SF016

CHAPTER 4

CHAPTER 4: Forces (5 Hours)

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4.1

CHAPTER 4

Basic of forces and free body diagram (3 hours) 4.1.1 Basic of forces 4.1.2 Free body diagram 4.1.3 The forces acting on a body i) Weight ii) Tension iii) Normal force iv) Friction 4.1.4 Static friction and kinetic friction

4.2

Newtons laws of motion (2 hours) 4.2.1 Newtons First Law and inertia 4.2.2 The equilibrium of a particle 4.2.3 Newtons First Law in equilibrium of forces 4.2.4 Newtons Second Law 4.2.5 Newtons Third Law

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4.1

CHAPTER 4

Basic of forces and free body diagram (3 hours) 4.1.1 Basic of forces 4.1.2 Free body diagram 4.1.3 The forces acting on a body i) Weight ii) Tension iii) Normal force iv) Friction 4.1.4 Static friction and kinetic friction

4.2

Newtons laws of motion (2 hours) 4.2.1 Newtons First Law and inertia 4.2.2 the equilibrium of a particle 4.2.3 Newtons First Law in equilibrium of forces 4.2.4 Newtons Second Law 4.2.5 Newtons Third Law

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CHAPTER 4

4.1 Basic of forces and free body diagram (3 hours) Learning Outcome: Remarks At the end of this chapter, students should be able to: a) Identify the forces acting Emphasize on the on a body in different direction of the situations : forces. i) Weight ii) Tension iii) Normal force iv) Friction b) Determine weight, static Distinguish between friction and kinetic static and kinetic friction. (dynamic) friction. c) Draw free body diagram. d) Determine the resultant force.

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4.1.1 Basic of forces

CHAPTER 4

Force is defined as something capable of changing state of motion or size or dimension of a body. There are four types of fundamental forces in nature: Gravitational forces (refer to figures 4.1 and 4.2) The forces involve attraction between massive body. is a long-range forces. the weakest forces in nature.

Figure 4.1

Figure 54.2

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CHAPTER 4

Electromagnetic forces (refer to figures 4.3) The attractive and repulsive forces between electric charges. is a long-range forces. Strong nuclear forces (refer to figures 4.4) The attractive forces bonding neutron and proton in atomic nucleus. is a short-range forces and the strongest forces in nature.

Figure 4.3

Figure 64.4

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CHAPTER 4

Weak nuclear forces

(refer to figures 4.5) cause the unstable condition for atomic nucleus and is responsible for the radioactive decay.

is a short-range forces and 12 times weak compare with electromagnetic forces.

Figure 4.5

Force
- Is a vector quantity. - The S.I. unit of force, F is kg m s-2 or newton (N)
7

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4.1.2 Free body diagram

CHAPTER 4

is defined as a diagram showing the chosen body by itself, with vectors drawn to show the magnitude and directions of all the forces applied to the body by the other bodies that interact with it. A graphical tool which is a diagram of external forces on an object Is extremely useful analyzing forces and motion Drawn only on an object Picture that show the size and direction of all forces acting on an object in a given situation

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CHAPTER 4

To construct free-body diagrams, it is extremely important to know the various types of forces

Basic Forces are:

Gravity Normal Forces (push of earth up on a load) Thrust Friction Tension Compression Torque Shear

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CHAPTER 4
Which one would you like to select to draw FBD? What do you think are the forces acting on this object? The force supporting the
Gravitational force

Steps to drawing a free body diagram

N

M
FG M g

FG M g

object exerted by the floor

T
FG M g
N

Me m
FG M g

Which one would you like to select to draw FBD? T What do you think are the forces acting on this elevator?
Gravitational force
F GB mg

The force pulling the elevator (Tension)

F BG mg

What about the box in the elevator?

