HoA SR2 (Compatibility Mode)

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 5TH SEMESTER B.
ARCH
Module -1 1. The advent of Islam into India, Architecture of early Islamic Delhi and the regional variations. Module -2 2. Influence of Islamic ideas on secular and religious architecture in India. Module -3 3. The Mughal period in India. Module -4 4. Renaissance in Italy, the spread of renaissance and Baroque in Europe.
Reference books: a) Indian Architecture-Islamic period Dr.Surendra Sahai (Prakash books) b) Islamic Architecture of the Indian subcontinent Bianca maria Alfieri (laurence king) c) Islamic Architecture in India Satish Drover (GPC )
Islamic Architecture in Indian History

Mohammed Bin Qasim 711-873 Turkish influence 727-1287 Ghuri & khilji sultans 1290-1320 Tughlaqs 1320-1413 Sayyids and lodhis 1414-1451 & 1451-1526 Shersha Mughals Babar , to Akbar 1526-1605 Jahangir 1605-1627 Shah jahan 1628-1657 Aurangzeb 1658-1707 Iiyas shahi and Hussain shahi Bengal 1300-1550 ( 1to 9) aamir hassan Ahmad shahi Gujarat & Jaunpur 1300-1500 and 1392-1483 (10to19) nilina e. shaji Bahmani sultans Gulbarga , Bidar & Daulatabad ( 20 to 29) vishnu s. Golkonda Hyderabad Qutb shahis 1397-1687 (30to39) madhulika Bijapur- Adil shahi (40 to 47) tufan mandal Kashmir 346-1586 (48 to 52) mohd. shamsad Malwa 1400-1550 (53 to 56) sujit
.Renaissance in Italy, the spread of renaissance and Baroque in Europe.
Muslims in India - An Overview

The Muslims of Arab entered Sind, India, in 711 AD, the same year they entered Spain also. Their entry in India was prompted by an attempt to free the civilian Muslim hostages whose ship was taken by sea pirates in the territory of Raja Dahir, King of Sind. After diplomatic attempts failed, Hajjaj bin Yusuf, the Umayyad governor in Baghdad, dispatched a 17-year-old commander by the name Muhammad bin Qasim with a small army. Muhammad bin Qasim defeated Raja Dahir at what is now Hyderabad in Pakistan. In pursuing the remnant of Dahir's army and his son supporters (Indian kings), Muhammad bin Qasim fought at Nirun, Rawar, Bahrore, Brahmanabad, Aror, Dipalpur and Multan. By 713 AD, he established his control in Sind and parts of Punjab up to the borders of Kashmir. A major part of what is now Pakistan came under Muslim control in 713 AD and remained so throughout the centuries until some years after the fall of the Mughal Empire in 1857.
THE ORIGINS
The Arab conquest of the Indian subcontinent began in southern sind in AD 711-12 Expedition against port of Debal (RATO KOT FORT -- Ruins of small ancient fort built with red bricks. It is located in the Korangi creek area of Indus delta , possibly built by Arab Muslim rulers of Sind and contemporary to the Debal port. Debal was an ancient port located near modern karachi, sindh, pakistan. In Arabic, it was usually called Daybul . Its discoveries throw light not only on the Muslim era but also on pre-Muslim times.
Bhambore
Now Bhambore is an archaeological site, located about 64 kms (40 miles) east of Karachi. Archaeological excavations revealed a well planned city. Some scholars identify Bhambore with Debal, the port of city where the Arab General Mohammed Bin Qasim landed in 712 AD. The 17-year old general, who was the sonin-law of the then Caliph of the Muslim world, occupied the delta towns, marched north up the Indus and within a few weeks had taken Multan. After the young General conquered the city, Muslims built mosques other residential buildings and fifteen walls around the town.
During the recent excavations at Bhambore, the remains of a mosque of this period of Arab occupation have been discovered. From inscriptions it would seem that the masque was erected in AD727, which makes it the earliest one in Indian subcontinent. It had paved court yard 23m x 18m and with outer dimension of 37mx37m. On three sides of cloisters with two rows of pillars and on the west sanctuary side three rows with 33 pillars are discernible.
Bhambore
The masque was built in very simple style, according to a specific pattern , but today reduced to a mere outline on the ground. It was surrounded by ambulatories covered by flat roof supported by double rows of wooden pillars. The apparatus of ritual ablutions was in the NE corner and at the two main entrances on the eastern and northern sides., Another small entrance was situated at western side with a small stair way leading to the out side. The excavation revealed the fortified citadel measuring some 670 x 335m and indicates that the city was well planned. The excavation suggest during Muslim period the city was well planned one. The residential sector were divided into blocks separated by well- oriented roads and thoroughfares.
Bhambore
The homes of the elite were built in stone blocks and in some cases square shape fire bricks with walls and roof dressed stucco. The homes of the poor were made of unfired bricks and laid on a foundation of stone.; the walls were dressed with smoothened mud. Remains of baths, thin tiles and wooden beams have been identified. It had been diminished as cultural and religious center, but continued to remember as active commercial port even though badly damaged by intensive earth quake. The great masque was built by Khwarezmshah jala al Din at Debal but the reasons were not clear , the Debal disappeared from historic and geographic records and its name passed on to another site in the area which made its identification unclear to historians. Building of cities and construction of roads and houses was a hobby with the Arabs. They built several new cities such as Mahfooza (in 732 A.D), Mansura (737 A.D.), Baiza (835 A.D.), Jundrore near Multan (in 854 AD) and several others. They also improved and expanded the existing cities by constructing satellite towns. A bridge called "Sukkar-al-Maid" was built over the Indus near Sukkur.
Mansura
It was a Islamic capital built on the site of the Hindu capital of Bahmannabad. Mansura was the capital of the Arab empire in Sindh. In present times this is in Western Pakistan and is usually known as Brahmanabad in Sindh, situated about eight miles south-east of the railway station of Shahdadpur, and forty-three miles north-east of Hyderabad. When Mohammad Bin Qusim conquered Sindh in 711 A.D., he chose Brahminabad as his capital city. According to Idrish, the name of the city was changed to AlMansura in honor of Caliph Al-Mansur (754-775 AD) the second Khalifa of the Abbasid dynasty. Mansura enjoys an important position in Muslim history as this was the first city which was built according to the principles of town-planning. And the experience gained over here was used in Baghdad, seventeen years later. According to historians, Brahmanabad was a beautiful town which had vast orchards of mangoes and groves of date palms. The ruins of Brahmanabad are spread over an area of four miles in circumference near the modern city of Shahdadpur. The most significant ruins found in Mansura is of the big courtyard of a Jamia Masjid. The remains of the temples , destroyed by Muslims, were used to build the new mosques, so no native remains are found, except a small temple structure.
Mansura
As per literature the foundation of three small rectangular mosques have been found, with a mihrab projecting towards exterior and an open entrance. One of the mosque roof supported by four brick pillars, the square base of each pillar which is remaining under ruin condition. The another three were having only two pillars, and the perimeter wall of three buildings were of bricks. A circular clay wells, court yards, beehives mounds just as at Bhambhore. The forth masque some what larger than the others seems to have teak pillars in the Abbasid style appears to date from about a century later than the other mosque.
The Umayyad period is often considered the formative period in Islamic art.
The governor of Syria under the Guidance of Caliphs, seized power and established the Umayyad caliphate, the first Islamic dynasty (661750). During Muawiya's reign (66180), the seat of Islamic power was transferred from the Arabian Peninsula to Syria. Under Muawiya's successors, the important historic city of Damascus was transformed in to the capital of an empire that extended from the Atlantic Ocean to the Indus River.
The shaded portion indicates the greatest extent of the Umayyad caliphate
Beehive
Structure built of coursed rubble on a circular plan, each successive slightly corbelled over a course below and slightly less in diameter so that, as each is completed, roughly conical or beehive shaped, covered with corbelled or fake dome.Ex: Mycenaean Treasury of Atreus Nothing remains of the monuments which was presumably built in the two capitals during this period.Only the Muslim dominance took shape in the subcontinent. By 871 the authority of the Caliphs was eroded almost completely with the slackening of the ties with the motherland. The conquered region was divided in to two independent principalities, governed respectively from Mansura in Sind and Multan in the Punjab.
End of Umayyad period

