2.

0 Generator Protection Introduction:

The important item of any power system network is Gener ator. The capital cost of the machine is very high and the down time of the Generator would result in to system disturbance and huge financial loss to the organisations. Hence the generator should be carefully protected and the protection scheme shall be well designed. Mal-operation of Generator protection and Non-operation of Generator protection would lead in to system disturbances and financial loss to the organisations and some times, it is disastrous.

2.1 Protection Functions for various Generators

Table2.1 : Generator Protection Requirements

In our country, Generators are available in the rating of 60, 100, 200 and 500 MW. Shortly, 660 and 800 MW units will also be available on the Indian bars. Protection schemes need not be same for 60 MW unit and 500 MW unit. In general, the table 3 shows the necessity pf protection schemes for various generators: In the modern generators, the alternator is connected to step-up transformer, called as Generator Transformer and Unit Auxiliary Transformers. For the purpose of protection philosophy, Generator, GT and UAT are taken as Unit and protection shall cover all types of faults in these equipment besides the back up protection for Bus Bars and Transmission lines.

2.2 Generator Layout:

Fig 2.1 shows the typical layout of 800 MW Generator, GT and UATs in a thermal power plant.

Fig 2.1: Generator, GT and UATs

Before designing a Generator Protection, the following information is required for better protection scheme.

Generator Name Plate details Type of Generator Earthing Generator Transformer name plate details UAT name plate details EHV Bus fault level CT and PT Ratios Relay name plate details Generator Time curves

Generator Name plate shall indicate the rating of the Generator, Vector group, Type of cooling systems, Time curves, reactances, Stator and Rotor resistance values. GT and UAT name plate shall indicate, the rating of the transformers, OLTC details, Mechanical protection details, Vector group, Cooling systems, etc,

2.3Generator grounding
To reduce the fault currents, Generator neutral shall be earthed through Many methods. As per IEEE Std 665-1995, Gener ator Grounding methods are as below: 2.3.1Generator grounding Some means of grounding the main generator neutral is normally applied to most generating station units. The purpose of grounding the neutral is threefold: to limit the fault current flow during phase- to- ground faults, to allow for application of protective relaying to detect these faults, and to limit the transient and temporary over voltages that may be caused by ground faults on the generator system. Eight methods of grounding are identified by IEEE Std C37.101-1993: a) High Resistance Grounded (Distribution-Transformer Grounded) b) High Resistance Grounded (Neutral-Resistor Grounded) c) Low Resistance Grounded (Neutral-Resistor Grounded) d) Low Inductance Grounded (Neutral-Reactor Grounded) e) Resonant Grounded (Ground Fault Neutralizer Grounded) f) High Resistance Grounding Transformer Grounded g) Medium Resistance Grounding Transformer Grounded h) Ungrounded. For each case, the unit arrangement(s) and the reason for using this method will be given. Advantages and disadvantages of each method are presented in IEEE Std C62.92-1987 provides means of estimating, by symmetrical component. impedance ratios, the transient and temporary over voltages that may occur on generator systems having various electrical characteristic classes. IEEE Std C62.92.2-1989 provides comprehensive guidance in the selection of generator neutral grounding device ratings with regard to over voltage performance and insulation exposure for most practical applications.

2.3.1.1 High resistance grounded (distribution-transformer grounded) This method is used on wye-wound unit connected generators and is illustrated in Figure 2. The main generator neutral is connected to ground through the primary of a single-phase transformer. A resistor is connected across the secondary of the transformer to provide a high-resistance neutral ground connection. The resistor and transformer are sized to produce an equivalent ground resistance numerically equal to or less than the total three- phase capacitive reactance to ground of the generator and other equipment connected to the generator bus. Most unit-connected generators are grounded in this manner. Using this type of grounding scheme, the fault current is typically limited to 5 10A.

