Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Outline
1. Introduction 2. Methodology and material 2.1 Models 2.2 Model setting 2.3. Traffic emission estimates 3. Results and discussions 3.1 Results of meteorology models f gy 3.2 Results of air polllution model and abatement strategies 4. Conclusions
Introduction
Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC), which is the largest city in Vietnam, Vietnam is one of politics economic science center of politics, economic, Vietnam. Population: Year 1979 Population ( p (Million) 3.34 ) Area: 2056 km2 Population density: 2977 inhabitants/ km2 Average Temperature: 270C Average H idit 77 8% A Humidity: 77.8% Annual Rainfall : 1850 mm 1989 3.99 1999 5.04 2004 6.12
Moonson
Winter moonson Nov Mar
HCM city
Introduction
Traffic system in Ho Chi Minh city consists of 943 roads with 1,275 km length. , g Number of engine vehicles: 3,200,000 motorbikes 500,000 cars all kinds Many vehicles was used 15 years event some of them was made years, in 1970s. y y y Traffic density at main crossroads in Ho Chi Minh city is very high. Traffic-jams is very frequency
Overview
Annual increase of : motorcycles is 13-14% cars all kind is 8-10% 8 10%
The transportation activities are the main air pollution sources p p in Ho Chi Minh City. The traffic activities are more and more developing. It increases environmental pollution, in which air pollution effect considerably to people s life quality. At some monitoring stations, it i t ti exceeded the standard levels O3, CO NO2, PM10 h CO, have
Objective of the Study and Expectation Outputs Simulate the air pollution ( 2, SO2, CO, O3) f i l h i ll i (NO from road d traffic In Ho Chi Minh City by the meteorological model and the photochemical model. p Find out the solutions to reduce air pollution from transport activity (changing the vehicles type, gasoline replacement, motorbikebike control, ect.)
FVM: Finite Volume Model (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne - EPFL ) TAPOM: Transport and Air Pollution Model - EPFL
MODELLING OF AIR POLLUTION FROM ROAD TRAFFIC IN HCMC MM5 FVM TAPOM
MM5 output is the high accuracy due to the combination with the micro-physical cloud scheme and cumulus scheme. FVM is simulating in detail the atmospheric phenomena happen in the boundary layer which are represented through the components of the equation system. system But the other phenomena happening in the upper layers of the atmosphere are not simulated. The p p products of these models should only be applied when the cloud cover is smallest.
FVM TAPOM
2. Initial condition:
NCEP Final Analysis (FNL) (ds083.2**), 1 x 1 degree
Model setting MM5 MM5 model of th N ti l d l f the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) and the Pennsylvania State University (PSU) The Th operating principle of i i i l f MM5 is based on solving the equation systems q y including the equation of continuity, momentum, turbulent energy diffusion, diffusion heat and moisture conservation, thermal transmission in soil layers i i i il l
MM5 have been developed since 1970. The latest version is V3-7 MM5
MM5 is a meso-scale model, it could not parameterize the urban surface layer in much detail. The two disadvantages of using the surface data in this model are: The land use table of MM5 only contains 1 type of urban land, while the urban surface is very complex. Thus, it is y p , essential to use a more detailed table to improve the accuracy of the model. model
The topographic and landuse data for TERRAIN module of MM5 are derived from the data of USGS (United States Geological Survey). The resolution of these data could meet the study requirements, even though the accuracy is not very high.