The Umayyad period is often considered the formative period in islamic art. At first, even though Arabic became the official language and Islam the principal religion of the diverse lands unified under Umayyad rule, artists continued to work in their established manner. The main artistic influence came from the late antique classical naturalistic tradition, which had been prevalent on the eastern shores of the Mediterranean. This was also supplemented by the more formal modes developed by the Byzantines and Sasanians, a factor that especially affected metalwork, textiles, and the depiction of animal, vegetal, and figural motifs. With time, however, artists developed new techniques, forms, and decorative conventions that distinguished their works from earlier ones. Thus, through a process of adoption, adaptation, and creation, a new sense of artistic expression emerged that became distinctly Islamic in character shortly after the demise of the Umayyad dynasty. In the case of religious buildings, the Umayyads often constructed their monuments on sites of historical or symbolic significance.
Building Style: Abbasid

Abbasid Style 750-850: The Abbasid style emerged in Iraq between 750 and 850, when the Abbasid dynasty was at the height of its power. The Abbasid caliphs constructed huge and lavishly decorated palaces at Baghdad and Samarra and stimulated the production of many forms of luxury art. Under their patronage, art began to move way from its pre-Islamic roots, and the new techniques and more abstract styles adopted at this time had a long-lasting influence on the Islamic art of later centuries. The fusion of eastern traditions with building types established during the Umayyad period is especially evident in Abbasid mosques. Though they continued to utilize the Umayyad rectangular hypostyle plan with arcaded courtyard and covered prayer hall, the Abbasids constructed mosques characterized by their monumental scale and the incorporation of brick construction, stucco ornament, and architectural forms developed in Mesopotamia and regions to the east. The Great Mosque of al-Mutawakkil at Samarra, still the largest mosque in the world, with its fortified appearance, reliance on brick construction, and the spiral minaret axially aligned with the mihrab, exemplifies the Abbasid mosque type.
The mosque was finished in 879. It is a remarkable mosque and one of the largest in Egypt. It dates back to the Tulunid period and was built by Ahmed ibn Tulun (ruled 868-884).
Other surviving Abbasid mosques are the late ninth-century Mosque of Ibn Tulun in Cairo, the Tarik Khane of Damghan (Iran) of between 750-89, and the ninth-century Masjid-I-Tarikh in Balkh, Afghanistan.
The Great Mosque of al-Mutawakkil at Samarra, still the largest mosque in the world, with its fortified appearance, reliance on brick construction, and the spiral minaret (perhaps drawing on the ancient Near Eastern tradition of the ziggurat) axially aligned with the mihrab, exemplifies the Abbasid mosque type.
The Abbasid dynasty (750-1517 AD / 132-93 AH) seized political leadership of the Islamic world from the Umayyad caliphs in the middle of the eighth century, asserting their position as male descendants of Muhammad through his uncle, al-Abbas, to legitimize their claim to the caliphate. The fusion of eastern traditions with building types established during the Umayyad period is especially evident in Abbasid mosques. Though they continued to utilize the Umayyad rectangular hypostyle plan with arcaded courtyard and covered prayer hall, the Abbasids constructed mosques characterized by their monumental scale and the incorporation of brick construction, stucco ornament, and architectural forms developed in Mesopotamia and regions to the east.
End of 2-week
GHAZNAVIDS AND GHURIDS

The Turkish conqueror of Afghanistan, Mahmud of Ghazni invasions had began against Muslim communities in the name of orthodoxy at the time of 11th century. The attacks begun in 1001 but only in 1011 did the Ghaznavids succeed in capturing the city and gradually extended his incursions to cover all the Punjab and Sind with some 17 successful predatory expeditions. The famous plunderer Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni though he did not prove to be an architect of empire, his numerous victories against the Rajput guardians of the north-western frontiers of India, particularly his audacious plunder of the legendary shrine of Somanath on the kathiawar coast in 1026, laid bare the heroic but feeble defences of Hindu India. Mohammed of Ghori, descendant of the famous Ghorid Jahansuz ( the world burner) who succeeded the Gaznavids continued to be lured by the riches of India, having been appointed Governor of Ghazni, began his Indian Campaigns in 1173. The undanted Mohammed, inspite of tasting defeat once at the hands of Prithviraj Chauhan, the legendary Rajput ruler of Ajmer and Delhi, challenged him once again in 1192 on the historic battle field of Tarain, the scene of his earlier humiliation.
The Battles of Tarain

The Battles of Tarain, also known as the Battles of Taraori, were fought in 1191 and 1192 near the town of Tarain, nearTanesar in present-day Haryana, approximately 150 kilometres north of Delhi, between the Ghurid army led by Sultan shahabuddin Muhammad Ghauri and the Hindu rajput army led by Prithviraj chauhan. Ghauri decided to extend the boundary of his kingdom and he made his first incursion into India in 1175 AD. After subduing the Muslims of Mulatn, he made an unsuccessful advance into Gujaratin 1178 CE. Nevertheless, he was successful in seizing Peshawar and building a fort at Sialkot in 1181 CE. With the help of the ruler of Jammu, Jydv, he put an end to the rule of the Ghaznavidsin punjab and captured Lahore in 1186 CE. With this the way was opened for him to push his conquests further into India. Ghaurs conquests had brought his kingdom right to Prithvrj's border, and in 1191 Ghaur captured a fortress, either Sirhind or Bathinda in the present-day Indian State of Punjab, on Prithvrj's northwestern frontier. Prithvirj's army, led by his vassal Govind-Rj of Delhi, rushed to the defence of the frontier, and the two armies met at Tarain.
The Battle of Tarain-1

The First Battle of Tarain, was fought in 1191 at the town of Tarain (Taraori), near Thanesar in present-day Haryana, approximately 150 kilometres north of Delhi. The battle pitted the armies of Ghauri, conqueror of the Ghaznavid Kingdom and northwestern India, against the armies of Prithvirj III, a Rajput of the chauhan clan who ruled the most powerful kingdom in northern India. Prithvirj's army, led by his vassal Govind-Rj Tanwar of Delhi, and assisted by Jaychandra, King of Banaras , rushed to the defence of the frontier, and the two armies met at Tarain. The following year Ghauri returned to India with a large force numbering 120,000. When he reached Lahore, he sent his envoy to Prithvirj Chauhn to demand his submission, but he refused to comply. Prithvirj Chauhn then issued a fervent appeal to his fellow Rajput chiefs to come to his aid against the Muslim invader. About 150 Rajput chiefs responded to his call, though this time he lacked the support of Jaychndra.
The Battle of Tarain-2

Prithvirj too came up with a large army, a huge portion of which consisted of Indian war elephants, and proceeded with it to meet Ghauri in Tarain where a year before he had inflicted a crushing defeat on his adversary, confident of defeating Ghauri again. Ghauri delivered an ultimatum to Prithvirj that he convert to Islam or be defeated. Prithvirj countered with an offer that Ghauri consider a truce, be allowed to retreat with his army. Ghauri decided to attack. Ghauri divided his troops into 5 parts and attacked the Rajput armies in the early morning hours sending waves of mounted archers to attack the Rajput forces, but retreated as the Rajput elephant phalanx advanced. Ghauri deployed four parts to attack the Rajputs on four sides keeping a fifth part of his army in reserve.
The Battles of Tarain