2.3.1.2 High resistance grounded (neutral-resistor grounded) This functions equivalently to item a) in The resistor should be sized without the benefit of a transformer to withstand the fault currents. Dielectrically, the resistor should benefit of a transformer to withstand the fault currents Dielectrically, the resistor should meet the requirements of full phase- toground voltages or better.

2.3.1.3 Low resistance grounded (neutral-resistor grounded) This is used when the generator is directly connected to the system without a step-up transformer. It permits a higher level of fault current, which is generally several hundred amperes to about 150% of rated machine current. permits sufficient fault current to operate the differential relays for all machine faults except those near the machine neutral. This resistor should also meet dielectric requirements of full phase-to-ground voltages or better. 2.3.1.4 Low inductance grounded (neutral-reactor grounded) This method is used similarly to the low resistance grounded scheme.Generally this scheme permits significant phase-to-ground fault current for all faults except those near the scheme permits significant phase-to-ground fault current for all faults except those near the neutral. The reactor should also meet the dielectric requirements of full phase-to-ground voltage or better. 2.3.1.5 Resonant grounded (ground fault neutralizer grounded) This method can be used for the unit connected generator(s). The main purpose of this method is to minimize phase-to-ground fault currents to low values (values that will notsustain an arc). The approach to accomplish this is to select the reactor on the secondary side of the distribution transformer so that its reactance is equal to one-third of the zero-sequence capacitive reactance of the generator bus. 2.3.1.6 High resistance grounding transformer grounded This scheme is used for delta-wound generator(s) since no machine neutral exists. Thisprovides a generator system ground. A secondary resistor is applied to the groundingtransformer to limit phase-to-ground current as in item a) in The power dissipated in the effective resistance should be equal to or greater than the three-phase zero-sequence reactive volt-ampere loss in the zero-sequence capacitance of the generator system. 2.3.1.7 Medium resistance grounding transformer grounded This method is used in a manner similar to the previous method. In this case, however, the grounding resistance is chosen to provide adequate current for selective relaying purposes. 2.3.1.8 Ungrounded The ungrounded method is rarely used but provides lower fault current than the otherschemes. This method creates the possibility of

excessive transient over voltages duringswitching operations or arcing ground faults.

2.4Generator Protection Classifications:

Generator protections are broadly classified in to three types: Class-A Protection : This covers all electrical protections for the faults with in the Generating Unit inwhich Generator Breaker, Field Breaker and Turbine shall be tripped. Ex : Generator Differential, Stator Earth fault protection Class-B Protection: This covers all mechanical protections of the turbine in which turbine will be tripped first and Generator will be tripped on Low forward / Reverse power protection Ex : Condenser vacuum protection, Drum level very High, etc.. Class-C Protection: For all the external faults in the system, the generator Breaker will be tripped only and unit will come to house load operation. Ex : EHV Bus Bar Protection, GT Standb y Earth fault protection.. In sdstps, the above classification is not incorporated. The Generator protection operates a lock out relay (86) and 86 in turn Trips GCB, Field Breaker, UAT Breakers and Turbine.

3.0Generator Protection Functions:

The Generator protection or say Unit Protection shall include the following Protection functions: Generator Stator Internal faults Generator Mechanical Protection Generator Rotor faults GT Internal Faults GT Mechanical faults UAT Internal Faults UAT mechanical Faults Back up protection for the system faults Prime mover faults A typical 800 MW generator name plate particulars are as given below. The data collected from 800 MW sdstps power house.

Standard Kva Rating Teminal Voltage Line Current Power Factor No Of Phases Frequency Rated speed H2 Pressure Type Rating Insulation class Exiter voltage Field current Serial No Date

: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :

iec 60034 995000 Kva 24000 v 23936 A 85% 3 50 Hz 3000 Min-1 5.0 bar.g mbk Continuous F 650 v 6660 A 08hwv701 june,2011.

