SCE3103 Exploring Materials

Topic 2: Fuel
Pajuzi Bin Awang Department Of Science IPG Kampus Dato Razali Ismail June 2012

Contents

Petroleum (crude oil) Fossil Fuel Properties Uses Pollution caused by burning fossil fuels and air pollution index

Petroleum
Petroleum or crude oil is a naturally occurring liquid found in formations in the Earth consisting of a complex mixture of hydrocarbons (mostly alkanes) of various lengths. The approximate length range is C5H12 to C18H38. Any shorter hydrocarbons are considered natural gas or natural gas liquids, while longer hydrocarbon chains are more solid, and the longest chains are coal.

Petroleum
It is usually black or dark brown (although it may be yellowish or even greenish) but varies greatly in appearance, depending on its composition. Crude oil may also be found in semi-solid form mixed with sand, as in the Athabasca oil sands in Canada, where it may be referred to as crude bitumen.

Petroleum
The chemical structure of petroleum is composed of hydrocarbon chains of different lengths. These different hydrocarbon chemicals are separated by distillation at an oil refinery to produce gasoline, jet fuel, kerosene, and other hydrocarbons

What Is Crude Oil?

An oily liquid that occurs
naturally in the ground A mixture of hydrocarbon compounds and other substances Used to create fuels, lubricating oils, asphalt, petrochemicals and other products

Crude oils vary in colour

History of Crude Oil

Crude oil has been known for several thousands of years The Arabs and Persians distilled it to form a thin oil to
burn in lamps During the early 1800s, scientists began to discover that it contained a number of useful substances The first underground oil was discovered in 1841 In the early 1900s, modern methods of finding oil were devised

Crude Oil
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Petroleum.JPG en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Octane_molecule_3D_model.png

Hydrocarbon Oil and gas are made of a mixture of different hydrocarbons. As the name suggests these are large molecules made up of hydrogen atoms attached to a backbone of carbon.

Crude Oil

Hydrocarbon Structures of Petroleum

Petroleum consists of three main hydrocarbon groups:

Paraffins Naphthenes Aromatics

The Refining Process

Distillation (fractionation) Atmospheric distillation High vacuum distillation Cracking Reforming Alkylation Polymerisation Isomerisation Fractionation Solvent extraction Dehydration Desalting Sulphur removal Hydrotreating

The Source of Crude Oil

Found in large
sedimentary basins

Extracted from the

ground, on land or under the oceans

Microscopic section of an oil-bearing rock

CRUDE OIL
Crude

oil is a complex mixture of alkanes and other hydrocarbon. complex mixture is separated into fraction in the oil refinery. This done by fractional distillation.

The

Composition of Crude Oil

CRUDE OIL
HYDROCARBONS
ALIPHATICS
25%

NON-HYDROCARBONS
NAPHTHENES
50%
CYCLOALKANES

AROMATICS
17%

SULFURS
<8%

NITROGENS
<1%

OXYGENS
<3% O

METALLICS
<100PPM

C1 - C60

(C6H5)n

SH
N H COOH

Crude Oil Classification

PETROLEUM
Saturates
n-alkanes C5 - C44 branched alkanes cycloalkanes (napthenes)

Asphaltics Aromatics
single ring condensed ring nitrogen oxygen sulfur containing compounds

Other 10% Asphaltics 8% Aromatics 7% Saturates 25%

API Gravity = 35o

Naphthenes 50%

The Uses of Crude Oil

Uses of Crude Oil

Uses of Crude Oil

Gasoline

Distillate Fuel Oil

Gasoline Refinery Gases Liquefied Kerosene Jet Fuel Coke Liquefied Refinery Gases Coke PETROCHEMICAL FEEDSTOCKS Kerosene PETROCHEMICAL FEEDSTOCKS Kerosene

Kerosene Jet Fuel

Distillate Fuel Oil Still Gas Residual Fuel Oil Asphalt and Still Gas Road Oil Lubricants Asphalt and Road Oil Other Lubricants Other

Residual Fuel Oil

Petroleum Refining
GAS
C1-C4 bp < 50 oF C5 - C? bp 50-200oF C? - C12 bp 200-400oF

CRUDE

DESALTER

FURNACE

T O W E R

LIGHT NAPHTHA HEAVY NAPHTHA KEROSENE

C12 - C16 bp 400-500oF C15 - C18 bp 500-650oC > C20 bp >650oF

ATM. GAS OIL

RESIDUUM

Distillation separation by boiling point

Fractional Distillation of Crude Oil

This technique relies on the differences in boiling points of the different fractions in the crude oil. Each fraction contains hydrocarbons which is boil on a common range of boiling point. Crude oil is heated up to about 350 oC in a furnace ( fractionating column) until it vaporises.

