilize and re-utilize information using the experience of staff. This allows innovation and creativity to be enhanced within organizational activity. In knowledge management we try to understand how a company, business unit, or work team function as a collaborative intelligence or collective field of knowledge. It is the use of information technology to capture data and information in order to manage knowledge or simply the ability to manage knowledge. In todays fast-paced society, the companys based capabilities are becoming its only sustainable competitive advantage. As such, knowledge must be protected, cultivated and shared among company employees and stakeholders. Many organizations rely on knowledge to create their strategic advantage. Yet, often valuables time and resources are wasted in reinventing the wheel of failing to access the right expertise which is available but remains widely dispersed and fragmented.

Furthermore, the knowledge developments processes require to maintain competitiveness are often not in place. Today we have trends that are influencing how organizations are approaching knowledge management (KM). We have new focus on social capital and social networks. Social capital is built through interaction and leads to improved knowledge-sharing. Organizations are now looking at the tools and training for staff to map their existing social networks and to understand how to build social capital with their colleagues, clients and audiences. Also the latest is ONLINE KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT that I saw recently it is called OPENKM . OpenKM is focused on creating a Open Source Electronic Document Management System, that due to its characteristics can be used by big companies as well as by the small ones, as a useful tool in processing knowledge management, providing a more flexible and cost effective alternative to other proprietary applications. The use of a Knowledge Management System in a company helps to manage, more efficiently, the intelligence of the available resources of this company; this implies an increase of productivity in the short term. Through these systems the information, as well as the knowledge generated within the organization, can be both globally accessed.

MARKETING INFORMATION SYSTEM

The marketing environment today is changing at rapid price. The businesses are moving from local to national to international market. The marketer today requires quick and correct information to adjust the marketing plans and programs. Companies with superior information enjoy a competitive advantage. Information today has become keen business resource. Information helps companies choose its market better develop better understanding and execute better marketing planning. Every firm must organize and distribute a continuous flow of information to its marketing manager. Companies study their managers information needs and design marketing system to meet these needs. According to Philip Kotler "A marketing information system consists of people, equipment, and procedures to gather, sort, analyze, evaluate, and distribute needed, timely, and accurate information to marketing decision makers.The development of a modern marketing information system using the systems of the unique data bases offer the possibility of stocking and using of an incredible volume of marketing information of numerical nature, text, graphic, sounds, voice and video images, simple and easy to access through automatic procedures delivered by the host systems of data bases administration (SGBD), locally or at distance. Aprimos cloud-based integrated marketing automation software enables B2C and B2B marketers to take control of marketing operations and campaign management like never before, eliminating internal silos with streamlined workflows and executing innovative multi-channel campaigns to drive measurable ROI.

OFFICE AUTOMATION SYSTEM

Computer technology has recently been applied to the automation of office tasks and procedures. Much of the technology is aimed not at improving the efficiency of current office procedures, but at altering the nature of office works altogether. The term "office automation" is generally considered to refer to the use of integrated computer and communications systems to support administrative procedures in an office environment. Automated office systems represent structured methods of handling business text processing and communications through an integrated network that may include word processing for generating correspondence, electronic message systems for person to-person communication, teleconferencing services, facsimile transmission, electronic filing systems, on-line calendar systems, and links to corporate files and outside services. Many trends will influence what can be done to automate the office these include such as factors as the movement toward improving the quality of life and the content of work. Sankya is the current trends in Office Automation System. With businesses

seeing rapidly expanding frontiers, companies find the need for solutions that can handle all the office updates, tasks, functions, information transfer and sharing etc more effectively and professionally than before. The margins for error and mistakes need to be non-existent for the company to profit and grow. Office automation systems help with these functions and ensure that aspects like raw data storage, managing electronic business data, electronic transfer of this information and more handled by the software.

It collects stores and oversees these aspects of a business effectively without any errors. Sankya offers software solutions for these requirements that are low cost, of high quality and that are easy to comprehend and use. It includes order management, file map utility, assest management system, and account consolidation application. An Order Management Software Solution helps to maintain and manage the order entry and processing of a company. The orders received by a company for products or services need to be carefully tabulated and managed. The offer and pricing done through a variety of medium such as catalogues, broadcast network advertisements, websites etc need to be looked into and upgraded as needed. The software therefore is not just about tracking an order form, but also about all the various tasks associated with the orders and purchases of a company. Sankyas solution looks into these mentioned aspects when it comes to Order Management. With companies these days having multiple departments, different sub sectors for a function handling, large number of employees; the need for integrated communication is higher and more complex than before. A system is required to map, transform and transfer data of large volume between the entire different database in text files and more. The asset management system becomes necessary in order to have a comprehensive view of all the assets of the company. The software keeps vital data in hand regarding the expansion, the worth and other important aspects of the company organized and structured and ready to be viewed at any given point of time. The Account Consolidation Application uses software that helps in organizing the allocation of budgets, periodic capturing of revenue and expenditure data from distributed operation centers. It also looks into aspects of generation and distribution of consolidated and periodic reports to corporate office and operation centers.