3.1 Generator Inter turn Protection ( 87 TG) :

Split phase relaying is popularly used for the protection of Generator against Generator Inter turn faults. Differential protection is not possible as the current at both ends of the winding remains same. At sdstps, low impedance type over current relay isused for the same. As the generator isdouble star wounded, both star points are connected through a CT before connecting to earth point as shown in the figure 3.1.

Fig-3.1 Generator Inter turn Protection.

Operation of this relay needs checking of the Generator. Generator IR values may be satisfactory, but the winding resistances of each phase will give clarity of the Generator healthiness. Inter Turn protection with split phase protection is shown in fig 3.2

fig 3.2-split phase and differential relaying

3.2 Generator Differential Protection ( 87 GA / GB / GC):

High impedance type Generator Differential protection is generally used for protection of stator faults. Both phase and neutral side currents of each phase are vectorially added and the resultant current is connected to the relay. For better stability, Stabilising resistors are being used in series with relay coils. Non-linear resistors (Metrocils ) shall be connected across the relay and resistor to safeguard the system in case of CT open circuit. The Generator Differential protection is as shown in the fig. 3.3 For Providing the proper relay settings with Rst values, the Fault level at Generator terminals shall be calculated and then calculate Operating current and Stabilising resistor values.

Fig 3-3 Generator Differential Protection.

CTs used for this protection shall be same characteristic and these CTs should not be saturated for the fault currents. Operation of this protection needs thorough checking of Generator with necessary tests. For the CTs also saturation test shall also be performed if the Generator found healthy.

3.3Generator Stator Earth fault protection ( 64):

The method of grounding adopted for the Generator is depending on the Earth fault current flow in the winding. If the generator is high resistance earthed, a single earth fault in the winding may lead in to flow of 5A to the earth. Protection shall identify the fault and trip the generator. Otherwise, a second earth fault in the machine would result in heavy damage. A earth fault in the system would effect the core and may further damage the other phase windings and hence it should properly be cleared. There are two protections called as 95 % Earth fault protection and the other is 100% stator earth fault protection. In 95 % Stator earth fault protection an over voltage relay with IDMT characteristic is used to isolate the fault. The scheme is shown in Fig 3.4.

Fig:3.4 Stator Earth Fault Protection ( 95 % ) The distribution transformer ( NGT), 15.75 / 240 V is connected between Generator neutral and the earth and the secondary of the NGT is short circuited through a resistance in the neutral in the case of the fault. If the fault is very closure to the neutral, the voltage developed across the

NGT may not be sufficient to operated the Over Voltage relay andhence the protection is called as 95 % stator earth fault protection. If there is a fault in the balance 5% protection, the other protection shall clear the fault. To overcome the problem, another relay is provided to cover 100 % of the winding. Another relay is connected in parallel with the over voltage relay ( 64). This relay is a 3 rd harmonic U/V relay. It is evident that during running of the Generator, the 3rd harmonic voltages will present at the neutral of the machine and these 3 rd harmonic voltages will subside in the case of earth fault. Base on this principle, an under voltage relay is used in coordination with Voltage or current check units to prevent maloperation.In a 800 MW generator at Sdstps, this 3rd harmonic voltage measured is around 8.5V. It is better to track this voltage. Operation of this relay needs thorough checking of the Generator and its associated auxiliaries along with protection scheme checking. Measurement of Insulation resistance of the machine, bus ducts and bushings is essentially required before keeping the machine in to service.

3.4 Generator Negative sequence protection ( 46):

There are a number of system conditions that may cause unbalanced three-phase currents ina generator. The most common causes are system asymmetries (un-transposed lines),unbalanced loads, unbalanced system faults and open phases. These system condition produce negative-phase-sequence components of current which induce a double-frequency current in the surface of the rotor, the retaining rings, the slot wedges, and to a smaller degree, in the field winding. These rotor currents may cause high and possibly dangerous temperatures in a very short time. The ability of a generator to accommodate unbalanced currents is specified byANSI C50.12-1982 and ANSI C50.13-1989 in terms of negative-sequence current (I2).This standard specifies the continuousI2 capability of a generator and the short time capability of a generator, specified in terms I2, 2t, as shown in figure 3.5. A generator shallbe capable of withstanding, without injury, the effects of a continuous current unbalance corresponding to a negative-sequence current I2 of the following values, providing the rated kVA is not exceeded and the maximum current does not exceed 105% of rated current in any phase. (Negative-sequence current is expressed as a percentage of rated stator current.)