The flanks of Prithviraj's forces were attacked by Ghauri's light cavalry. The sideways disruption caused a sudden halt and hesitation in Prithviraj's advance, and chaos in the rear which was moving forward. Tactically it was brilliant-it resulted in denial of space to Prithviraj which neutralised his numerical superiority. Once traped in his troops were massacred. Khande Rao (General of Prithviraj), was killed. The enthusiasm of Prithviraj also dampened against these reverses. At dusk, Ghori led a force of heavily-armored horsemen to the center of the Rajput line which collapsed into confusion.but was captured and killed by Ghauri. The Rajput Army also broke ranks, giving victory to Ghauri
Ghori's stratagy proved fruitful when he was succeeded by a dynasty of Turkish Slaves. Upon his death, Qutb-ud-din Aybak, Muhammad Ghori's most capable general, who had begun by sacking Ayodhaya in 1193 A.D., saw an opportunity and took control of Muhammad's Indian conquests and declared himself the first Sultan of Delhi thus establishing Sultanate of Delhi in 1206 AD.
Hence the most profound effect of Ghauri's victory was the establishment of Muslim rule in India which would last for centuries and have great impact on life and culture of South Asia for centuries.
Qila Rai Pithora Qutb ud- din Aibak and the Slave Dynasty
In rapid succession , Qutb-ud-din aibak stromed Ajmer, the fortress of Gwalior, Delhi, Kanauj and utimately even the distent Chandel stronghold of Kalanjar in Bundelkhand in AD 1203, Qutb ud din soon declared himself independent of Ghogid supremacy and wisely chose the Qila Rai Pithora built by Prithviraj of Delhi as his imperial capital. He had a credit of realizing that he who holds Delhi holds India as it situated at the mouth of the corridor between the foothills of the Himalayas and the fringes of the great Thar desert of Rajasthan , was the ideal location for defending India against the foreign invasions along the north west land route. The first concern of Qutb ud din was not with trade but only to establish strong roots of Islam to consolidate through the efforts of its builders.
Qila Rai Pithora
The sprit of the Mosque

Qutb-ud-din had build a mosque to depict the everlasting glory of Islam in AD 1195 with in the fortified city of Qila Rai Pithora i.e.,Quwwat-ul-Islam. Qutb-ud-dins Ghorid forces that invaded India consisted of soldiers, warriors and Generals. Master builders , artisans and masons skilled in art of buildings were naturally not a part of the army. The erection of Mosque, was imperative and constructed rapidly by utilizing the skills of indigenous artisans of the country as joint venture between the Hindu master builders and Islamic overseers.
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
2) Tomb of Iltutmish 3) Iron Pillar 4) Qutb Minar. The rectangular blue structure encompassing the Iron pillar and Qutb Minar is the Quwwat-ulIslam mosque. 5) Alai Gate 6) Tomb of Imanzam 7) Gateway 8) Alai Minar 9) Gateway 10) Major Smith Cupola 11) Chaumukha Gate 12) Canteen 13) Rest house 14) Cycle stand 15) Car park 16) Garhgaj 17) Office 18) Lawn 19) Car park 20) Main gate 21) Mosque 22) Gateway.
Day-2
Quwwat-ul-Islam.
Day-2
Unlike temple architecture mosque planning was not a difficult task Basic concept of the mosque had evolved from the Prophet Mohammeds home in his birth place. A court yard attached to his house to allow the faithful to gather It consisted of rectangular open to sky space, cordoned off by walls or cloisters. Within this the Muslim brethren could congregate and prostrate themselves to Allah. One of the elementary requirement that the worshippers were directed to pray in the direction of Mecca. This was achieved by orienting court yard generally towards Mecca. Thus, in India it was a western wall. Walls towards Mecca had built into it the holy arch or Mehrab, a sort of pulpit from which the priest would deliver the sermon. The destruction of temples was more than double edged sward to Islamic intentions, not only would it be a source of building material, but also the demolition of temples to crush the flagging sprit of Hinduism. Some years later it was felt that that the western wall of the court yard of Quwwat ul Islam needed greater Islamic emphasis.
Screen of Arches for the Mosque

The iron pillar is one of the worlds foremost metallurgical curiosities. The pillar, 7.21 metre high and weighing more than six tonnes, was originally erected by Chandragupta II Vikramaditya (375414 AD) in front of a Vishnu Temple complex at Udayagiri around 402 AD, and later shifted by Iltutmish from Udaygiri to its present location in the Qutub complex, sometime around 1233 AD.
As per seventh century s prophet masque , a Maqsura or a screen of brick in front of the sanctuary had erected with five pointed arch opening. This 108-0 long stone masonry screen that was projected to rise to a height of 500 was designed to be almost 8-0thick. It is in the construction of arches, the large being a span of 22-0, that the Hindu builders are again restored to his method of corbelling. They first created rough multiple bracketed opening and then proceeded to chisel away the objectionable corners to create the smooth profile required of a Muslim ogee arch. He was able to erect the arches mainly because they were more decorative than structural since they supported no load beyond their own. The next task in the completion of this project, was more in the hands of the local craftsmen The rough rubble masonry was covered with a veneer of red sand stone and entair surface was decorated with rich carvings . Some of the designs of the loveliest of the kind. Flower form, spril engravings andcoils of its convolutions.
12th Century
One of the earliest places of Islamic worship in South Asia. The mosque was built by Qutubbudin Aibak, founder of the Delhi Sultanate. It shows the concern of the Emperor to signify the presence of Islamic rule. The Mosque was later enlarged by his successors Iltutmish and Alauddin Khalji In the foreground is one of the iron pillars erected by Chandragupta II (375-413 AD) of the Gupta dynasty.
Colonade Quwwat ul Islam Mosque Eleventh century Delhi
Cloisters of the Quwat ul Islam Mosque Eleventh and twelfth centuries Delhi The elaborately carved pillars are from Hindu and Jain temples and were used for the construction of the mosque.
Statues from the destroyed Jain temples
13th Century
Koranic inscriptions Qutub Minar1202 A.DHeight: 71.32 metres Delhi Stone minaret to the south of the Quwwat ul Islam mosque. Popularly known as the Qutub Minar, it was constructed to highlight Islamic presence in India. Construction was started on the Minar by Qutu-bu-ddin Aibak and completed by Firoz Shah Tughlak.
CHARASTICS OF THE ARCHITECTURE

Identifiable structural vocabulary by the 12th century. Borrowed from roman and Byzantine system 1.Pointed arch(s) in spanning opening in walls. 2.Hemispherical dome for roofs. 3.Court yard facing Mecca. Qutb Minar erection: pole and axis and thus a pivot of justice, sovereignty and the faith Foundation on 1199 Height 238-0 Dia: 47-0 and 360 steps 4 balconies Non figurative architecture Extra two parts added by Mughals Balusters of the balcony replaced by Major Smith in 1828
Adhai Din Ka Jhonpra