To solve these problems, the model data is replaced by satellite and map data, more detailed classification of urban surface layer p y The classification is carried out through the following contents: 1) Building the classifying basis and criterions. ) g y g 2) Defining the surface parameters for each new urban surface type 1) Classifying the urban surface of HCMC The urban surface is divided into 4 types, from type 1 (D1) to type 4 (D4), depend on the (D4) zone and the vegetation fraction (VegFrac)
10.90
Zone 3
10.85
10.80
Zone 2 Zone 1
Zone 4
10.75 10 75
10.70 106.60 106 60 106.65 106 65 106.70 106 70 106.75 106 75 106.80 106 80 106.85 106 85
10.90
Zone 3
10.85
10.80
Zone 2 Zone 1
Zone 4
10.75
Zone 4: Its density of buildings and roads is lowest. The water surface area is relatively high
The zones classified with real landuse Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 Zone 4 D1 D2 D2 D2 D2 D2 D3 D3 D3 D3 D3 D4 D4 D4 D4 D4
Zone 4: Its density of buildings and roads is lowest. The water surface area is relatively high
The adjusted landuse VegFrac 5-9% 10-14% 15-29% 30-60% The zones classified with real landuse Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 Zone 4 D1 D2 D2 D2 D2 D2 D3 D3 D3 D3 D3 D4 D4 D4 D4 D4
Surface data from map and satellite Surface data from UGGS
Flow chart I
INTERPF
Testing condition I
YES
LITTLE_R
Format data
REGRID
4 3 2
FVM Finite volume model (FVM), (FVM) developed at Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL). It is a three dimensional eulerian meteorological model, using a t l i l d l i terrain-following grid with finite volume discretisation. The turbulence is parameterized by using turbulent coefficients, in the transition layer these coefficients are derived from gy turbulent kinetic energy. FVM = The mesoscale model + The urban module
Schematic representation of the effects of radiation trapping in the urban module Representation of the connection between the b th urban module grid and the mesoscale d l id d th l model grid
TAPOM The T Th Transport and Ai Pollution Model (TAPOM), d l d at d Air P ll i M d l (TAPOM) developed EPFL, simulates the polution of the pollutants in the atmosphere. It is based on the resolution of the mass balance equation for for several atmospheric substances.
This equation take into account the advection by the b th mean wind, the i d th vertical diffusion by the turbulence, the chemical transformation by t f ti b several reactions, the dry deposion and the emissions. i i
TAPOM, FVM setting Nested grids: - R l ti Resolutions: 1 k km - Vertical layers: 15 - Size of domain: 40 km x 40 km
COPERT
Traffic T ffi emission estimates i i ti t
COPERT III is an software programme aiming at the calculation of air pollutant emissions from road i i f d transport
http://lat.eng.auth.gr/copert/
10.9
COPERT III
10.7
10.65 106.6
Depend on the fluency and speed of vehicles, the width street, the length of street on a cell
Results and dicussions The MM5 results show adequate agreement between the model simulation and observation data. Its also show the effect of urban surface characteristics to distribute of surface temperature and wind field.
Temp at 2 m of MM5
Results and dicussions The Th FVM results show the clearly effects of surface characteristic l h h l l ff f f h i i on the distribute of meteorological factor at suface, TKE, etc. The wind speed over the urban area is quite low and its direction p q depend on the surface roughness length.
Results and dicussions The comparision between the model simulations with insitu data of 6 air quality monitoring stations in HCM => the TAPOM results approach the li i i i i h l h h institu data. q y q y The model results show air quality meet Vietnam air quality standard (TCVN 5939-2005), excepted ozone. The highest ozone concentration is always higher 100 g/m3 from 10h to15h, so that the ozone concentration 8 hours average is exceed the limited value
0.33
0.41 1.8 18 0.32 0 32 x x x Thong Nhat Binh Chanh 5.9 0.33 10.4 HongBang 0.27 8.7 87 0.36 1.4 21.9 0.46 1.5 0.46 0 46
CO (mg/m3)
M hnh
21h2 21Feb2004 09h2 21Feb2004 21h2 20Feb2004 09h2 20Feb2004 21h1 19Feb2004
Mean Er
Quan trc
21h1 18Feb2004 09h1 18Feb2004 21h1 17Feb2004 09h1 17Feb2004 21h1 16Feb2004 09h1 16Feb2004 21h1 15Feb2004 09h1 15Feb2004 21h1 14Feb2004 09h1 14Feb2004 21h1 13Feb2004 09h1 13Feb2004 21h1 12Feb2004 09h1 12Feb2004 21h1 11Feb2004 09h1 11Feb2004
09h1 19Feb2004
NO2 (g/m3)
Mean Er
NO (g/m3)
12
14
DOS
CO (mg/m ) O
10
Mean Er
14.9
0.28
10.2
0.31
1.5
0.38
Thng 7
16.4
February
2-3m/s 3-4m/s 5-6m/s >6m/s
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%
July
Conclusions In case sudy, the meteorological simulation by combine between MM5 and FVM have a good an initial conditions for air pollution model model. The gas concentrace simulated by model is closed to the insitu data, so that the main reason of HCMC air pollution is from vehicle activities. To reduce the ozone pollution in HCMC have to reduce the motobikes. This study results is limited, need to add the emission data from industry; biogenic and domestic also longthen period domestic, study.