Fig 3.5: Continuous and short-time unbalanced current capability of generators Type of Generator PermissibleI2 (percent)Salient Pole With connected amortisseur windings 10 With non-connected amortisseur windings 5 Cylindrical Rotor Indirectly cooled 10 Directly cooled to 960 MVA 8 961 to 1200 MVA 6 1201 to 1500 MVA 5 These values also express the negative-sequence current capability at reduced generator kVA capabilities. Unbalanced fault negative-sequence current capability is expressed in per unit of rated current and time in seconds. Type of Generator PermissibleI22 t Salient pole generator 40 Synchronous condenser 30 Cylindrical rotor generators Indirectly cooled 30 Directly cooled (0800 MVA) 10 Directly cooled (8011600 MVA) GEC make CTN relay is used for the protection at Sdstps. To match with the relay characteristic, ICT is used between CT circuit s and the relay.

The scheme is shown in fig 3.6.

Fig3.6 : Negative sequence Protection If negative sequence protection operated alarm appears on the Generator, immediately check for the currents in the outgoing EHV feeders in all the three phases.Any open jumper in any of the circuit has caused the relay operation and immediate action shall be initiated to isolate the faulty feeder. If no abnormality is noticed, check the three phase currents to the relay and check the relay healthiness by secondary injection.

3.5 Generator Over load Protection ( 51):

Overloading of the Generator is permitted only for the certain period as per the Manufacturer recommendations. As per the recommended value of the current , an over load protection is provided. For momentary over loading values, such as faults etc.., this protection should not operate. Hence the protection shall be linked with a timer. Otherwise, provide a definite time over current relay and this protection need not be given for tripping and can be connected to alarm only. Sdstps CTU relay is provided with 4.75 A ( 9500 Amps) and 5 Sec are the settings and the protection generated only alarm. Operation of this protection needs immediate attention to check up the three phase currents, MW and MVAR. If any abnormality is noticed in MW / MVAR suitable action shall be initiated and if still the alarm appears, arrange for checking of the relay.

Over voltage on the terminals of the Generator will damage the insulation of the Generator and its auxiliary equipment. Sustained Faults in the system. Malfunction of the Excitation systems leads to Generator Over Voltage protection. Over Voltage protection needs time delay to avert maloperation of the system in transient conditions. In modern protection philosophy, two stage protection is being used with one stage set for 110 % with 10 Sec and second stage set with 130 % and 0.5 Sec. However, manufacturer recommendations shall be taken in to the consideration for adopting the setting. In generals, Over voltages may be due to mal operation or non-operation of the AVR. Hence, the start of Over voltage function protection shall be given to Channel change over of the Excitation system. Operation of this protection needs thorough check up of the excitation system and the relay operation and it is better to check IR values of the machine before keeping in to service.

3.6 Generator Power Protection (32 / 37) :

Tripping of Generator for the cause of tripping of Steam Generator / Steam Turbine shall be done with power relays. Direct trip contact of Turbine / Boiler need not be given for tripping of Generator. Tripping of Turbine / Boiler would result in closure of steam valves and thus the work done by Turbine comes to Low. If the Power generated by generator is less than set value, say 0.5 % and persists for defined time, say 2 Sec and Turbine is in tripped condition, Generator trip will be initiated. For monitoring of this Low power is done by Using Low Forward Power Relay ( 2 / 37). . If the same conditions persists and 37 relay not operated, Generator would draw power from the Bars to run as motor, i.e., Machine draws power from the Grid or called as reverse power ( 32) . If this reverse power is more than 0.5 % and persists for 2 secs with turbine is in trip condition, Generator will be tripped on Reverse Power Protection withTurbine Trip ( 2 / 32 ). If the turbine is in running condition and due to in sufficient energy receipt from the turbine, Generator draws power from Bars. If this power is more than 0.5 % and persistsfor more than 20 Sec, machine will