Interestingly enough the main edifice of this mosque was a center of Sanskrit education in the olden days and the pillars of the mosque that were reassembled with architectural finesse to construct this grand mosque were taken from destroyed Hindu and Jain temples in the area. Tour the Adhai Din Ka Jhonpra with Indian Horizons and read Koranic versus chiseled on the 7-arched wall inside the mosque. The Mosque was designed in a hurry by a Persian architect, Abu Bakr who did a remarkable job of creating this beautiful mosque. The main pillared hall and yellow limestone arches on the faade of the main entrance create quite an impact. There is a beautiful tower inside the mosque that is used by the Muezzin to chant prayers. The stone walls of the main prayer hall are chiseled into a net like appearance with carved rectangular panels on them. The idea was to create a natural lighting effect that was common in the mosques of Persia. Though the walls of Adhai Din Ka Jhonpra are adorned with phrases and quotes from the holy Koran, there is a tiny Sanskrit inscription right on top of the main gate that reminds you of the actual origin of this historic monument constructed by Mohammed Ghori in 1198 A. D.
It is square 259ft on each side with cloisters on all four sides. It encloses a spacious courtyard and four splendid star shaped cloister towers on four corners, surmounted by magnificent chattris. The stone used is fine-grained pure silicious stone coloured yellow by iron. It originally stood on a high terrace with the back towards the hill. The temple of learning was on the western side and entrances on south and east. The interior consisted of a quadrangle 200ft x I75 ft. The college building is said to have been built in 53 AD by Visaldeva, the first Chauhan ruler. The cloisters extended 770ft now it is only 64ft left; it was destroyed by Ghuri`s attack on Ajmer in II92. Ghuri`s men added seven arches in front of the western side, and a mehrab and mimbar near it. The mehrab is of white marble and was added in II99 AD. The screen wall was added during the time of Illtumish in I2I3 AD.
Daulat Rao Scindia was the first person to order for the monuments protection. The three central arches are surrounded by 3 lines of writing, which are divided from each other by two bands of rich arabesque ornamentation. Two inner lines are Arabic and the outer line is square Tughra or Kufic in yellow limestone. The arches are said to have been constructed by Hindu masons and in Hindu style and design. It has a vast pillared hall 248ft x 40ft, flat recessed roof and has 9 octagonal compartments corresponding to the 7 arches. 5 rows of columns, one row placed against the rock wall, only 70 pillars remain standing and are in Hindu style. There were two minars, the southern one has only one storey and the northern one has two and a part of horizontal belt writing containing the name of Sultan Iltutmish lies in the courtyard. Rich in inscription, six tablets were found in I875-6 made of polished basalt containing parts of an unknown play `Devi Vrigharaj` in Devnagari.
End of week-2
Cave of sultan : Sultan Ghari

Earliest Muslim tomb on Indian Soil. Non-Traditional edifice for the tomb of h Iltutmishs son Nasir-ud-din Shah The whole construction had 100 Gray masonry of outer wall. Westran portico columns reminiscent of the Greek Doric order and rest reassembles of the red sand stone columns recovered from Hindu temples.
Mihrab made of Marble on the west wall of Sultan Garhi
A corbelled arch at the tomb, built in 1231 AD, before the true arch was introduced to India much later, at Balbans tomb 1287 AD.
Colonnade inside Sultan Ghari
Roof under one of the Burj
One of the Burj of Sultan Ghari
Tomb of Iltutmish
The tomb of Slave Dynasty ruler, Iltutmish, the second Sultan of Delhi (r. 1211-1236 AD), built 1235 AD is also part of the Qutb complex at Mehrauli. The central chamber is a 9 mt sq. and has squinches, suggesting the existence of a dome, which has since collapsed. The main cenotaph, in white marble, is placed on a raised platform in the centre of the chamber. The facade is known for its ornate carving, both at the entrance and the interior walls. The interior west wall has a prayer niche (mihrab) decorated with marble, and a rich amalgamation of Hindu motives into Islamic architecture, such as bell-andchain, tassel, lotus, diamond emblems
Tomb of Iltutmish
The tomb of Slave Dynasty ruler, Iltutmish, the second sultan of Delhi (r. 1211-1236 AD), built 1235 AD is also part of the Qutb complex at Mehrauli. The central chamber is a 9 mt sq. and has squinches , suggesting the existence of a dome, which has since collapsed. The main cenotaph, in white marble, is placed on a raised platform in the centre of the chamber. The facade is known for its ornate carving, both at the entrance and the interior walls. The interior west wall has a prayer niche (mihrab) decorated with marble, and a rich amalgamation of Hindu motives into Islamic architecture, such as bell-and-chain, tassel, lotus, diamond emblems .
Tomb of Iltutmish
Balban
He was son of a Turkish noble of the Ilbari tribe, but as a child was captured by Mongols and sold as a slave at Ghazni. Khwaja, Jamaluddin Basri of Baghdad Later, he was bought by Sultan Iltutmish in 1232 AD, who at the orders of his own master, Qutbuddin Aibak, released him from slavery and brought him up in a manner befitting a prince. During his reign, Balban ruled with an iron fist. He broke up the 'Chihalgani', a group of the forty most important nobles in the court. He tried to establish peace and order in the country of India. He built many outposts in areas where there was crime and garrisoned them with soldiers. Balban wanted to make sure everyone was loyal to the crown by establishing an efficient espionage system. Sultan Balban had a strong and well-organized spy system. Balban placed secret reporters and news-writers in every department. The spies were independent authority only answerable to Sultan. Balban was strict administrator of justice.
Balban
He did not show any partiality even to his own kith and kin. About his justice Dr. Ishwari Prasad remarked "So great was the dread of Sultan's inexorable justice that no one dared to ill-treat his servant and slaves." When a complaint was made that Malik Barbaq, a powerful landlord of Badaun killed one of his own servant. Balban ordered his death sentence. The news-writer (spy), who was responsible for Badaun reporting was also executed because he failed to report this act of injustice to Sultan. He ruled as the Sultan from 1266 until his death in 1287, and was succeeded by his grandson, Muiz ud din , who reign (12871290). His successors were weak and incompetent and the throne was eventually captured by Jalal ud din Firfuz Khilji in 1290, bringing an end to the Slave dynasty.
Tomb of Balban
The Tomb of Ghiyas ud din Balban is located in Mehrauli, Built in ca 1287 AD, in rubble masonry, the tomb is a building of historical importance in the development of indo-Islamic architecture as it was here that first true arch architecture made its appearance in India, and according to many first true dome as well, which however hasn't survived, making Alai Darwaza built in 1311 CE, in near by Qutb Complex , the earliest surviving true dome in India. Ghiyas ud din Balban (1200 1287) was a Turkic ruler of the Delhi Sultanate during the rule of Mamluk dynasty of Delhi (or Slave dynasty) from 1266 to 1287. The tomb of Balban was discovered in the mid-twentieth century.
Tomb of Khan Shahid, Balban's son, Mehrauli. Grave in Balban's tomb enclosure, Mehraul
It is an imposing stone and masonry building, though lacking the splendid ornamentation to be seen in the tomb of his master, Iltutmish. The tomb is surrounded by the ruins of an extensive late-medieval settlement and it offers, from certain angles, a remarkable view of the Qutub minar. To the east of Balban's tomb, lies a ruined rectangular structure said to be the grave of Khan Shahid, Balban's son, whose original name was Muhammad, who died fighting against the Mongols near Multan in 1285.
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE Khaljis and Tughlaqs of Delhi 11-08-2011
Khaljis and Tughlaqs of Delhi
View of the Qutb Complex
The Incomplete Alai Minar

Alauddin Khilji started building the Alai Minar, after he had doubled the size of Quwwat ul-Islam mosque. He conceived this tower to be two times higher than Qutb Minar proportion with the enlarged mosque. The construction was however abandoned, just after the completion of the 24.5 meter high first storey core; soon after death of Ala-ud-din in 1316 AD, and never taken up by his successors of Khaljis dynasty. The first story of the Alai Minar, a giant rubble masonry core, still stands today, which was evidently intended to be covered with dressed stone later on. Ala-ud-din conceived a very ambitious construction programme when he decided to build the second tower of victory when he returned in triumph from his Deccan campaign. However, the Sultan died before even the first storey was finished and the project was abandoned. Ala-ud-din, felt compelled to increase even further the size of the Quwwat-ul-Islam mosque. His scheme called for increasing the size of the enclosure four times, providing ceremonial entrance gateways on each side, and a great Minar, twice the size of the Qutb. This is the unfinished base of the mammoth tower begun by Ala-ud-din Khilji intended to give competition to Qutb Minar.
Alai Darwaza
The Alai Darwaza is a magnificent gateway built by Ala-ud-din Khilji of the Delhi Sultanate, having exquisite inlaid marble decorations and latticed stone screens. It highlights the remarkable artisanship of Turkish and local artisans who worked on it. The Alai Darwaza was an important part of the project undertaken by Ala-ud-din Khilji in his quest to decorate the Qutab complex. Imam Zamin's tomb next to the Alai Darwaza
Alai Darwaza
Alai Darwaja
The Red and white Alai Darwaja
Several Technical niceties in the structure Cubic substructure - visual delight Red sand stone and white marble as facing material Effortlessly stenciled flat quranic inscriptional bands around the openings Horse- shoe shaped arches Jambs are adorned with pair of slender pilasters Intrados of arches ornamented with spear head fringe or garland of buds Treatment of outer faade as a two-floor building Star and hexagon jaalis to fill the arched windows The perforated jaalis eminently sensible architectural device to provide controlled illumination and ventilation
Alai Darwaza
INDO-ISLAMIC STYLE OF ARCHITECTURE

