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Abstract:

The current scenario of power generation is inadequate to meet the load demand, there are several techniques available to solve this problem one among such techniques is using energy efficient devices instead of old less efficient devices, proposed work focus on induction motor because greatest power consumer are industries, they are equipped with induction motor as drive one percentage improvement in efficiency reduce drastically considerable amount of power consumption (700mw national whole)proposed work help to identify the inefficient motor and replace efficient one reduce burden to power system and save the cost of the power of industries. Key word: induction motor, efficiency

Introduction:
Commonly using driving devices are induction motors .it consume 60% of total power generated, 98% of industries uses induction motor as their drive in that 90% of induction motor are squirrel cage type less than 15 kw. There are some scopes is available to take audit and technical effort for reducing energy consumption motor with out negatively affecting the products, such think makes considerable profit for user. This paper deals about efficiency estimation of induction motor with out disturbing the motor from its operating environment. Still there are several methods are present to estimate the performance of the machine but they required test bench and difficult to per form like no load and blocked rotor test, some of they might be so recent but they are required sophisticated skill on developing algorithm, but proposed work just like traditional, inherently simple in nature, closely approaches the actual efficiency Using some measurements of parameters and details given in name plate is sufficient but the data provided in name plate should be accurate this is the only requirement Nomenclature N S -Synchronous speed of motor in RPM N-Operating speed of motor in RPM HP-Rated full load horse power in Hp RPM-Full load operating speed in RPM 5252,9.55-calculation constant Kw-Operating power in Kw LD-Percentage of load divided by 100 R-Energy rupee per Kwh LEM-Efficiency of less efficient motor EEM-Efficiency of energy efficient motor AS-annual saving S-effective interest rate S1-Energy cost of inflation rate S2-Required rate of return investment hr-annual hours of operation T-Torque output of the machine DM-Direct method OST-On site test n-life of motor in year

Method:

fig shows the torque slip relation of induction. The amount of torque can be produced by induction motor increases linearly as the slip gets larger. Beyond the full load this relation become reverses as shown in plot. Slip is directly proportional to torque till the resistance of rotor greater then the reactance, it become inversely proportional while rotor reactance greater then the rotor resistance.using this plot it is possible to predict the efficiency of induction motor the mechanical power output of the IM is directly proportional to torque and speed by knowing the torque and speed range it become very simple to estimate the power output of IM,in put power can be measured using portable meters at the operating range

Parameters related to proposed work :


slip
The rotating field revolves with the speed of synchronism, and if the rotor conductors were to revolve at the same speed there would not be any torque. Hence, there is a difference between rotor and rotating field speeds. The rotor speed is less than the rotating field speed and the difference in speed is known as the slip of motor. Generally, slip lies between zero to five percent .

Slip =

NS N NS

(1)

torque
the shaft of an ac induction motor rotates because of force created by the interaction between magnetic field of stator and the rotor of motor . The torque developed by the rotor is proportional to the product of rotor

current and fundamental magnetic flux cutting the rotor. The total torque

T=

HP 5252 RPM

(2)

Power output:
The torque produced by an induction motor is a function of the shaft power and the shaft speed where the torque reduces with speed for constant power.

P=

T RPM 9.55

(3)

Test procedure :
Fig[1] shows the torque slip relation of induction motor ,under full load condition plot behave linearly and beyond the maximum torque level it is not linear. when the rotor resistance is higher then its reactance system is resistive in nature so it will be linear when reactance of rotor exceeds its resistance it will be inductive system goes to nonlinear, however motor operating range should be with in the region of full load so it this will be made estimation of output torque is easier .detail required for test is collected from test motor via portable meter and name plate details Data required: Horsepower in hp or Kw Full load speed in rpm No load speed in rpm 1. Prepare for test, choose the machine based on preliminary audit report ,select suitable portable meters with greater accuracy ,allow the test machine to operate under normal operating range 2. note down the power input to the motor and operating speed of motor, take data sheet given by concern which having basic information about machine. 3. Construction of torque slip plot with no load and full load speed and data sheet using equation (1),(2) 4. Specify operating speed 5. Find out slip of motor under operating condition using (1) using the curve determine operating torque 6. Using operating speed and torque calculate actual mechanical power output 7. by knowing power input it is possible determine the efficiency of motor Calculating operating-load Torque and power output: operating-load torque is the torque to produce the rated power at operating speed of the motor. The amount of torque a motor produces at operating speed can be found by using a torque slip characteristics plot . When using the plot, place a straight edge along the two known quantities and read the unknown quantity on the third line. To calculate motor operating -load torque and power output using equations (1) & (3)