trip on Motoring protection ( 2 / 32 YA) With this protection, an alarm will be initiated that the Generator is Motoring. If the operator increase the steam input to the turbine, this protection resets. Otherwise, the protection operates and trips the Generator. Trip time depend on prime mover manufacturer recommendations.
Operation of these power relays with turbine trip reveals that the protection logics are satisfactory. Operation of Motoring protection when the turbine is in service, needs checking of prime mover logics, i.e., Governing mechanism, steam valve positions, etc.

3.7 Generator Loss of Field Protection (40) :

Loss of field or insufficient excitation would result the machine to run as induction Generator. The machine draws more reactive energy from the bars causing over heating to the rotor and stator overhang portion

Fig 3.7A: Four Quadrant Diagram Characteristic

Fig 3.8B :Offset Mho Characteristic

From the above fig 3.8A, the under excitation conditions would resulting the machine to lie in 4th Quadrant. If a Offset Mho relay with characteristic is designed as for the Fig 3.8B, the operation of this relay indicates under excitation conditions. The Offset and Diameter of the circle depends on the machine parameters. Offset : of Synchronous reactance Diameter : Transient Reactance The protection logics shall be derived as follows: a) If the machine parameters lies in the relay characteristic for 2 Secs, the protection operates and lock out relay operates to trip the GCB. b) If the machine parameters lie in the relay characteristic and the terminal voltage is less than 80 %, the protection operates instantaneously and lock out relay operates to trip the GCB. Operation of this protection needs thorough check up of the excitation system and identify the reason for insufficient excitation. Check the protective relay and the logics.

3.8 Generator Back up impedance Protection (21) :

To safeguard the Generator from all the areas of the power system in case of failure of main protections, a back up impedance protection is provided. The Generator Transformer Impedance is considered for the setting calculations and little more over reach say 120% of the G-GT

value shall be set for the protection with sufficient delay in coordination with Transmission line protections. Operation of this protection needs thorough checking of transmission line protection. Generator & GT up to Switchyard also needs inspection. The impedance relays used in this protection shall be cross Polarised, i.e., R phase relay shall be connected R phase Currents with YB Voltages, Y phase relay shall be connected Y phase Currents with BR Voltages and B phase relay shall be connected B phase Currents with RY Voltages.

3.9 Generator Pole Slip Protection (98)

The pole slip relay shall protect the Generator against the possibility of the machine running in unstable region of the Power Angle Curve, which would result in oscillations and Pole Slip. Pole slip leads to an increase in rotor angular position beyond the generator transient stability limits. The reasons for Pole relay operation are: Large Network disturbance Closure Faults Loss of Excitation or under excitation Load thrown off conditions Setting Recommendations:
1. If the source of the oscillations lies between Generator and GT, the machine has to be isolated from the network after the first slip. Forward reach of the relay characteristic shall cover G-GT. Tripping zone shall be in the first pole slip. The reach of this Zone : 0.7Xd 2. If the source of oscillation lies outside the unit in the network, the generator should not be switched off until several pole slips have recurred.

3.10 Generator First Rotor Earth Fault Protection ( 64F1): Generator Rotor is unearthed and the winding is powered form the excitation system. A rotor earth fault in the Field Breaker output to Rotor Winding portion does not harmful to the rotor as there is no other earth in the system. However, another earth in the system would result in heavy damage. Hence the first rotor earth fault shall be identified and shall be warned to operators through an alarm.