PROCESS CONTROL SYSTEM

Nowadays many process control system has arrived one of this current trends is Ethernet Driving to Sensors. Ethernet is starting to be used more often at end devices including motor drives, vision, flow sensors, motor control centers, safety relays, and analytical instruments. There is an emerging movement for IP addressed sensors since it leverages standard IP technologies. This continues to evolve. Its most interesting to note that smarter devices with Ethernet communications are becoming available. For example, last year a very small vision camera was demonstrated communicating on Ethernet with a complete IEC 61131-3 controller embedded in it. The Remote Monitoring, todays systems have the ability to support powerful remote monitoring which allows experts to help solve plant problems without the need for travel. This ability will grow in importance because of a shrinking pool of experienced people and growth in developing countries. Remote monitoring continues to grow with the need to leverage the shrinking pool of experts. There are numerous developments in this area. Fieldbus Foundation launched its Remote Operations Management (ROM) solution in 2011 which provides a single integrated infrastructure built specifically for process automation. Cellular phone technology is being used more often to implement remote monitoring since it is readily available and easy to deploy. Cyber security is a major issue for remote monitoring.

GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEM

A geographic information system (GIS) integrates hardware, software, and data for capturing, managing, analyzing, and displaying all forms of geographically referenced information. GIS allows us to view, understand, question, interpret, and visualize data in many ways that reveal relationships, patterns, and trends in the form of maps, globes, reports, and charts. A GIS helps you answer questions and solve problems by looking at your data in a way that is quickly understood and easily shared. Geographical Information System has many trends one of the example is Esri Software that include GIS mapping, mobile GIS, enterprise GIS, and cloud GIS. ESRI's vision for mapping and visualization is to enable you to easily and efficiently create highquality printed and Web service maps. The ArcGIS software environment includes: A single software environment from data capture to map finishing and Web publishing, A central database for managing and serving map data, Map book and atlas creation capabilities and etc. Mobile GIS technology extends GIS beyond the office and allows organizations to make accurate, real-time business decisions and collaborate in both field and office environments. Mobile GIS products and services are essential to the success of many GIS mapping applications and enable an organization to expand its enterprise GIS into the field. Various industries and field-workers use mobile GIS technology to help complete both complex projects and routine tasks. Esri's longtime best-of-breed approach provides value to customers by building better linkages between CAD and GIS systems.

ArcGIS now offers better tools for organization of CAD data and a larger, more useful set of symbols for representing CAD information. In addition, ArcGIS provides a commonly accepted framework for georeferencing CAD data so it can be used in many types of applications and by a wider range of professionals. More recently, Esri has turned its focus to streamlining workflows that provide GIS content to CAD users. The ArcGIS for AutoCAD plug-in provides GIS content to CAD users via an elegant services-based approach to interoperability, where designers and draftspersons can access and use GIS Web services delivered by ArcGIS for Server without leaving the CAD environment. Esri is exploring how other ArcGIS for Server services, such as geoprocessing and geodata services as well as Web editing, can be used inside AutoCAD and other CAD software. Esri has also created a new data specification, the mapping specification for CAD (MSC), which is a method of defining and creating GIS content using AutoCAD files and ArcGIS for AutoCAD. GIS experts maintain control of the information and applications, yet productivity skyrockets as more users have access to geospatial information. Geospatial information can also be integrated with other enterprise applications to geoenable executive analysis and decision-support systems. Cloud computing furnishes technological capabilitiescommonly maintained off premisesthat are delivered on demand as services via the Internet. Cloud GIS offerings can range from data storage to end-user Web applications to other focused computing services. Esri considers cloud computing and technology important in the development and vision of the ArcGIS platform.

TRANSACTION PROCESSING SYSTEM

Transaction processing system is a program or software that processes all transactions that go in and out of a business or a company. The system goes over the transactions one by one, like in an automated teller machine (ATM) that permits only one user at a time. The term transaction, in this case, does not only refer to financial aspects, but to requests for information as a whole, such as booking a flight or just logging into an online bank account. A transaction processing system is concerned with Operational day-to-day activities like inventory system, strategic decision making support, and a large database of specialized knowledge that all of these will support of organizations management needs. It is an information system that used to support and record transactions. A modern analogy is a torrent file connected to a folder of files. The user cannot immediately access a file until all the files in the folder are completely downloaded. The transaction process, on the contrary, yields real-time results that create more convenience and less confusion. For example, an online shopper can instantly see the number of available products decrease as other shoppers are putting the products into their online shopping cart.

Today we have what we call Online Transaction Processing System. Online Transaction Processing (OLTP) is a class of program that supports, facilitates and manages high-transaction-oriented applications. Just like online reservation, online checking of accounts in banks that is integrated with latest gadgets or machine to enable to make most transaction processing system effective. Also the latest trend is the transaction processing system is also integrated in our mobile phones or tablets like Revel System that they use tablet as a point-of-sale solution is San Francisco to startup is delivering a solution specifically for supermarkets and grocery stores. It turns iPads into cash register to make the checkout process easier for supermarkets. We have been using also the mobile for the security provider for those mobile chinese users.

HUMAN RESOURCE INFORMATION SYSTEM

Human resource management is a process of bringing people and organizations together so that the goals of each other are met. The Human Resource Information System (HRIS) is a software or online solution for the data entry, data tracking, and data information needs of the Human Resources, payroll, management, and accounting functions within a business.

STRATEGIC INFORMATION SYSTEM

A Strategic Information System (SIS) is a system that helps companies change or otherwise alter their business strategy and/or structure. It is typically utilized to streamline and quicken the reaction time to environmental changes and aid it in achieving a competitive advantage.