Fractional Distillation of Crude Oil

The fractionating column is cooler at the top than the bottom, so the vapours cool as they rise. Vapours condense onto a tray when they reach the part of the column which is cooler than their boiling point. The bubble caps help to slow down the vapours has they rise through the column. As the last gases from the bottom of the column pass through the holes in a tray, any lighter hydrocarbons still in the condensed liquid are boiled off, and rise through the column.

Fractional Distillation of Crude Oil

The vapours with the lowest boiling points pass all the way up the column and come off as gases , e.g. methane, ethane and propane. The temperature of the column gradually decreases the higher up the vapours go, and so various fractions will condense to liquids at different heights. The fractions with the highest boiling points do not vaporize and are collected at the bottom of the fractionating column, e.g. bitumen

CRUDE

Petroleum delivered from well field

DESALTING

Water washing to remove impurities

REFINING

Distillation to separate by boiling point ranges

REFORMING

Conversion reactions to alter molecular structures Mixing to obtain maximum commercial characteristics

BLENDING

How bubble caps work

Name Petroleum gases Naphtha Gasoline Kerosine Gas oil (diesel oil) Lubricating oil Fuel oil Residue

Carbon chain length 1-4 5-9 5-10 10-16 14-20 20-50 20-70 >70

Boiling range /oC <5 20-180 20-200 180-260 260-340 370-600 330 upwards Non-distillable

Some properties of crude oil fractions.

Petroleum Reforming
GAS FUEL GAS TREATER GASOLINE HEAVY NAPHTHA KEROSENE
HYDROTREATER

T O W E R

LIGHT NAPHTHA

REFORMER

AROMATIC EXTRACTION

HYDROTREATER

AROMATICS JET FUELS/KEROSENE CATALYTIC CRACKER

ATM. GAS OIL

HYDROTREATER

DIESEL & FUEL OILS

RESIDUUM VACUUM GAS OIL Vacuum Distillation LUBRICATING OIL ASPHALT COKER COKE CATALYTIC CRACKER

Conversion Reactions
THERMAL

CRACK

C 7H15.C 15H30.C 7H15

C 7H16 +
gasoline

C 7H14 +

C 15H30
recycle

gasoline additive

CATALYTIC

ALKYLATION

CH3CH2CH3

CH2 CH

CH2 CH3

CH3CH2CH2

CH2CH2CH2CH3

COMBINE
3H C 3H C

REFORMIING

Dehydrogenation Dehydroisomerization Isomerization

REARRANGE
ISOMERIZATION

Dehydrocyclization Hydrocracking

HC

3H C 3H C

C3H

2H C

3H C

2H C

3H C 3H C

C3H

2H C

3H C

C3H

2H C

3H C

C3H

POLYMERIZATION

%81 H

%28

Catalytic Reforming Conversion Reactions

Dehydrogenation of cycloalkanes to aromatics CH3 CH3 3H2

Dehydroisomerization of cyclopentanes to aromatics CH3 3H2 Isomerization of alkanes CH3 CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3 Dehdrocyclization of alkanes H3C CH CH2 CH3

CH3 4 H2

CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 Hydrocracking of alkanes

CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3

CH3CH2CH3

CH3CH2CH2CH3

POLLUTION

Burning oil releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, which contributes to global warming. Per energy unit, oil produces less CO2 than coal, but more than natural gas. However, oil's unique role as transportation fuel makes reducing its CO2 emissions a particularly thorny problem; amelioration strategies such as carbon sequestering are generally geared for large power plants, not individual vehicles

AIR POLLUTION INDEX