If the machine is having static excitation equipment with Slip rings and brush gear arrangement, the carbon from the brushes may form the continuity to the earth and cause to operate the alarm. In this case frequent dust blowing near brush gear will clear the rotor earth fault. If the alarm still persists, trip the machine at the earliest for thorough checking of the winding and its auxiliaries. This protection can be derived by two popular methods, i.e., Bridge Method and Capacitance measurement. The available VAEM relay setting : 1mA / 30 k Ohms.

The Bridge method of the Protection is as shown in fig. 3.9. Operation of this protection needs immediate attention. Operators shall arrange for: Air blowing near brush gear Physical Inspection of Excitation Cubicles Measurement of leakage current in the relay with split pin If the fault still persists, trip the machine at the earliest.

Fig 3.9 : Rotor earth Fault Protection ( VAEM relay)

First Rotor Earth Fault Simulation : After overhaul of the unit, it is very much essential to simulate the earth fault and ensure the operation of the Earth Fault relay. Simulation shall also be done for BBC make IWX relay also available in AVR Cubicles. Ensure Brush gear is kept and the earth brush is also available. Ensure all the auxiliary supplies to VAEM relay and BBC make relay at AVR. At Barring gear, this simulation is preferred. Connect a decade resistance box between Slipring ( either +ve side or ve side) and the earth with the resistance value set around 40 kA in series with DC milli Ammeter in the range of 0 1 mA. Observe the current in the meter and if the current is showing as zero, it indicates that the earthing is not perfect. By reducing decade resistance value by 1 k ohm per each step, observe for the relay operation. At around 25 k Ohms, relay shall operate and record the value of resistance and current.If IWX relay is in service, still reduce the value to low value and observe for the relay operation.

3.11 Generator Second Rotor Earth Fault Protection ( 64F2):

As seen from the above, the first rotor earth fault is not harmful and machine can be continued in service. However, during this period another earth fault will damage the Generator Rotor. To avert such incident another protection called as Second Rotor Earth Fault Protection shall be used and it shall be connected to Trip Circuit. Normally, this protection will not be in service. If 1st rotor earth fault appears and if it desires to continue to run the machine, this protection shall be introduced in to the circuit. CAEM type relay is being used for this protection. For this, Second Rotor earth fault protection shall be balance by using potentiometer after keeping the selector switch ( On Generator Protection Panel) in Balance position and by keeping earth fault sensing selector 9 ON SCB Panel) switch in Fine / Medium / coarse controls.
Then keep the selector switch on GRP to TEST position and observe for the second rotor earth fault relay operation. If relay operates, it indicates that the balancing is imperfect and repeat the balance. After completing balance and confirming second rotor earth fault not operated, proceed to keep the switch at GRP in Second Rotor Earth Fault position. The following special observations need to be ensured:

 Ensure trip link in closed position Auxiliary supply to the relay shall be available and the failure of this supply would lead to tripping of the machine. Second rotor earth fault protection is common to sdstps. at a time only one unit protection can be transferred to this relay. Generator shall not be continued to run for more than 24 hours with 1st rotor earth fault protection. The setting for the second rotor earth fault protection : 1 mA.

3.12 Generator Overall Differential Protection ( 87 O )

This Protection is a three winding Transformer Differential protection. This protection covers the Generator GT and UATs. To cover more area of protection, CTs used for this protection shall be placed at more suitable locations. The CTs used for this protection shall be PS class and suitable ICTs shall be used for balancing the protection. The schematic diagram for this protection is as shown in fig 3.10. Generator CTs were placed near the neutral CT Formation and the GT CTs were placed near the 220 kV CB and UAT CTs were placed in HV Bus Ducts. In recent designs, the UAT CTs are being placed after the UAT to cover the UAT also in to this protection in addition to the UAT Differential protection.