The Qutab Minar and the various monuments within the Qutab complex, including the Alai Darwaza, belong to the period of the Delhi Sultanate (1191 - 1526). The Alai Darwaza represents a new style of architecture, popularly referred to as the Indo-Islamic style of architecture. The Indo-Islamic style is neither a local variant of Islamic art, nor a modification of Hindu art, but it is an assimilation of both the styles, though not always in an equal degree. It is so because each region in India has its own form of Indo-Islamic architecture, which varies from place to place and there is no standardization. On the other hand, Islamic art itself was a composite style, which had various Muslims influences-Turkish, Persian, and Arabic. This assimilation of exotic and indigenous architectural styles was possible due to a variety of factors: the Muslim rulers had to use, in most cases, Indian craftsmen and sculptors who were schooled in their own art traditions. Though both the Indian and Islamic styles have their own distinctive features, some common characteristics made fusion and adaptation easy. Both the styles favour ornamentation and buildings of both styles are marked by the presence of an open court encompassed by chambers or colonnades.
Other Important works of Khaljis

SIRI : CITADEL Hazar Sutun palace - Tomb of Ala al- din - Great Mosqua SHAHAPUR JAT Tohfewala Gumbad NIZAMU AL-DIN Jamaat Khana
Siri fort & Shahpur Jat
Siri fort
Built by Sultan Ala-ud-Din Khilji in about 1303, Siri is the second city of Delhi and was, to the north of Mehrauli. The few remains of the city can be seen in the Siri Fort in Delhi. The legend of Siri Fort in Delhi Siri Fort in Delhi had the Palace of Thousand Pillars, which is now in ruins. Only the embattlements have left of the entire fort. The legend of Siri Fort in Delhi goes that Ala-ud-din got the heads of the infidels dug in the foundation of the fort. Siri derives its name from the Hindi word sir, meaning head because about 8000 heads of Mongol soldiers were buried in the walls of the city. Hence forth, Siri Fort in Delhi thus derived its name.
SIRI FORT
SIRI : Siri Fort is one of the many forts of Delhi, which were built during the time of the Delhi Sultanate (AD 1191-1526) in the medieval age. The kingdom of Delhi was constantly threatened by hoards of Mongol tribes who had been descending in waves to loot India since the 13th century. The Slave dynasty (AD 11931290), which was the first dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate, also faced this threat in the later half of its reign. Balban, the last important ruler of this dynasty successfully countered the Mongol threat. In the course of time, the reign of the Delhi Sultanate passed into the hands of the Khilji Dynasty (AD 1290-1316).
Khan-e-Jahan at Telangani near Nizammudin1368-69AD

All the tombs built in India had been square in shape expect for the under ground crypt at sultan Ghari, but this was the first tomb built in the form of octagan. Optimization of space Economy reason Simplification of structural system instead of designing arches across the right-angled corners of the square . Builders must have inspired by a smiller octagonal plan of sacred masque of oman in Jerusalem. Introduction of deep sloping chajjas that sail out over brackets above this triple arched faade of the verandah. It was a beginning to do several experimentsnin architectural right up to the Mughal rule.
Khan-e-Jahan at Telangani near Nizammudin-
Jamaat Khana Masjid

Place of congregation: Three cubic compartments each of its own dome, integrated in a monolithic building of Jamat Khana. The prosaic liwan was transformed in to one composite rectangular hall , uninterrupted by columns.
End of week-3
SHORT DURATION OF HINDU INSURGENCE THE AND ENTRY OF PROLIFIC TUGHLAQS

THE END OF ALA UD DINS STERN RULE MARKED BEGINNING OF THE UNUSAL SERIES OF CONSPIRACIES , TREACHERY AND CRUALITY , INCLUDING BLINDING AND SLAUGHTERING OF ROYAL OFFSPRINGS. THE HINDU CONVERT KHUSRAU SHAH CAPTURE THE THRONE AND OUTDID HIS MUSLIM MASTERS IN CARRYING OUT A LARGE SCALE MASSACRE OF THE LATE SULTAN FRIENDS AND RELATIVES. HE IS SAID TO HAVE DISTRIBUTED LARGESSE / GENEROSITY AND FAVOURS TO OTHERWISE IMPOVERISHED HINDUS. THE HINDU INSURGENCE THOUGH WAS A BRIEF PERIOD AND INCONSEQUENTIAL . WITHIN 4M 4Ds OF HIS INSTALATION AS RULER, KHUSRAU SHAHS ARMIES WERE UNCEREMONIOUSLY DEFEATED BY GHAZI MALIK, GOVERNOR OF DIPALPUR, NEAR THE CITY OF MULTAN IN NORTH- WEST INDIA.
WITH THE CONNIVANCE OF THE HERRASED TRUE BLOOD TURKISH AND AHGHAN NOBLES OF DELHI - GHAZI MALIK ASCENDED THE THRONE OF DELHI AS SULTAN GHIAS UD DIN AND ESTABLISHED ONE OF THE MOST PROLIFIC BUILDING DYNASTIES OF DELHI, THAT OF THE TUGHLAQS. THOUGH HIS PERIOD WAS 5 YS , THE TEMPO FOR UNCEASING BUILDING ACTIVITY OF TUGHLAQS WAS INITIATED BY GHIAS - -UD DINS DECISION TO BUILD A NEW FORTRESS CITY.
THE TUGHLAQS
Tomb of Shah Rukn-i-Alam.

The undivided Punjab was the first state where Indo-Islamic architecture emerged as a provincial style with the Muslim invasion to Indian subcontinent. Islamic architecture made its way to the cities of Multan and Lahore through separate routes during different periods. Multan was the city of undivided Punjab of India and became a part of Pakistan in 1947. Earlier ,the architecture in Multan region was mainly of timber construction. However, there are no complete examples of Islamic architecture of this period in Lahore, but in Multan there is a group of the five tombs of an ancient date on Indo-Islamic architecture. The construction of these five tombs extends over a period of one hundred and seventy years, from the middle of the twelfth to the beginning of the fourteenth centuries. These tombs are Shah Yusuf Gardizi`s tomb, Shah Bahau-i-Haqq`s tomb, Shadna Shahid`s tomb, Shah Shams-ud-din Tikrizi`s tomb and Shah Rukn-i-Ala`m`s tomb. These are made up of brick and wood, decorated with glazed tiles.

Multan was the city when Arab invasion took place in its Sindh area in the eighth century. Due to the early penetration, it was linked with the Southern Persia through road, river and sea and later became the capital of an independent Arab. However, Lahore in undivided Punjab received the Islamic influence and its architecture later from Afghanistan in the tenth century when Mahmud Ghazni captured Punjab. Later Ghazni was defeated by the rival power Ghor, and Lahore became an important centre and the capital of the Ghaznavide kingdom. In the twelfth century, the city was known mainly for the royal residences of the princes of that dynasty. It can be said that Indo Islamic architecture in Punjab initiated in that era. Both the Lahore`s and Multan`s architecture were of Ghaznavide-Saljuqian and of ArabPersian derivation respectively. It can be said that the Indo Islamic architecture in Punjab was influenced by such Ghaznavide-Saljuqian building arts and is believed as one of the style. In the pre medieval period the architecture of the Punjab province was constructed of brick. The buildings were timber framed with the wooden beams inserted in the walls. Arches were absent in these buildings in which the brick and timber walls were sloped to offer better solidity.

