Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Contents
Introduction. Principle of operation. Classification. Compounding of steam turbine, Steam turbine performance. Losses in steam turbines. Governing of steam turbines. Turbine troubles.
Trouble shooting.
Industrial steam turbines.
An overlook
It
is a most important prime mover in the generation of electricity. Invented in last decade of 19th century and has undergone several changes in design during past 8 decades. It is not likely to be replaced in the foreseeable future. About 80% of electricity generation in the world is by means of steam turbine!!!!! The energy level of fluid goes on decreasing along the fluid stream. Single unit of stem turbine can generate power ranging from 1MW to 1000MW. In general 1MW, 2.5MW, 5MW,10MW,30MW, 120MW,210MW,250MW,350MW,500MW,660MW, 1000MW are in common use.
the maximum quantity of energy from the working fluid, to convert it into useful work with maximum efficiency, by means of a plant having maximum reliability, minimum cost, minimum supervision and minimum starting time. Steam turbines of 1000MW capacity are built in many countries and units of 1500MW capacity are planned in future power programme. Future development in materials and other area promises to achieve even better performance and brings down the cost of supplying materials.
Working????
Principle of operation
The
steam turbine depends completely upon the dynamic action of the steam. According to Newtons Second Law of Motion, Force mass acceleration If the rate of change of momentum is caused in the steam by allowing a high velocity jet of steam to pass over curved blade, the steam will impart a force to the blade. If the blade is free, it will move off (rotate) in the direction of force. The motive power in a steam turbine is obtained by the rate of change in moment of momentum of a high velocity jet of steam impinging on a curved blade which is free to rotate.
The
steam from the boiler is expanded in a passage or nozzle where due to fall in pressure of steam, thermal energy of steam is converted into kinetic energy of steam, resulting in the emission of a high velocity jet of steam.
impulse turbine. impulse-reaction turbine. On the basis of direction of flow axial flow turbine. radial flow turbine. tangential flow turbine. On the basis of rotational speed constant speed turbine. variable speed turbine. On the basis of number of cylinder single cylinder. multi cylinder.
Classification
Impulse turbines. Impulse-Reaction turbines.
Impulse turbine
contd
Works on the principle of IMPULSE. Components:
nozzle or a set of nozzles a rotor mounted on shaft moving blades attached to rotor casing Expansion of stem takes place only in the nozzle. Due to relatively large ratio of expansion of steam in nozzles, steam leaves nozzle at high velocities of 1100m/s. For good economy/max work, blade velocity should be half of steam speed. Speed 30,000rpm.
contd
carry over loss or leaving velocity loss
11% of initial K.E. Applications: small power requirements small rotor dia. Ex: De-Laval, Curtis and Reteau
Impulse-Reaction turbine
contd
Principle: IMPULSE and REACTION. There
are a number of rows of moving blades attached to the rotor and an equal number of fixed blades attached to the casing. Drop in pressure takes place in both nozzles and moving blades. Pressure drop in moving blades leads to an increase in K.E of steam. This kinetic energy gives rise to reaction in the direction opposite to that of added velocity. The gross propelling force or driving force is the vector sum of impulse and reaction forces.
contd
Carrying loss1-2% of initial K.E. Applications:
rotor speed=30,000rpm not necessary structural failure of blade - reduction gear is needed. Velocity of blades should be limited to 400m/s. Velocity of steam at exit of turbine is sufficiently high when single stage blades are used loss of K.E. (10-12%). Solution : COMPOUNDING!!!!
Velocity compounding.
Pressure compounding.
Pressure and Velocity compounding.
Velocity compounding
Pressure compounding
steam flow process through the expansion line or condition curve. The steam flow rate through the unit. Thermal efficiency. Losses such as exhaust mechanical generator radiation etc.
unit-
some absolute velocity. Energy loss = (Vaex)/2gJ KJ/kg. Vaex :absolute velocity of steam leaving turbine. Nearly 10-20% in a single stage impulse turbine. Loss can be reduced by using the multistage.
b/w the steam and rotating discs. Friction loss in nozzle is taken into account by introducing a factor nozzle efficiency. The loss due to friction and turbulence is about 10%.
Leakage loss
Occurs at points
1.b/w turbine shaft and bearings. 2.b/w shaft and stationary diaphragms. 3.At blade tips(reaction turbine). 4.Leakage of steam through the glands. Total leakage loss is about 1-2%.
Loss due to friction b/w shaft and bearing. Some loss also occurs in regulating the valves. Can be reduced with the help of an efficient lubricating system.
Radiation loss
Since turbine temperature is higher than that of
surroundings this type of loss occurs. Turbines are highly insulated to reduce loss.
this
steam contains water particles passing through the lower stages of the turbine as it becomes wet. The velocity of water particles are less than the steam and therefore they have to be dragged along with the steam and consequently a part of the K.E. of the steam is lost.
Throttle governing
The quantity of steam entering the turbine is
reduced by the throttling of the steam. Throttling is achieved with the help of double head balanced valve which is operated by a centrifugal governor through the servo mechanism. The effort of the governor may not be sufficient to move the valve against the piston in big units. Therefore an oil operated relay (servo mechanism) is incorporated in the circuit to magnify the small force produced by the governor to operate the valve.
is controlled by uncovering as many steam passages as are necessary to meet the load by poppet valves.
By-pass governor
More
than one stage is used for high pressure impulse turbine to reduce the diameter of the wheel. The nozzle control governing cannot be used for multi stage impulse turbine due to small heat drop in first stage. It is also desirable in multi stage impulse turbine to have full admission into high pressure stages to reduce partial admission losses.
Turbine troubles
The following troubles may occur during the running of turbines which may cause damage to the turbines:
Loss of blade shrouding. Damage of the seal. Failure
Trouble shooting
steam turbines supply power to the industries as well as low pressure steam required for processing. Steam is required in paper industry, chemical industry, textile industry and many others for drying, heating etc. According to the type of stem supplied, the industrial steam turbines are classified, 1.Extraction turbines. 2.Back pressure turbine. 3.Exhaust turbine. 4.Mixed pressure turbine.
Extraction turbines
In
this turbine, a high pressure steam from boiler enters H.P. turbine and expands doing work. Part of steam coming out from H.P. turbine is drawn for use in industrial process. Remaining steam is further expanded in the L.P. turbine. The exhaust steam from L.P. turbine and industrial process plant are condensed in different condensers as their condensing pressures are different. The condensate is supplied to boilers with the help of feed pumps.
in processing plant and then condensed in a condenser and fed back to the boiler with the help of pump. The pressure of steam at the exit of the turbine is always above atmospheric pressure, so known as back pressure turbine.
Exhaust turbine
Exhaust turbine Sometimes, the exhaust stem coming out of steam engine is used to generate power by passing the steam through the turbine. The exhaust pressure of engine is atmospheric whereas the turbine exhausts into vacuum. If the steam from the engine is not utilized in this way, the energy of steam would be wasted.
is required at considerably high pressures and it is also exhausted at a pressure considerably higher than atmosphere. For such requirements, the steam is extracted at higher pressure from the turbine and again supplied at a lower pressure to the turbine. The steam coming out of turbine finally is condensed and fed back to the boiler.