1

( )
2
A complex number has the form
1 and , are real numbers
z
z x iy i x y = + =
( ) ( )
Real part of Imaginary part of
Re Im
z z
z x z y = =
14243 14243
Real axis
Imaginary
axis
The Complex Plane
The or just
of is z z x iy =
complex conjugate
conjugate
2 2
The or
of is z
z x y = +
modulus
absolute value
x iy
z
x iy +
( ) , x y
x
y
z
z
Math 241 Rimmer
Arithmetic
1 1 1
z x iy = +
2 2 2
z x iy = +
( ) ( )
1 2 1 2 1 2
z z x x i y y + = + + +
( ) ( )
1 2 1 2 1 2
z z x x i y y = +
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 1
z z x iy x iy x x y y i x y x y = + + = + +
( )( )
2
2 2
0 zz x iy x iy x y i zz z = + = + + =
( )
( )
2 2
2 2
x iy
x iy

( )
2
Must be written in form so
multiply both numerator and denom.
by like rationalizing the denom.
x iy
z
+
1 2 1 2 1 2 2 1
2 2
2 2
x x y y x y x y
i
z z
| | | |
+
= | + |
| |
\ \
1 1 1
2 2 2
z x iy
z x iy
+
=
+
( )
2
0 z
Math 241 Rimmer
17.1/17.2 Complex Numbers
2
Properties
1 2 1 2
z z z z + = +
1 1
2 2
z z
z z
| |
=
|
\
1 2 1 2
z z z z =
1 2 1 2
z z z z =
( ) ( )
2 z z x x i y y x + = + + =
( )
Re
2
z z
x z
+
= =
( ) ( )
2 z z x x i y y iy = + + =
( )
( )
1
Im
2 2
z z
y z i z z
i

= = =
( )
z z =
is real z z z =
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1 2
1 2
1 2
Re Re
and
Im Im
z z
z z
z z
=
=
=
1 2 1 2
z z z z =
Math 241 Rimmer
17.1/17.2 Complex Numbers
Triangle Inequality
1
z
1
z
2
z
2
z
2
z
1 2
z z +
1 2
z z +
1 2 1 2
z z z z + +
( ) ( )
2
1 2 1 2 1 2
Proof:
z z z z z z + = + +
( ) ( ) 1 2 1 2
z z z z = + +
1 1 2 2 1 2 2 1
z z z z z z z z = + + +
( ) 2 1 1 2
z z z z =
( )
( ) 1 2
2 2
1 2 1 2 1 2
2Re z z
z z z z z z = + + +
14243
( )
( )
2 2
For any , Re since z z z x x y +
2 2 2
1 2 1 2 1 2
So we have:
2 z z z z z z + + +
2 2
1 2 1 2
2 z z z z = + + ( )
2
1 2
z z = +
( )
2 2
1 2 1 2
Thus,
z z z z + +
1 2 1 2
z z z z + +
Math 241 Rimmer
17.1/17.2 Complex Numbers
3
Polar Form
cos sin x r y r = =
Real axis
Imaginary
axis
The Complex Plane
x iy +
( ) , x y
x
y
z

r
( ) ( ) cos sin
z x iy
z r i r
= +
= +
( ) cos sin z r i = +
2 2
r x y r z = + =
arctan
is called an of
y
x
z

| |
=
|
\
argument
( )
There are infinitely many solutions to the equation
above, the of denoted Arg
is the argument of that satisfies
z z
z
principal argument
Math 241 Rimmer
17.1/17.2 Complex Numbers
i
z re

=
Arithmetic in Polar Form
( )
1 1 1 1
cos sin z r i = + ( )
2 2 2 2
cos sin z r i = +
1 2
1 2 1 2
i i
z z r e r e

=
( ) ( ) ( )
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
cos sin z z r r i = + + +
1
2
1 1
2 2
i
i
z r e
z r e

=
( ) ( ) ( )
1 1
1 2 1 2
2 2
cos sin
z r
i
z r
= +
Math 241 Rimmer
17.1/17.2 Complex Numbers
1
1 1
i
z r e

=
2
2 2
i
z r e

=
( )
1 2
1 2 1 2
i
z z r r e
+
=
( )
1 2 1 1
2 2
i
z r
e
z r

=
4
Powers of a complex number
2 2 2 i
z zz r e

= =
3 2 3 3 i
z zz r e

= =
M
( ) ( ) ( )
cos sin
n n
z r n i n = +
DeMoivres formula
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) cos sin cos sin
n
i n i n + = + (

Math 241 Rimmer
17.1/17.2 Complex Numbers
any integer
n n in
n z r e

=
Roots of a complex number
th 1/
is an n root of if
n
w z z w =
Let and
i i
z re w e

= =
( )
n
i i
e re

=
1/
So or
n n
r r = =
and 2 or
2
, 0,1, 2, , 1
k
n k k
n
n

+
= = = + K
0 k
n

= =
1
2
The roots of are
0,1,

2, 1
n
i
th
k
n
k
w r k
n
e n
z
+ | |
|
\
= = K
( ) there are of them n
Math 241 Rimmer
17.1/17.2 Complex Numbers
is given and we have to find . z w
We must find in terms of and in terms of r
1/ n n
z w w z = =
n in i
e re

=
2
2
n
k n
n n


+
= = = +
repeats the first
angle obtained when 0
k n
k
= | |
|
=
\
1
or in form
2 2
cos sin
0,1, 2, 1
n
k
k k
w r i
n n
k n
a bi
+ + ( | | | |
= +
| | (
\ \
+
= K
5
5
Find all solutions to the equation 3 3 3 . z i =
( )
1/5
3 3 3 z i =
6,
6
r

= =
1
2
The roots of are
0,1, 2, 1
n
th
k
i
n
k
n z
w r e k n
+ | |
|
\
= = K
1
5
30
0
6
0:
5 3
6
0
i
k w e

| |

|
=

= =
1
5
1
30
1
6
1
2
6
11
1:
5 30
i
w e k

| |
|
\
+
= = =
1
5
3
30
2
6
2
4
6
23
2:
5 30
i
w e k

| |
|
\
+
= = =
1
5 6
7
6
3
6 35
3:
5 30
6
i
e k w

| |
|
\
+
= = =
1
5
7
30
4
6
4
8
6
47
4:
5 30
i
w e k

| |
|
\
+
= = =
Math 241 Rimmer
17.1/17.2 Complex Numbers
Spring 2009 Exam 2:
Real axis
Imaginary
axis
The Complex Plane
( ) ( )
2
2
3 3 3 r = +
27 9 r = +
6 r =
3 3
3
6

1
sin and
2

= <
6