PV Power

INDIA 2011

SOLAR RADIATION
SOURCE OF LIGHT ENERGY FOR CONVERSION

Insolation in India: An Energy Resource

Solar

radiation is perennial, environment-friendly and well suited for decentralized applications. Most parts of India receive 47 kWh (kilowatt-hour) of solar radiation per square metre per day. There are 250300 sunny days in a year. The highest annual radiation energy is received in western Rajasthan.

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SOLAR CELL
SUNLIGHT CONVERSION TO ELECTRICITY

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Module
Every

single photovoltaic cell has small dimensions and generally produces a power between 1 and 3 watts and 0,5Volts, at the standard test conditions (STC) of 1000W/m. To get a bigger power and voltage, it is necessary to connect several cells among themselves to create bigger units called modules

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The modules in a PV array are usually first connected in series to obtain the desired voltage; the individual strings are then connected in parallel to allow the system to produce more current. They are then protected by encapsulation between glass and a tough metal, plastic or fiberglass back. This is held together by a stainless steel or aluminum frame to form a module. These modules, usually comprised of about 30 PV cells, form the basic building block of a solar array. Modules may be connected in series or parallel to increase the voltage and current, and thus achieve the required solar array characteristics that will match the load. Typical module size is 50Wp and produces direct current electricity at 12V (for battery charging for example).

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The photovoltaic system structures

Systems with fixed inclination - (fixed supporting structure) Systems with active tracking - single/double axis tracking systems (characterized by step by step motors and control electronics) Self contained systems or stand alone Network connected systems or grid connected

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Solar Lantern
The solar lantern is a portable lighting system. Being light in weight, it is easy to carry around and therefore ideal for both indoor and outdoor usage. A typical solar lantern consists of a PV module of 8 Wp to 10 Wp capacity, a sealed maintenance-free battery of 12 V, 7 AH (ampere hours) capacity, and a compact fluorescent lamp (CFL) of 5 W or 7 W rating. A solar lantern is usually meant to provide light for three to four hours daily, and designed to have a three-day autonomy, that is, to function in this manner for three days without sunlight.

Operation:
During

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the day, the PV module is placed in the sun and is connected through a cable to the lantern unit. Solar radiation is converted into electricity, which, in turn, charges the battery. A green LED light indicates the charging of the battery. At night, the lantern is detached and used wherever required. The battery provides power to the lamp.

The cost of a solar lantern with the above specifications is in the range of Rs 30003300. Low-cost models with smaller PV modules and battery capacity are also available.

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Solar home system -1

A

solar home system (SHS) provides a

comfortable level of illumination in one or

more rooms of a house. There are several

SHS models featuring one, two, or four

Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFL). It is also possible to run a small DC fan or a 12-V DC television with the system.

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Solar home system - 2

The

SHS consists of a PV module of 18, 37 or 74 Wp (Watt peak) capacity; a sealed, maintenance-free, or flooded leadacid battery of 12 V and 20, 40 or 75 AH capacity; and CFLs of 9 W or 11 W rating. The system is designed to provide service for three to four hours daily, with an autonomy of three days, that is, the system can function for three cloudy days.

Operation
A

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PV module is usually mounted on the roof of the house so that it is exposed to direct solar radiation throughout the day, avoiding any shadow. The module converts incident radiation into electricity, which, in turn, charges the battery, which is placed inside the house. The battery provides power to the CFLs, and to the television and/or fan as required. A change controller prevents overcharging and deep discharge of the battery.

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Solar street lighting system

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A solar street-lighting system (SLS) is an outdoor lighting unit used to illuminate a street or an open area usually in villages. A CFL is fixed inside a luminaire which is mounted on a pole. The PV module is placed at the top of the pole, and a battery is placed in a box at the base of the pole. The module is mounted facing south, so that it receives solar radiation throughout the day, without any shadow falling on it.

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A typical street-lighting system consists of a PV module of 74 Wp capacity, a flooded leadacid battery of 12 V, 75 AH capacity, and a CFL of 11 W rating. This system is designed to operate from dusk to dawn (that is, throughout the night). The CFL automatically lights up when the surroundings become dark and switches off around sunrise time. The cost of an SLS is about Rs 19 000. Variations in the cost are possible on account of local taxes, additional transportation costs, etc. The Ministry of New & Renewable Energy Sources provides financial assistance for the promotion of some of the above solar lighting systems among eligible categories of users.

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SPV Pumping System

An

SPV water pump is a DC or AC, surfacemounted or submersible or floating pump that runs on power from an SPV array. The array is mounted on a suitable structure and placed in a shadow free open space with its modules facing south and inclined at local latitude. A typical SPV water-pumping system consists of an SPV array of 2003000 Wp capacity, mounted on a tracking/non-tracking type of structure. The array is connected to a DC or AC motor connected to pump of matching capacity.

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The array is connected to a DC or AC motor connected pump of matching capacity that can be of s u r f a c e - m o u n t e d , submersible, or floating type. Interconnecting cables and electronics make up the rest of the system. SPV water pumps are used to draw water for irrigation as well as for drinking. The normal pumping heads are in the range of 10 metres (m) for irrigation, and 30 m for drinking water. It is possible to use pumps with even greater head, especially for drinking water supply. The SPV array converts sunlight into electricity and delivers it to run the motor and pump up water. The water can be stored in tanks for use during non-sunny hours, if necessary.