Buildings were decorated with painted plaster with paneling of glazed tiles in dazzling colours. Doors were framed and carved with wooden designs resembling heavy tassels and knotted fringes, by cords on each side to form the opening. These were the major Islamic architectural features developed during the medieval period. Due to the sloping construction in the buildings, they appeared like tents. These buildings were basically Islamic impregnated with the imaginative genius of the indigenous craftsman.
The first four are square in plan, but the largest one is the tomb of Shah Rukn-i-Alam. It is the most important tomb and is octagonal in shape with a pronounced sloping in its lower storey.
Shah Rukn-i-Alam
One of the most important and impressive building of Indo-Islamic architectural in Punjab is the tomb of saint Shah Rukn-i-Alam. It is famous for its unique architecture. The tomb was constructed by the Delhi ruler Ghiyas-ud-din Tughlaq between the years 1320 and 1324. It is octagonal, measures 90 feet in diameter. The total height including its finial is 115 feet; the heights of the first and second storey are 50 feet and 25 feet respectively, while the dome measures 50 ft The bricks are carved deep into the tapering walls at appropriate intervals and their brickwork is ornately chiselled with glazed tiles. The tiles present in the tombs represent a bright colour into the deserted place where it is located, while its walls of thirteen feet of solid brickwork through which the submissive light passes along the tunnels of the grilles provides a cool and sombre sanctuary for the saint`s last repose.
Shah Rukn-i-'Alam Mausoleum,1320-1324,Tughluqid.Architect Muhammad Wali Ullah Khan

The whole is surmounted by hemispherical dome of 58 feet external diameter. The total height of the building, including a plinth of 3 feet, is 100 feet. As it stands on the high ground, the total height above the road level is 150 feet
Architect Muhammad Wali Ullah Khan
In beauty and grandeur so other dome perhaps equals it This elegant building is an octagon, 51 feet 9 inches in diameter internally, with walls 41 feet 4 inches high and 13 feet 3 inches thick, supported at the angles by sloping towers. Over this is a smaller octagon 25 feet 8 inches, on the exterior side, and 26 feet 1 0 inches high, leaving a narrow passage all round the top of the lower story for public caller to prayers.
Tughlaqabad fort
Tughlaqabad fort
Tughlaqabad fort
Tughlaqabad fort
Tughlaqabad fort
Tughlaqabad fort
Tughlaqabad fort
Tughlaqabad fort
Tughlaqabad fort
Tughlaqabad fort
Tughlaqabad fort
Tughlaqabad fort
Tughlaqabad fort
Tughlaqabad fort
Tughlaqabad fort
Tughlaqabad fort
Tughlaqabad fort
Tughlaqabad fort
Tughlaqabad fort
Tughlaqabad fort
Tughlaqabad fort
Tughlaqabad fort
Tughlaqabad fort
Tughlaqabad fort
Tughlaqabad fort
Tughlaqabad fort
Tughlaqabad fort
Tughlaqabad fort
Tughlaqabad fort
Tughlaqabad fort
Tughlaqabad fort
Tughlaqabad fort
Tughlaqabad fort
Tughlaqabad fort
Tughlaqabad fort
Tughlaqabad fort
Tughlaqabad fort
Tughlaqabad fort
Tughlaqabad fort
Tughlaqabad fort
Tughlaqabad fort
Tomb of Ghias-ud-din Tughaq 1325AD
Ghias-ud-din Tughaq
Ghias-ud-din Tughaq
Firuz shah
Mohammed Tughlaq the son and successor of Ghiyas-ud-Din also played an important role in the development of architectures during Tughlaq dynasty. His major contributions were the fourth city of Delhi, fortified walls named Jahan-Pannah or the World Refuge, a double storied bridge of seven spans named Sath Pul, Bijai Mandal, the presumably part of a "Palace of a Thousand Columns," and several other buildings. However, the city was deserted and desolate during the year 1340 due to the unpredictable policy of Muhammad Tughlaq to change the capital from Delhi to the city of Daulatabad. The skilled workmen compelled to migrate elsewhere which affected the development of the Islamic architecture. Later, Firoz Shah Tughlaq the successor of Muhammad Tughlaq revived the style and reconstructed Delhi as the capital and was responsible for constructing a large number of important building projects. Each of these buildings echoed his innovative artistic sense. Feroz Shah Tughlaq was a great patron of Islamic architecture. He built the fifth city of Delhi, named as Ferozshah Kotla. Apart from Ferozshah Kotla, several building arts like Tughlaqabad the third city of Delhi, the Tomb of Ghiyas-ud-Din and Khirki Masjid represents the major development of architectures during the Tughlaq dynasty.
Firuz shah
His major creations were, Ferozshah Kotla, the fifth city of Delhi, three other fortress cities named as Jaunpur, Fathabad, and Hissar, Khirki Masjid and the Begum-puri mosque at Jahanpanah, Kali Masjid, another mosque in the Dargah of Shah Alam at Timurpuri and the Kalan Masjid at Shahjahanabad. From the architectural point of view, Khirki Masjid is immense and is a great example of Islamic architecture while showcasing the immense architectural development during Tughlaq dynasty. It is closed on top which makes it unique and different from others. It is a small quadrangle-shaped mosque and is covered entirely by a roof, which is an unusual thing for building of mosques. The presence of several domes on the roof along with the wonderful latticework or jali on the windows represents the typical Islamic style of architecture. The colossal structures of the Tughlaq dynasty, the sheer finesse of the lattice work, the grandeur of the colorful marbles and stones which were abundantly used in the architectures not only reflect the architectural developments during Tughlaq dynasty, but also whispers the saga of the glorious Islamic architecture in India.
Firuz shah Kotla 1354 AD
Firuz shah
Approached from Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg nothing much survives in and around this once beautiful palace, apart from the Ashokan Pillar 3rd century BC, the remains of the Jami Masjid and a circular Baoli..
Main gateway
Ashok lat and sub structure at Kotla
Firuz shah Kotla
Sandstone Ashokan Pillar

The 13 meters high sandstone Ashokan Pillar on a rubble-built three-tiered pyramidal structure with Ashokas edict stands a testimony to the history of this old city in ruins which has seen many rulers over years. Firoz Shah Tughlaq moved this 27 ton pillar to Delhi from Topar in Ambala, where the great Emperor Ashoka erected it. The pillar is similar to the one fixed on the ridge, which was also brought by Firoz Shah. The transportation of both the pillars was done with utmost care and precautions to avoid any damage. It is said that the transportation of this pillar involved wrapping up of silk cotton around it and it was then lowered on a soft bed, encased in reed and raw skins and placed on a 42-wheel carriage. Two hundred men pulled the carriage with strong ropes to the Yamuna bank. The column was then transferred to large boats and carried down to Firozabad and then to the palace. After completion of each storey, the pillar was raised on to it, till it reached the top
Ruins of a pillared hall at Firoz shah Kotla

Apart from these monuments there are ruins of many other structures, which have not yet been identified , because of their present dilapidated shape. For example the foundation structure of a square hall to the north of Jami Mosque and behind Ashokan Pillar, and the southern most building of central the enclosure where one can find mosaic work and many more.
JamiMasjid As stated above, among the few surviving buildings inside the citadel is the Jami Masjid. The southern and western walls with the gateway today are the surviving remnants of one of the largest mosques of the Tughlaq period. Located just next to the Ashokan Pillar, the mosque rests on a series of cells on the ground. Built of local quartzite stone, the prayer hall and cloisters on the sides of the courtyard, have all disappeared. The mosque has its entrance from the northern direction and was once connected to the pyramidal structure by a bridge.
Firoz shahs restoration work
Firoz shah Kotla
Baoli (1354)
Baoli Located northwest of the Ashokan pillar, just in the center of the garden is a fine large circular baoli or step well. The baoli has subterranean apartments. It has a large underground drain for the water towards its eastern side. Like all other baolis, this baoli also served as a cool retreat in summer and was used by persons of royal lineage.
Restoration of Qutab Minar by Firoz Shah
Madrasa
Madrasa He also established a madrasa on the banks of the tank and built an enclosure for his own tomb, which connects the two wings of the madrasa. Looking at the age old edifice, it is difficult for the contemporary visitor to comprehend the layout of the college building, but it appears that the medieval Islamic education was centered around small group discussions and the long pillared halls were perhaps the lecture rooms.