Gravitational force Normal force

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Free Body Diagram
OR

CHAPTER 4

Fapplied
W W = mg N= W f = Fapplied

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4.1.3 The forces acting on a body i) Weight ii) Tension iii) Normal force iv) Friction -

CHAPTER 4

Weight, W

is defined as the force exerted on a body under gravitational field, W mg It is a vector quantity. It is dependant on where it is measured. because the value of g, varies at different localities on the earths surface. It always directed toward the centre of the earth or in the same direction of acceleration due to gravity, g. The S.I. unit is kg m s-2 or newton (N). 12

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Horizontal plane

CHAPTER 4
Suspended object

Weight
Incline plane

Weight Weight
13

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4.1.3 The forces acting on a body i) Weight ii) Tension iii) Normal force iv) Friction

CHAPTER 4

Tension, T

Is a force which is transmitted through a string, rope, cable or wire when it is pulled tight by forces acting from opposite ends. The tension force is directed along the length of the wire and pulls equally on the objects on the opposite ends of the wire. It is a vector quantity. The S.I. unit is kg m s-2 or newton (N)
14

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Rope attached to a wall Tension Tension

CHAPTER 4

Pull

Pulled object

Suspended objects Pull Tension

Tension

Weight

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4.1.3 The forces acting on a body i) Weight ii) Tension iii) Normal force iv) Friction

CHAPTER 4

is defined as a reaction force that exerted by the surface to an object interact with it and the direction always perpendicular to the surface. It is a vector quantity. The S.I. unit is kg m s-2 or newton (N)

Normal force, N

16

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Horizontal surface Surface is exerted a force, N on the object

CHAPTER 4
Inclined plane

Wx
Wy
W mg

mg

Weight is exerted on the Wy : y-component of the horizontal surface objects weight is exerted on the inclined surface.

Weight is exerted on the horizontal surface

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CHAPTER 4

a) Identify the forces acting on a body in different situations : iv) Friction Friction, - Is defined as a force that resists the motion of one surface relative to another with which it is in contact. - The direction of the frictional force exerted by a surface on an object is always in the opposite direction of the motion. - The frictional and the reaction forces are always perpendicular. - is independent of the area of contact between the two surfaces. - is directly proportional to the reaction force.
18

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CHAPTER 4

Horizontal surface A box of mass m is pulled along a horizontal surface by a horizontal force, F

N
Friction

a
horizontal force

mg

19

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Inclined plane Consider a box of mass m is pulled up along an inclined plane by a force,

CHAPTER 4
Consider a box of mass m is pulled down along an inclined plane by a force,

y a
Wx

x F

f
Wx
Wy

f
W

Wy

mg

mg

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CHAPTER 4

4.1.4 Static and Kinetic Friction

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CHAPTER 4
- caused by irregularities in surfaces. - Always acts against the direction of motion.

Friction - a force that resists the motion

where

f : frictional force

Coefficient of friction,

: coefficient of friction N : Normal force

Is defined as the ratio between frictional force to normal force OR

f N

Depends on the nature of the surfaces. Without unit

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CHAPTER 4

Static Friction no motion (v = 0 m s-1)

Static Friction, s frictional force act on the object before its move

N Fapplied

fs
W

If static equilibrium,

Fapplied = fs

and

fs

N s

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Static Friction no motion

CHAPTER 4

If increase Fapplied , fs also increases, up to fs(max) If increase m, fs(max) also increases

N Fapplied

fs
W

fs(max) m

On horizontal surface,

N = mg

fs(max) N

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Static Friction no motion

CHAPTER 4

fs(max)

is proportional to

fs(max) N, N
Fapplied

= constant =

fs
W

= coefficient of static friction,

fs s N

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Kinetic Friction moving

CHAPTER 4

Kinetic Friction, k frictional force act on the object when its move

N Fapplied

fk
W

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Kinetic Friction moving

CHAPTER 4

fk

is proportional to

N,

fk N

= constant

N Fapplied

fk
W

= coefficient of kinetic friction,

fk = k N

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Kinetic Friction moving

CHAPTER 4 N Fapplied

fk

W
If

Fapplied = fk , then speed is constant ( a = 0 m s-2) If Fapplied fk , then speed changes ( a 0 m s-2)
kinetic friction < static friction

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Static Friction Action Equation Magnitude Coefficient on the object before its move

CHAPTER 4
Kinetic Friction on the object when its move

Distinguish between static and kinetic friction

fs
Bigger

fk

Smaller Smaller

Bigger

fk

fs

s
29

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Frictional Forces

CHAPTER 4

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Frictional Forces

CHAPTER 4

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Types of Friction

CHAPTER 4

To initiate motion of the box the man must overcome the Force of Static Friction

I better be safe Ump!!