Results

Direct method

Load Speed (%) (rpm) 60 1470 75 1462 80 1456 90 1452 On site method

Slip 0.02 0.025 0.029 0.032

Torque (Nm) 12.25 15.8 18.71 20.88

Power in (kw) 2.5 3.44 3.6 4.32

Power out (kw) 1.88 2.42 2.85 3.17

Efficiency (%) 75.20 70.34 79.16 73.37

Load (%) 60 75 80 90

Speed (rpm) 1470 1462 1456 1452

slip 0.02 0.025 0.029 0.032

Torque (Nm) 12.4 16 19.2 21.2

Power in (kw) 2.5 3.44 3.6 4.32

Power out (kw) 1.90 2.44 2.92 3.22

Efficiency (%) 76 71 81.1 74.5

Comparison Table III (torque) Load (%) 60 75 80 90 Torque measured (Nm) 12.25 15.8 18.71 20.88 Torque Error calculated (%) (Nm) 12.4 1.22 16 19.2 21.2 1.26 2.6 1.5

Table IV (Efficiency) Load (%) 60 75 80 90 Efficiency Measured (%) 75.20 70.34 79.16 73.37 Efficiency Calculated (%) 76 71 81.1 74.5 Error (%) 1.06 0.93 2.45 1.54

Results Proposed test was conducted with test machine using portable meters .the rating of the machine is 400/440 V, 3 phase AC, 7.6 A, 5 HP. With parallel direct method was also conducted with same test machine .obtained results from direct method is used to compare OST results .Table III & IV shows the torque and efficiency values at different operating point of machine ,determined through measurement of DM and calculation of OST ,it also shows error of torque and efficiency calculated against DM measurements. Usual practice of an energy auditor is advise to replace machine which are operating efficiency is less then the energy efficient machine, typical range of deviation in efficiency is 5-10% only taken into account and suggest to replace. From the table error in calculated efficiency and torque is 0-2.5% error is not with in considerable limit it is least and negligible .it is closely approaches the actual value It is possible to estimate efficiency of induction motor with different rating and which are obeying Torque-slip plot shown in fig[1] using OST method. this method could not work for motor operated in submergible water pump or any submergible location because it is difficult to measure the operating speed of motor, though some sophisticated methods are there to predict speed pump with some error by knowing of water discharge error multiplication in speed prediction and OST leads to inaccurate estimation. Pay back calculation: Method.1 The Simple Payback method estimates howmany years it will take to recover the cost of selecting a more efficient motor. This technique is very popular because a person can quickly compare many alternatives by reducing the comparison to a few numbers. In order to do that, the saving per year is calculated using the following formula: 100 100 Annual saving = Kw LD R hr LEM EEM . . . . (4)

It is worth mentioning that the efficiency figure used must be the efficiency value at the correct load point since the efficiency of the motor can vary significantly across the load. In the case of an existing application, the cost of the new motor can be divided by the annual savings to get the payback period. If the analysis is done to decide upon which motor should be purchased, then the differential cost of the two motors can be divided by the annual savings to get the payback period. Method 2 This method relies on calculating the present value of the achieved savings taking into account the cost of capital and the inflation rate for energy cost. If, for example, the interest rate is such that the annual interest paid is much less than the saving achieved, then it will make sense to replace the inefficient motor. On the other hand, if it is expected that the energy cost will increase at a high rate, then it is necessary to capture this fact in the analysis because the investment in replacing the motor can be more attractive than other investment opportunities. In order to carry out this analysis it is required to have values for the required internal rate of return, the energy cost inflation rate, and the expected operating life of the motor. Once these values are established the following equations can be used to determine the viability of the investment. First determine the effective interest rate based on the internal rate of return and the inflation rate

S=

100 + S1 1 100 + S 2

.. (5)

( 1 + S) n ACTUAL SAVING = AS . . . .(6) S (1 + S ) n where are the effective interest rate, the required internal rate of return, and the inflation rate of energy cost, respectively. The problem now is transformed into finding the present value of the stream of annual savings for years that represent the life of the motor. The annual saving is given by ( 4). Therefore, the present value of these savings is given by The present value of the savings can then be used to make the decision regarding the various alternatives available. Of course, the decision to replace existing motors may have other important factors such as availability of capital, other equipment to be replaced, and current life of the motor which would be specific for each plant. Conclusion A simple low-cost and accurate method for determining induction motors efficiency has been described. The method relies on measuring the input power, resistance, and motor shaft speed. The motors torque and power output are identified using the measured variables, name plate data. The efficiency is then determined using the calculated power output to input power measured. The new method has the potential of quickly estimating the motors efficiencies on site. The information can then be used to guide future decisions regarding the investment in higher efficiency motors using pay back period or present value analysis. Data obtained indicate significant efficiency accuracy can be achieved.

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