After the capricious reign of Muhammed bin Tughlaq, his cousin, the devout (and even bigoted!) Firoz Shah Tughlaq (1351-1388 A.D.) became Sultan. Firoz Shah inherited, thanks largely to the disastrous policies of his predecessor, nearly empty coffers and a disintegrating empire. This did not stop him from embarking on a vigorous campaign of building, and in the words of a contemporary historian he was eventually responsible for 1200 gardens around Delhi...200 towns, 40 mosques, 30 villages, 30 reservoirs, 50 dams, 100 hospitals, 100 public baths and 150 bridges. These claims are no doubt exaggerated but underscore his interest in architecture. In his own words ...among the Gifts that God has bestowed on me...is a desire to erect public buildings.
Firoz shah Kotla
The Kotla was finally abandoned in the year 1490 AD.

The information tablet close to the main gateway states Most of the building material from Firoz Shahs city was robbed to build Shahjahanabad (1638-48), which probably hastened the process of further decay of the already deteriorated edifice.
Beghampuri Masjid, Delhi
Begampuri-Masjid
Begumpuri Masjid,
Hauz khas
The Madrassa at Hauz Khas
Firoz shah Kotlas restoration work
Hauz khas
Firoz shah Kotlas restoration work
Tomb of Firoz Shah Tughlaq at Haus Khas - Delhi
Atala Masjid, Jami Masjid Juanpur
Khirki Masjid 1375AD
Khirki Masjid
Khirki Masjid
Rulers of the Tughlaq Dynasty (1321 - 1398)

Ghiyas ud din Tughluq Shah I (1321 - 1325) Muhammad bin Tughluq (Muhammad Shah II) (1325 - 1351) Mahmud Ibn Muhammad (March 1351) Firuz Shah Tughluq (1351 - 1388) Ghiyas ud din Tughluq II (1388 - 1389) Abu Baker (1389 - 1390) Nasir ud din Muhammad Shah III (1390 - 1393) Sikander Shah I (March - April 1393) Mahmud Nasir ud din (Sultan Mahmud II) at Delhi (1393 - 1394) Nusrat Shah at Firuzabad (1394 - 1398) Between 1413 and 1414 the Sultan was Daulat Khan (1413 - 1414) a member of the Lodi family. In 1414, the power vacuum created by Timur's invasion was filled by the first Sayyid Sultan.
End of week-4
Test - I
THE SAYYIDS & THE LODIS

Sayyids and lodhis 1414-1451 & 1451-1526 Shersha
Afghan Lohi Sultans Following the death of the last Sayyid, Bahlul Lodi (or Lodhi) Lodhi, governor of Punjab, seized power. The Afghan Lodhi sultans left their mark on the capital through an architectural legacy but they could not sustain power. The third and last Lodhi Sultan, Ibrahim Lodi was both weak and corrupt, more interested in living the lifestyle of a Sultan than in governing or protecting his empire. A regional governor, and a member of his own family, actually invited Babur, who became the first Emperor to assume power.
Sayyid Dynasty (Sayyid (Syed) Dynasty) (1414 - 1451) Khidr Khan (1414 - 1421) Mubarrak Shah II (1421 - 1435) Muhammad Shah IV (1435 - 1445) Aladdin Alam Shah (1445 - 1451)
Lodhi (lodi) Dynasty (1451 - 1526) Bahlul Khan Lodi (1451-1489) Sikandar Lodi (1489-1517) Ibrahim Lodi (Ibrahim II) (1517-1526) The Suri Dynasty Between Babur's defeat of Ibrahim Lodi in 1526 and 1540, the Moghul's ruled Delhi. In 1540, Sher Shah defeated the Moghuls at the battle of Chausa, and re-established the independent Delhi Sultanate until 1555 when Delhi was again conquered by the Moghuls. Suri Dynasty (1540 - 1555) Sher Shah (1540 - 1545) Islam Shah (1545 - 1553) Muhammad V of Delhi (Muhammad V) (1553 - 1554) Firuz of Delhi (29 April - 2 May 1554) Ibrahim III of Delhi (1554 - 1554/5) Sikander Shah (1554/5 - 1555)
Sayyids- 1414-1451
Firoz Shah had been too rigid in his promulgation of Islamic Architecture. His anti Hindu expression eventually left him without the possibility of achieving a working relationship between dominators and dominated, and on his dearth everything collapsed. His successors, weak and inept, followed one another on the throne but lacked true authority. The last Tughluq sovereign , Nasir al din Mahmud was a pale puppet in the hands of his Ministers. Tamerlane fell like thunderbolt defeated the army of Mahmud and entered Delhi. On 1 January 1399 Timur abandoned Delhi to its destiny and returned to Transoxiana., with out troubling to consolidate his conquest. Timur was never returned to Ganges valley and his only act of government was to appoint as his representative in the Panjab, Khizr Khan, an Indian Sayyid, while Mamhud Tughluq returned to Delhi.(1401)
In the climate of confusion and uncertainty, no monuments of any importance were constructed . In 1451 the sultans who ousted the sayyids by force were the powerful Afghan Lodies. Nevertheless, under the Lodies a new type of Mosque developed that was also to become the more common type under the Mughals. Large hypostyle congregational mosque of earlier sultanates, there was preference for a type of prayer hall with a single nave parallel to the qibla wall and usually divided into three or five bays. The earliest example of it is the jami masjid of sikandar Lodi, near the bara gumbad in the Lodi gardens.
Mausoleum of Adham Khan (1561)
It is some what unusual in that it stands on a high platform and its dome rests on a hexagonal drum
BARA GUMBAD
The Bara Gumbad , in the Lodhi gardens at Delhi, is believed to have been built in 1490 by a Lodhi noble as a mausoleum, but the building was taken over by Sikender Lodhi four later and used as entrance to his Mosque.
BARA GUABAD
BARA GUMBAD
Jami Masjid Sikander Lodhi gardens
It has a single nave prayer hall and its an earliest example of this type of Mosque.
Jami Masjid of Sikandar Lodhi
It has a single nave prayer hall and its an earliest example of this type of Mosque.
Moth Mosque (1505)
A small domed tomb attached to a Mosque from the time of Sikandar Lodi, near the Rajon-ki baoli at MEHRAULI(Delhi). The interior of the Moth Mosque
In complete Lodhi minaret at Banssar Qila near Bayanaonly two shafts and one balcony remains. Chaurasi Gumbad(1527-8) at kalpi- massive dome building may be the tomb of the Lodi shah Badshah.42x42x27m
Iiyas shahi and Hussain shahi Bengal 1300-1550 Ahmad shahi Gujarat & Jaunpur 1300-1500 and 13921483 Bahmani sultans Gulbarga , Bidar & Daulatabad Golkonda Hyderabad Qutb shahis 1397-1687 Bijapur- Adil shahi Kashmir 1346-1586 Malwa 1400-1550
Iiyas shahi and Hussain shahi Bengal 1300-1550