Upon sliding, the baseball player will come to a complete stop due to the Force of Kinetic Friction

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CHAPTER 4

Static & Kinetic Friction Coefficients

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CHAPTER 4

Static Friction VS Kinetic Friction

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CHAPTER 4

Case 1 : Horizontal surface Consider a box of mass m is pulled along a horizontal surface by a horizontal force, as shown in figure. x-component :

Fx

Fnett F f

ma ma

mg

y-component :

Fy 0 N mg
35

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Case 2 : Inclined plane

CHAPTER 4

Consider a box of mass m is pulled along an inclined plane by a force, F as shown in y figure. x-component a N (parallel to the inclined plane):

x F

Fx
F Wx

ma
f ma

Wx

f
f
Fy 0

Wy

ma mg sin

mg

y-component

(perpendicular to the inclined plane):

N
0

mg cos
36

N Wy

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Example 1:

CHAPTER 4
F
30

A box of mass 20 kg is on a rough horizontal plane. The box is pulled by a force, F which is applied at an angle of 30 above horizontal as shown in figure. If the coefficient of static friction between the box and the plane is 0.3 and the box moves at a constant speed, calculate (a) the normal reaction force, (b) the applied force F, (c) the static friction force. (Given g = 9.81 m s-2) 37

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Solution :

CHAPTER 4
m 20 kg; s
constant speed

0.3

fs

F sin 30
30

F cos 30

a) Since the box moves at constant speed thus x-component : F 0 a 0

x

mg

F cos 30 f s F cos 30 s N

0 0 0.3N F cos 30

(1)
38

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y-component :

CHAPTER 4
N
Fy 0 F sin 30 mg 0 N F sin 30 20 9.81 N F sin 30 196

By substituting eq. (1) into eq. (2), hence

(2)

b) Therefore the applied force is given by

0.3 N sin 30 196 cos 30 N 167 N

F 0.3 167 cos 30

57.9 N

c) The static friction force is

fs f

s N 0.3 167

50.1 N

39

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Example 2: A block of mass 200 kg is pulled along an inclined plane of 30 by a force, F = 2 kN as shown in figure. The coefficient of kinetic friction of the plane is 0.4. Determine: (a) the normal force, (b) the nett force, (c) the acceleration of the block, (d) the time taken for the block to travel 30 m from rest. (Given g = 9.81 m s-2)

CHAPTER 4
F
20

30

40

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Solution :

CHAPTER 4
m 200 kg; F

2000 N; k

F sin 20

mg a) y-component : Fy 0 N F sin 20 mg cos 30 0 N 2000 sin 20 200 9.81 cos 30 0

30

mg sin 30 fk

y F 20 F cos 20

0.4

30

mg cos 30

N 1015 N

41

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CHAPTER 4

b) The nett force is directed along the inclined plane surface. Fnett Fx x-component :

Fnett F cos 20 mg sin 30 f k Fnett F cos 20 mg sin 30 k N Fnett 2000 cos 20 200 9.81 sin 30 0.4 1015 Fnett 492 N Fnett ma c) a 2.46 m s 2 492 200a d) Given s 30 m; u 0 1 2 1 s ut at 30 0 2.46 t 2 2 2 42 t 4.94 s

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Exercise 1 :
A 5.00 kg object placed on a frictionless, horizontal table is connected to a string that passes over a pulley and then is fastened to a hanging 9.00 kg object as in the figure.

CHAPTER 4

(a) Sketch free body diagrams of both objects, (b) Calculate the acceleration of the two objects and the tension in the string. (Given g = 9.81 m s 2) ANS. : 6.30 m s 2; 31.5 N
43

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Exercise 2 :

CHAPTER 4

Two object are connected by a light string that passes over a frictionless pulley as in figure. The coefficient of kinetic friction of the plane is 0.3 and m1 = 2.00 kg, m2 = 6.00 kg and = 55 . a) Sketch free body diagrams of both objects. b) Determine (i) the accelerations of the objects, (ii) the tension in the string (iii) the speed of each object 2.00 s after being released from rest. (g = 9.81 m s 2) ANS.:2.31 m s 2;24.2 N;4.62 m s 1