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The SPV array converts sunlight into electricity and delivers it to run the motor and pump up water. The water can be stored in tanks for use during nonsunny hours, if necessary. For maximum power output from the SPV array, the structure on which it is mounted should track the sun. Electronic devices are used to do this in some models, thereby enabling the systems to operate at maximum power output. The power from the SPV array is directly delivered to the pump in the case of DC pumps. In the case of AC pumps, however, an inverter is used to convert the DC output of the array into AC. No storage batteries are used in an SPV pump.

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An SPV pump based on a one-horsepower motor

can irrigate about 11.5 hectares of land under a variety of crops except paddy and sugar cane (assuming a 10-m water table). Using the same pump along with drip irrigation, it is possible to

irrigate up to 6 hectares of land for certain crops. A

two-horsepower SPV pump could irrigate about 23 hectares of land under many crops except paddy

and sugar cane (again assuming a 10-m water

table).

SPV Pumping System

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cost of an SPV pump depends on the capacity and type of pump. For example, a DC surface pump with a 900 W array may cost about Rs 150 000; a similar pump of 1800 W may cost about Rs 300 000; and an 1800 W AC submersible pump may cost about Rs 422 000.

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Sagar Island - Solar Island

Sagar Island is in the southwestern corner of the Ganges Delta, in India. The West Bengal Renewable Energy Development Agency (WBREDA) has been working on Sagar Island since 1996 to address the problem of energy supply. Since then it has set up a total of 11 small solar PV power plants, on Sagar Island and its neighbour Maushuni Island. Each plant has its own mini-grid system that distributes electric power to the surrounding villages. The grids are switched on for six hours a day, from 6pm to midnight, and are managed by cooperative societies formed by the villagers that use the power.

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Sagar Island - Solar Island

The 11 power plants in operation supplying stable and reliable 400 / 230V, 3 phase, 50Hz power for six to seven hours a day through local distribution lines. The combined capacity of the plants is 400Kw and WBREDA estimates that a further 400Kw is needed in order to electrify all the villages in the two islands.
Source: Ashden Trust Awards for Sustainable Energy

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SOLAR CELL & MODULE MANUFACTURERS IN INDIA

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SOLAR CELL & MODULE MANUFACTURERS IN INDIA

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SOLAR CELL & MODULE MANUFACTURERS IN INDIA

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Solar PV Projects News PV Technologies India (a subsidiary of Moser Baer), Titan Energy Systems, Reliance Industries Ltd, Tata BP Solar Power are among the 12 Solar Photo Voltaic projects filed under Special Incentive Package Scheme (SIPS), which have received in-principle clearance from the Government. Together, these 12 projects would entail an investment of Rs 76,500 crore over a 10year period.

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Indian Perspective-2010 JAWAHARLAL NEHRU NATIONAL SOLAR MISSION

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BOOKS FOR STUDY & REFERENCE

SOLAR ELECTRICITY

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The Energy & Resources Institute, [TERI] New Delhi

FROM SUNLIGHT TO ELECTRICITY

A practical handbook on solar photovoltaic applications (Second Edition), 2010
ISBN 978-81-7993-156-1 TERI Press TERI, Darbari Seth Block, IHC Complex, Lodhi Road, New Delhi 110 003 www.teriin.org

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SOLAR ELECTRICITY
SOLAR

ELECTRICITY,(second Edition), Edited by Tomas Markvart, University of Southampton, UK, John Wiley & sons, 2000 Contents 1 Electricity from the Sun 2 Solar Radiation 3 Solar Cells 4 Photo voltaic Engineering 5 Applications 6 Environmental Impacts of Photovoltaics 7 Advanced and Specialised Topics

Reference books

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S. Roberts: Solar Electricity A practical guide to

designing and installing photovoltaic systems. Prentice Hall, 1991.

G.

Foley: Photovoltaic Applications in Rural Areas of

the Developing World. World Bank, 1995.

International Energy Agency Photovoltaic Power Systems Programme www.iea-pvps.org/

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Useful websites
http://www.pvpower.c om/ Contains a wealth of information including PV glossary, bibliography, system design software, PV standards, units and conversion factors, and environmental safety and health information

http://www.iea-pvps.org/ Web site of the Photovoltaic Power Systems Programme of the International Energy Agency. A wealth of information and IEA reports: many can be downloaded from the site. Newsletter of the IEA PVPS programme can be found at http://www.ojaservices.nl/ieapvps/pvpower/home.htm

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Solar electricity

Volume 6 of UNESCO energy engineering series UNESCO energy engineering series: Energy engineering learning package Author T. Markvart Editor T. Markvart Edition 2, illustrated Publisher John Wiley and Sons, 2000 ISBN 0471988529, 9780471988526 Length 280 pages

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Designing with solar power: a source book for building integrated photovoltaics (BiPV)

Designing with Solar Power is the result of international collaborative research and development work carried out within the remit of the International Energy Agency's Photovoltaic Power Systems Programme (IEA PVPS), where world-wide and interdisciplinary expert experience on buildingintegrated photovoltaics has been brought together .