Fig 3.10: Generator Overall Differential Protection

The relay is 5 A and the CT on Generator shall be 10000/5 A. The UAT currents shall be represented by 10000/ 5A and both the UAT currents shall be added and given to the relay. The third winding shall be connected to the GT HV side. The GT HV current for 247 MVA and for 220 kV, the Current shall be 0.8125 A with CT Ratio of 800 /1 A. As the GT is Delta / Star connected, CTs shall be connected in Star / Delta, i.e Delta on HV side. The ICT output shall give 2.886 A ( 5 / 3 Amps) and hence the ICT Ratio shall be 2.886 / 0.8125 = 3.5.

3.11 Breaker Failure Protection / Bus Bar Protection:

Opening of the Circuit Breaker is very important in all the required conditions and especially in the event of faults. Due to mechanical problem or any other trouble in the Breaker, an additional protection Breaker Failure Protection or Local Breaker Backup Protection ( LBB) shall be provided. If the breaker opening is delayed by more than certain time say 200 msec after the operation of the lock out relay and if any current say 20 % of the normal value is present in the circuit, this protection will operate. It is clear that normal breaker opening time is around 30 msec and after 200 msec time, the currents in the circuit will be zero if the breaker opened with in the time. BFR or LBB relay shall be connected to HV side of GT and the lockout relay from Generator Protection is given to this relay as initiating contact. The relay current and time can be set and after the set time, if the current value is more than set value, this relay operates. Operation of this LBB or BFR relay will initiate Bus Bar protection scheme. Details of the bus bar protection is dealt in chapter 10 . The trip relay 96 for the Generator is connected to Lock out relay and 96 relay also initiates another auxiliary relay 96X at generator Protection panel. 96X relay will initiate tripping of the motors of that unit boards to prevent overloading of the Station Transformer. Operation of the Bus Bar protection needs resetting of the Bus Bar protection at MCR and then 96X relay at GRP and then proceed for the start up operations.

3.12 Other Miscellaneous Protection on Generator: Besides the above protection functions, some more protections also required to safeguard the machine. The protections and the settings for these functions are listed as below. The case has been taken as sdstps generators. a) Excitation Protection: Excitation equipment is having more logics and it has very important protections. Tripping of the excitation equipment needs Generator tripping otherwise machine will act as asynchronous mode. The sdstps Generators has Static Excitation System and the trippings are as given below . Trips : 1. Rotor Over Voltage 2. Channel-1 & Channel -2 Faulty and Manual Mode OFF / Faulty 3. Loss of three Converters 4. Fuse AVR Supply 5. AVR in Test 6. Excitation Over Current Instantaneous 7. Excitation Transformer O / C Stage-2 8. DC / DC Converter Failure 9. Manual Mode Switched OFF 10. Channel 3 in operation and Failed 11. Excitation Transformer Temp. Stage-2 12. RESET of PLC Processor 13. Ch-1 DC Short Circuit 14. Ch-2 DC Short Circuit 15. Ch-3 DC Short Circuit b) Stator Water Flow Emergency: The Sdstps generator is THW type. It requires DM water for cooling stator winding. Lesser flow of water results in to in efficient cooling of the stator winding and lead in to damage of the Winding. The stator water flow is being monitored and the value shall be more than 27 Cub. Met/ Hour and the purity of the water shall be more than 200 K Ohms-Cm. The following protections are provided for the Generator Stator Water Flow: Alarm 18 TPH Trip 13 TPH with time 60 Secs Trip initiates a timer 2/7A and after set time, relay initiates Lock out relay and thus the machine will trip.

Stator Water Purity: < 50 k Ohm-Cm Trip initiates a auxiliary relay 30 X and this relay initiates Lock out relay and thus the machine will trip. c) Damper Tank Emergency: Generator Rotor and the stator core have been provided with hydrogen cooling. To prevent hydrogen escaping from the machine to atmosphere through bearings, seal oil is provided at bearings with pressure more than the Hydrogen. The seal oil scheme is having storage tank. i.e. Damper Tank and the level of this tank shall be monitored for better functioning of the protection. Level Low contact of this tank will initiate an alarm and subsequently, Very Low Level contact initiates a time 2/11 with setting Secs. Operation of this timer will initiate Lock out relay.