44

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Exercise 3 :

CHAPTER 4

A 5.00 g bullet is fired horizontally into a 1.20 kg wooden block resting on a horizontal surface. The coefficient of kinetic friction between block and surface is 0.20. The bullet remains embedded in the block, which is observed to slide 0.230 m along the surface before stopping. Calculate the initial speed of the bullet. (Given g = 9.81 m s 2) Tips : Use Newtons second law of motion involving acceleration. Principle of conservation of linear momentum. Equation of motion for linear motion. 45 ANS. : 229 m s 1

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Exercise 4 :

CHAPTER 4

The block shown in figure, has mass, m =7.0 kg and lies on a smooth frictionless plane tilted at an angle, = 22.0 to the horizontal. a) Determine the acceleration of the block as it slides down the plane. b) If the block starts from rest 12.0 m up the plane from its base, calculate the blocks speed when it reaches the bottom of the incline plane. (g = 9.81 m s 2) ANS. : 3.68 m s 2; 9.40 m s 1 46

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CHAPTER 4

Exercise 5 : A block is dragged by forces, F1 and F2 of the magnitude 20 N and 30 N respectively as shown in figure 3.12. The frictional force f exerted on the block is 5 N. If the weight of the block is 200 N and it is move horizontally, determine the acceleration of the block. (Given g = 9.81 m s 2)

a
f
ANS. : 1.77 m s
2

F1

50
20

F2

47

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4.1

CHAPTER 4

Basic of forces and free body diagram (3 hours) 4.1.1 Basic of forces 4.1.2 Free body diagram 4.1.3 The forces acting on a body i) Weight ii) Tension iii) Normal force iv) Friction 4.1.4 Static friction and kinetic friction

4.2

Newtons laws of motion (2 hours) 4.2.1 Newtons First Law and inertia 4.2.2 The equilibrium of a particle 4.2.3 Newtons First Law in equilibrium of forces 4.2.4 Newtons Second Law 4.2.5 Newtons Third Law

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Learning Outcome:

CHAPTER 4

4.2 Newtons laws of motion (2 hours) At the end of this chapter, students should be able to: a) State Newtons First Law b) Define mass as a measure of inertia. c) Define the equilibrium of a particle. d) Apply Newtons First Law in equilibrium of forces. e) State and apply Newtons Second Law

F
F

dp dt

dp dt

d mv dt

dm dv v m dt dt
49

f) State and apply Newtons Third Law.

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CHAPTER 4

4.2 Newtons laws of motion 4.2.1 Newtons first law and inertia Newtons first law Newtons First Law of Motion states an object at rest will remain at rest, or continues to move with uniform velocity in a straight line unless it is acted upon by an external forces
OR

Fnett

F 0

Newtons first law is often called the law of inertia

50

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CHAPTER 4

Define mass as a measure of inertia

- is defined as the tendency of an object to resist any change in its state of rest or motion. - is a scalar quantity.
51

The examples of real experience of inertia The Inertia first law gives the idea of inertia

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Mass, m

CHAPTER 4

is defined as a measure of a bodys inertia. is a scalar quantity. The S.I. unit of mass is kilogram (kg). The value of mass is independent of location. If the mass of a body increases then its inertia will increase.

mass

inertia

52

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Concurrent forces is defined as the forces whose lines of action pass through a single common point. (whether inside or outside of the body). The forces cause the translational motion on the body. Figure 4.6 and Figure 4.7 show the examples of concurrent forces.

CHAPTER 4
F2
F3

4.2.2 The equilibrium of a particle

F1

F1

Figure 4.6 F2
F3

Figure 4.7
53

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The Equilibrium of a particle

CHAPTER 4

is defined as the vector sum of all forces acting on a particle (point) must be zero. The equilibrium of a particle ensures the body in translational equilibrium and its condition is given by

Fnett

Newtons first law of motion

54

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This is equivalent to the three independent scalar equations along the direction of the coordinate axes, There are two types of equilibrium of a particle. It is Static equilibrium body remains at rest stationary. Dynamic equilibrium body moving at a uniform (constant) velocity.

