15.

PROPERTIES OF TRIANGLES
Synopsis :
1. The perpendicular bisectors of the sides of a triangle are concurrent. The point of concurrence is called circumcentre of the triangle. If S is the circumcentre of ABC, then SA = SB = SC. The circle with center S and radius SA passes through the three vertices A, B, C of the triangle. This circle is called circumcircle of the triangle. The radius of the circumcircle of ABC is called circumradius and it is denoted by R. 2. Sine Rule :
a b c = = = 2R. sin A sin B sin C

a = 2R sin A, b = 2R sin B, c = 2R sin C. 3. 4. Cosine Rule : a2 = b2 + c2 2bc cos A, b2 = c2 + a2 2ca cos B, c2 = a2 + b2 2ab cos C. cos A = cos C = 5. 6.
b2 + c 2 a 2 2bc a2 + b2 c 2 2ab

, cos B = .

c 2 + a2 b2 2ca

Projection Rule : a = b cos C + c cos B, b = c cos A + a cos C, c = a cos B + b cos A. Tangent Rule or Napiers Analogy : tan
B CA c a tan cot , = 2 2 c+a
C A B a b tan cot . = 2 2 a+b

BC bc A cot , = 2 b+c 2

7.

Mollweide Rule :
a+b = c A B A B cos sin 2 ab 2 = , C C c sin cos 2 2 (s b)(s c ) B , sin = bc 2 s( s a) B , cos = bc 2
( s b)(s c ) s(s a)

8. 9.

sin

A = 2 A = 2
A = 2

(s c )(s a) C , sin = ca 2

(s a)(s b) . ab

cos

s(s b) C , cos = ca 2
B = 2 (s c )(s a) s( s b)

s( s c ) . ab
C = 2 (s a)(s b) s(s c )

10. tan

, tan

, tan

Properties of Triangles 11. tan

tan
A ( s b)(s c ) = = , 2 s(s a)

B (s c )(s a) , = = 2 s( s b)

tan

C (s a)(s b) = = 2 s(s c )

12. cot

A s(s a) B s(s b) C s(s c ) , cot = , cot = = 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 bc sin A = ca sin B = sin C = 2R sin A sin B sin C = 2 2 2

13. Area of ABC is =

abc s( s a)(s b)(s c ) . 4R

14. r =

A B C A B C = (s a) tan = (s b) tan = (s c ) tan = = 4R sin sin sin s 2 2 2 2 2 2

a cot B 2 + cot C 2

=
cot

b C 2 + cot A 2

=
cot

C A 2 + cot B 2

15. r1 =

B C A A C B = 4R sin cos cos = s tan = (s b) cot = (s c ) cot = sa 2 2 2 2 2 2 B A C = s tan = (s c ) cot = (s a) cot = sb 2 2 2 A B C sin cos = 2 2 2 b tan A C + tan 2 2

a . C B tan + tan 2 2

16. r2 =

4R cos

17. r3 =

C B A = = s tan = (s a) cot = (s b) cot sc 2 2 2

c . A B tan + tan 2 2

18.

1 1 1 1 + + = . r1 r2 r3 r

19. r r1 r2 r3 = 2. 20. i)

a sin(B C) = 0 . ii) a cos(B C) = 3abc

3 3

iii) a2 sin 2B + b2 sin 2A = 4

Properties of Triangles 21. i) cotA + cotB + cotC = ii) cot

a2 + b2 + c 2 4

A B C (a + b + c )2 . cot cot = 2 2 2 4

22. i) If a cos B = b cos A, then the triangle is isosceles. ii) If a cos A = b cos B, then the triangle is isosceles or right angled. iii)If a2 + b2 + c2 = 8R2, then the triangle is right angled. iv) If cos2A + cos2B + cos2C = 1, then the triangle is right angled. v) If cosA = vi) If
sin B , then the triangle is isosceles. 2 sin C

a b c , then the triangle is equilateral. = = cos A cos B cos C

vii) If cosA + cosB + cosC = 3/2, then the triangle is equilateral. viii) If sinA + sinB + sinC =
3 3 , then the triangle is equilateral. 2

ix) If cotA + cotB + cotC = 3 , then the triangle is equilateral. 23. i) If ii) If iii)If iv) If i) ii) iii) iv) v)
a2 + b2 a b
2 2

sin( A + B) , then C = 90. sin( A B)

a+b b = 1, then C = 60. + b+c c+a 1 1 3 , then A = 60 + = a+b a+c a+b+c b a2 c 2 + c a2 b 2

= 0, then A = 60.
A B C are in H.P. , sin2 , sin2 2 2 2

a, b, c are In H.P. sin2 a, b, c are in A.P. cot a, b, c are in A.P. tan

A B C , cot , cot 2 2 2

are in A.P.

A B C are in H.P. , tan , tan 2 2 2

a2, b2, c2 are in A.P. cotA, cotB, cotC are in A.P. a2, b2, c2 are in A.P.

tanA, tanB, tanC are in H.P