DISCUSSION By conducting this experiment, which is air flow measurement, the o bjective of this experiment has successfully gained.

The scope of this experimen t is air flow measurement and control air flow system. The experiment was done t o study gas volumetric flow rate measurement using orifice phase and prefer gas, and mass flow rate (fm) control using PID controller. The first experiment whi ch to test air flow measurement was taken air as Medium and ambient condition. T here were three sets of MV done. In each MV, it has recorded deferential of pres sure (h), temperature (T) and absolute pressure (P) as well as volumetric flow r ate (channel2 , green) and mass. Flow rate (channel1, red). From the result gain ed, it was calculated the volumetric flow rate (fv) and mass flow rate of air. I n set 1 (MV= 6.31), mass flow rate obtained was 47.9 kg/hr. From the graph gained, from the disturbances that been made for thre e set of trials, it can seen a drop in mass flow rate and volumetric flow rate i n a sudden before rises back to the normal pattern after few moments. It is all because of the air supply to LCV91 were been disturbed by opening and shutting t he by-pass valve of LCV91. So, it can say that the system which is in AUTO mode is mor e stable and give much better results compared to the system that is not in AUTO mode. When SV were been changed from 25 to 30, both of the mass flow rate and volumet ric flow rate was trying to move to a new setpoint value, resulting in the incre ase of the pattern of both flow. In addition, the SV were been restore back to 2 5 but TD was changed from 0 second to 20 seconds. From the graph, the mass flow rate was oscillate between low flowrate to high flowrate. Because the controller is adjusting the valves too quickly and over-compensating or overshooting the s etpoint. According to the theory, the larger the proportional band, the lower the control ler gain will be thus stabilizing the process. Although the response is slower, but the response will be more damped and less oscillatory. Small proportional ba nd will be inversely response to the process. At larger integral time, the less powerful the integral action which will be stabilizing the system and slower rec overy to the set point. This will resultant in less oscillatory and undershoot. Thus, for this trial there is clearly observed that a lower proportional band wi th larger integral time is needed for process stabilization. Thus, for this expe riment the third PID is favored for better effect on the pressure control proces s.