CHAPTER 4

Fx Fy Fz

0, 0, 0

(v = 0) (a = 0 )
55

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Polygon of forces
Case 1: A particle in equilibrium as a result of two forces acting on it as shown in Figure. They are equal in magnitude but opposite in the direction, thus

CHAPTER 4

F2

F1

F F1 F2 0
Fx
OR

Fy
56

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Case 2: A particle in equilibrium as a result of three forces acting on it as shown in Figure. They are form a closed triangle of forces, thus

CHAPTER 4

F3

F1
F2

F
i.e.

F1
Fx

F2
0 and

F3
Fy

0
0

F1
F3
57

F2

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Case 3: A particle in equilibrium as a result of four forces acting on it as shown in Figure. They will form a closed polygon of forces, thus

CHAPTER 4
F3 F4
F1
F2

F
i.e.

F1
Fx

F2
0 and

F3

F4
Fy 0

0
F1

F4
F2
58

F3

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CHAPTER 4

4.2.3 Newtons First Law in equilibrium of forces Equilibrium: The state of a body in which there is no change in motion. At rest or with constant velocity. The net external force acting on a body in equilibrium must be equal to zero. The force that brings an accelerating object into equilibrium must be equal and opposite to the force causing the object to accelerate. Fx = 0 and Fy = 0.
59

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CHAPTER 4

Body is in equilibrium when it is at rest or moving with constant velocity in an inertial frame of reference. o o o o Hanging lamp Suspension bridge Airplane flying at constant speed Other examples?

60

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Example 1 :
A load of 250 kg is hung by a cranes cable. The load is pulled by a horizontal force such that the cable makes a 30 angle to the vertical plane. If the load is in the equilibrium, calculate a) the magnitude of the tension in the cable, b) the magnitude of the horizontal force. (Given g =9.81 m s 2)

CHAPTER 4
Solution :m

250 kg

30

Free body diagram of the load :

T Ty 30
60

Tx

mg
61

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Solution : 1st method : a)
Force x-comp (N) y-comp (N)

CHAPTER 4
Since the load is in the equilibrium, then

mg

mg
250 9.81 2453

Thus

Fx

0
0
(1)

F T cos 60

F T

Fy
T sin 60

0
2453 0
(2)

F
T cos 60

0
T sin 60

b) By substituting eq. (2) into eq. (1), therefore

2833 N

2833 cos 60

F 1417 N

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CHAPTER 4

Solution : 2nd method a) Since the load is in the equilibrium, then a closed triangle of forces can be sketched as shown below. From the closed triangle of forces, hence mg 30

mg

cos 30

b)

F sin 30

cos 30

F T

(250)(9.81) T 2833 N

(2833)sin 30

F T sin 30
F 1417 N
63

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Example 2 :

CHAPTER 4

F2

20 N

F1 12 N
55.0
A

30.0 45.0
F3

30 N

Calculate the magnitude and direction of a force that balance the three forces acted at point A as shown in Figure above.

64

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Solution : Force

CHAPTER 4
F1 12 N; F2 20 N; F3 30 N
12 sin 55.0 9.83 20 sin 30.0 10.0 30 sin 45.0 21.2 Fy

x-component (N)

y-component (N)

F1 F2 F3 F

12 cos 55.0 6.88 20 cos 30.0 17.3 30 cos 45.0 21.2 Fx

To find a force to balance the three forces means the system must be in equilibrium hence

Fx

6.88 17.3 21.2 Fx

0
65

Fx

31.6 N

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Solution :

CHAPTER 4
Fy 0 9.83 10.0 21.2 Fy Fy 1.37 N
0

The magnitude of the force, 2 2 F Fx Fy 31.6

1.37

F 31.6 N
and its direction,

tan

Fy Fx

tan

1.37 31.6

from the +x-axis 66 2.48 anticlockwise

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Example 3 : A window washer pushes his scrub brush up a vertical window at constant speed by applying a force F as shown in Figure 5.7. The brush weighs 10.0 N and the coefficient of kinetic friction is k = 0.125. Calculate a) the magnitude of the force F b) the normal force exerted by the window on the brush.

CHAPTER 4
F

50.0

constant speed

F
50.0

67

fk

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Solution :

CHAPTER 4
W 10.0 N; k 0.125
The brush moves up at constant speed (a = 0) so that F ma 0
Thus

a) The free body diagram of the brush :

Force x-comp (N) y-comp (N)

Fx

0
(1)

F W N
fk

F cos 50.0 0

F sin 50.0

F cos 50.0

N 0

10.0 0 k N 0.125 N

Fy

0
(2)

F sin 50.0

F=?

0.125N 10.0

N=?

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CHAPTER 4

Exercise : Use gravitational acceleration, g = 9.81 m s 2 1. The system in Figure 5.8 is in equilibrium, with the string at the centre exactly horizontal. Calculate a) the tensions T1 , T2 and T3. b) the angle .

ANS. : 49 N, 28 N, 57 N; 29

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Exercise : 2.

CHAPTER 4
A 20 kg ball is supported from the ceiling by a rope A. Rope B pulls downward and to the side on the ball. If the angle of A to the vertical is 20 and if B makes an angle of 50 to the vertical as shown in Figure 5.9, Determine the tension in ropes A and B. ANS. : 134 N; 300 N
70

Figure 5.9

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Exercise : 3.

CHAPTER 4
A block of mass 3.00 kg is pushed up against a wall by a force P that makes a 50.0 angle with the horizontal as show in Figure 5.10. The coefficient of static friction between the block and the wall is 0.250. Determine the possible values for the magnitude of P that allow the block to remain stationary. ANS. : 31.8 N; 48.6 N
71

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CHAPTER 4

4.2.4 Newtons Second Law states the rate of change of linear momentum of a moving body is proportional to the resultant force and is in the same direction as the force acting on it OR its can be represented by where

dp dt

F : resultant force
dp : change in linear momentum

dt : time interval

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CHAPTER 4

From the Newtons 2nd law of motion, it also can be written as dp p mv F and dt dm d mv dv F v m F dt dt dt

73

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Case 1: Object at rest or in motion with constant velocity but with changing mass. For example : Rocket

CHAPTER 4
Case 2: Object at rest or in motion with constant velocity and constant mass.

F
where

F dv dt

dm dv v m dt dt 0

and

dm dv v m dt dt dm 0 and dt

F
dv dt

0
0

Newtons 1st law of motion

Thus

dm v dt

p constant

dp dt

0
74

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dv dm and m 0 dt dt dv and a dt
where

CHAPTER 4

Case 3: Object with constant mass but changing velocity.

dm v dt dv F m dt

ma

F : resultant force
m : mass of an object a : accelerati on

The direction of the resultant force always in the same direction of the motion or acceleration.
75

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CHAPTER 4

Newtons 2nd law of motion restates that The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the nett force acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass. OR

One newton (1 N) is defined as the amount of net force that gives an acceleration of one metre per second squared to a body with a mass of one kilogramme. OR 1 N = 1 kg m s-2

F m

76

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CHAPTER 4
F is a nett force or effective force or

Notes:

resultant force. The force which causes the motion of an object. If the forces act on an object and the object moving at uniform acceleration (not at rest or not in the equilibrium) hence

Fnett

ma
77

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CHAPTER 4

Applications of Newtons 2nd law of motion

From the Newtons second law of motion, we arrived at equation

Fnett

ma

There are five steps in applying the equation above to solve problems in mechanics: Identify the object whose motion is considered. Determine the forces exerted on the object. Draw a free body diagram for each object. Choose a system of coordinates so that calculations may be simplified. Apply the equation above, Fx ma x Along x-axis: Along y-axis: Fy may

78

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CHAPTER 4

Example 1 : Three wooden blocks connected by a rope of negligible mass are being dragged by a horizontal force, F in figure.

m1

T1

m2

T2

m3

Suppose that F = 1000 N, m1 = 3 kg, m2 = 15 kg and m3 = 30 kg. Determine a) the acceleration of blocks system. b) the tension of the rope, T1 and T2. Neglect the friction between the floor and the wooden blocks.

79

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Solution : a) For the block, m1 = 3 kg

CHAPTER 4
a

F
T1

m1

T1

T1

Fx F T1 m1a Fx 1000 T1 3a 3a 1000 Fx T1 T2 m2 a

(1)

For the block, m2 = 15 kg

m2

T2

For the block, m3 = 30 kg

T1

Fx T2 Fx

T1 T2 15a 15a T2 m3 a

(2)

T2

m3

T2

30a
80

(3)

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Solution :

CHAPTER 4

a) By substituting eq. (3) into eq. (2) thus

T1 45a 0

(4)

1000 Eq. (1) (4) : a 48 a 20.8 m s

b) By substituting the value of acceleration into equations (4) and (3), therefore

T1 936 N T2 624 N
81

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Example : Two objects of masses m1 = 10 kg and m2 = 15 kg are connected by a light string which passes over a smooth pulley as shown in figure 3.10. Calculate a) the acceleration of the object of mass 10 kg. b) the tension in each string. (Given g = 9.81 m s 2)
m2 Solution :

CHAPTER 4
a) For the object m1= 10 kg,

T1

a
W1 m1 g

Fy
where

T1 m1 g
T1 T2 T

m1a
(1)
82

m1

T 10 g 10a

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Solution : a) For the object m2= 15 kg, T
2

CHAPTER 4
b) Substitute the value of acceleration into equation (1) thus

a
W2 m2 g

T 10 9.81
Therefore

10 1.96

T 118N
Fy m2 g T2 m2 a Fy 15 g T 15a T 15 g 15a (2) 5g 5 9.81 Eq. (1) + (2) : a 25 25

T1 T2

T 118 N

a 1.96 m s

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CHAPTER 4

4.2.5 Newtons Third Law states every action force has a reaction force that is equal in magnitude but opposite in direction. For example : When the student push on the wall it will push back with the same force.

FBA

FAB

B (wall)

Where

FAB

A (hand)

FBA

FAB is a force by the wall on the hand (reaction)

84

FBA is a force by the hand on the wall (action)

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When a book is placed on the table. Force by the table on the book (reaction)

Force by the book on the table (action)

If a car is accelerating forward, it is because its tyres are pushing backward on the road and the road is pushing forward on the tyres. A rocket moves forward as a result of the push exerted on it by the exhaust gases which the rocket has pushed out. In all cases when two bodies interact, the action and reaction forces act on different bodies.
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Motion of a lift Consider a person standing inside a lift as shown in figures (a), (b) and (c). (a) Lift moving upward at a uniform velocity Since the lift moving at a uniform velocity, thus

Therefore

ay

Fy 0 N mg 0
W

N
mg

mg
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(b) Lift moving upwards at a constant acceleration, a By applying the newtons 2nd law of motion, thus

Fy

may

N mg ma
N ma g

a
W mg
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(c) Lift moving downwards at a constant acceleration, a By applying the newtons 2nd law of motion, thus

Fy
a
W

may

mg N
N

ma
mg a

mg
88

Caution : N is also known as apparent weight and W is true weight.

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Example: Two blocks, A of mass 10 kg and B of mass 30 B A kg, are side by side and F in contact with each another. They are Solution : pushed along a smooth mA 10 kg; mB 30 kg; F 200 N floor under the action of a)Let the acceleration of a constant force F of the blocks is a. Therefore magnitude 200 N applied to A as shown in figure. Fx mA mB a Determine F mA mB a a) the acceleration of the blocks, 200 10 30 a b) the force exerted by A a 5.0 m s 2 89 on B.

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Solution : b. For the object A,

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a

Fx

F FAB
200 FAB

mAa
10 5.0

FAB

FAB

150 N

From the Newtons 3rd law, thus * FAB : force acted on A by B FBA : force acted on B by A OR Fx FBA For the object B,

FBA

FAB

150 N

mB a

FBA

FBA
B

30 5.0
90

FBA 150 N

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Exercise : One 3.5 kg paint bucket is hanging by a massless cord from another 3.5 kg paint bucket, also hanging by a massless cord as shown in figure 3.13. If the two buckets are pulled upward with an acceleration of 1.60 m s 2 by the upper cord, calculate the tension in each cord. (Given g = 9.81 m s 2) ANS. : 39.9 N; 79.8 N

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THE END
CHAPTER 5 : Work, Energy and Power

Next Chapter

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