Bengal was conquered early on by the sultanate of Delhi(1204) and became independent after the dearth of Balban in 1387.
The most spectacular evidence of the dynastys imperial pretensions is seen in a single monument built by the founders son and successor, Sultan Sikandar (r. 135789). This is the famous Adina mosque, completed in 1375 in the Ilyas Shahi capital of Pandua . Although its builders reused a good deal of carved stone from pre-conquest monuments, the mosque does not appear to have been intended to convey a message of political subjugation to the regions non-Muslims, who in any event would not have used the structure. In fact, stylistic motifs in the mosques prayer niches reveal the builders successful adaptation, and even appreciation, of late Pala-Sena art.The imposing monument is also likely to have been a statement directed at Sikandars more distant Muslim audience, his former overlords in Delhi, now bitter rivals. Having successfully defended his kingdom from Sultan Firuzs armies, Sikandar projected his claims of power and independence by erecting a monument greater in size than any edifice built by his North Indian rivals.
Badshah ka Takhat Pandua Tomb of Fateh khan Gaur Firoz minar Gaur
Measuring 565 by 317 feet externally, and with an immense courtyard (445 by 168 feet) surrounded by a screen of arches and 370 domed bays, the Adina mosque easily surpassed Delhis Begumpur mosque, the principal mosque of Firuz Tughluq (1351 88), in size.In fact, the Adina remains the largest mosque ever built in the Indian subcontinent.
Bengal 1330 - 1550

Architectural works during 1300 1550
Tomb of Fatcher Khan Gaur Badshah ka takth pandua Adina Mosque pandua Dakhil Darwaza Guar Qudam Rasul Mosque Kotwali darwaza Tantipara masjid Chota sona masjid Ekalakhi tomb
Most matured examples of architectural development Influence ofof local art and architecture. In 1576 Bengal was assimilated in to Mughal kingdom
Ahmad shahi Gujarat & Jaunpur 1300-1500 and 1392-1483
Jami Masjid at Ahmadabad - 1423
Jami masjid
Corbelled dome and balconies of Jami masjid Jali work at Shah Alam Rauza
1.)The Tomb of the Makhbdum shah Ahmad Khattu, Sarkhij 2.)Mosque at Sarkhej 3)Details of Minar Rani Sipri Mosque in Ahmedabad
Champaner Jami Masjid
Jaunpur
Jami Masjid:lager than atala masjid , built on 3.5mts high plinth- Husain shah 1458-1484, lost Jaunpur to Bahlol Lodhi
Gate way jaunpur fort
Turkish bath in the fort
Akbars bridge on the Gomati river
Kashmir
SHAH HAMADAN MOSQUE Typical example of wooden architecture. Under went several alterations Built on the right bank of the jhelum river Square plan approx 23mts 2 storey reach to the height of 16mts Pyramidal roof and protruding triangular sections at its base. Lower part of the building was made of logs. Cornices of wood and grills covered the arches , verandahs and openings. In ground floor rectangular plan with row of room and, three terraces and in the centre 4 solid pillars. The mihrab are arched niches ceiling presently painted.
1346-1586
SHAH HAMADAN MOSQUE
ZAIN AL ABIDINS MOTHER MAUSOLEUM
End of week 6
Bahmani sultans Gulbarga , Bidar & Daulatabad
1.Entrance to the Dargh of Banda Nawaz, Gulbarga. 2.Layout plan of Gulbarga Jami Masjid 3. interior of the Jami Masjid , Gulbarga 4.Gumbad Darwaja at Bidar Fort
1.Decoration with the persian tiles on the Minar at the Madarsa , Bidar 2.Tomb of Mahmud, Bidar. 3. Madarsa of Khwaja Mahmud Gawan, Bidar.
1.Chand minar at Daulata Bad 2.Jami Masjid at Daulatabad 3. tomb of Khalil Allah, Bidar
Golkonda Hyderabad Qutb shahis 1397-1687

The breakdown of Bahamani Kingdom in 1489 led to the creation of five fiercely states such as Ahmaddnagar, Bijapur, Golkonda, bidar and Berar in general , Qutb Shahi kingdom by Qulu Qdtb Mulk in 1489 in perticularly
1.Tomb of Muhammad Ali Qutb Shah , 2.Decoration on a Tomb at Golkonda
1. Minarets of Toli Masjid , Hyderabad. 2.Golkonda fort. 3.Upper portion of the Char Minar
Bijapur- Adil shahi
1.Interior of Jami Masjid 2.Ibrahim Rauza , Bijapur
1.Asar Mahal, Bijapur 2. Upper portion of the Gol Gumbad, Bijapur
Gol Gumbad - Bijapur
Malwa
Malwa was situated at central south of the country. Arch display in two cities Dhar and Mandu Paramaras 8th 13 centure powerful Hindu dynasty. 1293 Jalal al din Khalji invaded returned to Delhi loaded with spoil. Ala al din Khalji took postion of Malwa but the Governer of walwa in 1401 declared independent from the delhi sultanate (Tughluqs) Jami Masjid Mandu Hushang shah
1400-1550
Jami Masjid - Mandu
Monumental Hushang MausoleumMandu
The immense Ashrafi Mahal (1436-69) AT Mandu actually compresiss three district structures : a school, a Mausoleum and a victory tower
Lake side Jahaz Mahal in Mandu,
Kushk Mahal at Chanderi
Baz Bahadur palace at Mandu. It was built in 1509 during the reign of the Sultan nizam al Dil
1.Shazadi ka rauza (c 1470) , distinctive snake like corbels at Chanderi. 2.Badal Mahal Darwaja at Chanderi
Happy Dussehra S.Ramesh
End of week 7
HISTORY OF MUGHAL ARCHITECTURE IN INDIA

MODULE III III B. ARCH
Sayyids and Lodis Necropolises in Delhi before Baburs arrival to Delhi

Sikender Shah who has been highly praised by the contemporary writters for his excellent qualities of Head and Heart In his way the centre of the government i.e., Head of the Lodis was shifted to Agra and only their Heart remained in the Old capital. The only prominent architecture of the Lodis: Theirs tombs. More than 50 tombs of kings , ministers , other members of the Afghan nobility were erected in the country side of Firoz shashs city of tughlaqabad. Tombs of the Lodis: Bare Khan ka gumbad, tomb of sikender Lodi, Jamala masjid, Moth ki masjid, Chot Khan ka Gumbad.
Arrival of the Mughal: The moghul empire has its beginnings in the times of the great moghul emperor Genghis Khan who, in 13th century, conquered Asia and half of Europe until Hungary, spreading terror and destruction. The first moghul emperor, Babar, descended from Genghis Khan by his mother side. But from his father side he descended Timur Lang, who also spreaded terror on Asia and conquered Delhi in 1398. Later, in 16th century, Babar becomes Padisha (or Emperor), in the sequence of a battle where he defeated the afghan sultan of Delhi, Ibrahim Lodi, in 1526, so beginning the Moghul Empire, which dominated until 1858, The word Moghul is the hindu version of Mongol. Babar conquered great part of the North of India. Barbar the Conqueror (1483-1530) was a descendant of Tamerlane and Genghis Khan, who founded the Mughal (Mogul) dynasty of India and, although a devout Muslim, bequeathed a legacy of toleration for nonMuslims that characterized the Empire at its zenith.
Babur Invades India

In 1526 ( well before Jamala masjid was completed), on strategic field of panipat with only 10,000 men, Babur defeated the ominous, 1,00,000 men army of the Lodi s and slew the last Lodi ruler, sultan Ibrahim. It is true that Babur himself did not leave any concrete and direct impact on the course of architecture in India. Baburs grand pronouncement in his memories, the Babur Namah, on quality of local architecture and other traditions, played a vital role. In his criticism of India it can be easily read that Babur was languishing for his native Kabul with its flowering water channels, amidst fruits and flower laden gardens. According to him India lacked the quality of Symmetry in architecture, he ensured that the garden would be planned out strictly geometric and symmetrical patterns. It was his early pioneering efforts that resulted in the fabulous tradition of the now famous Mughal gardens of India. Some excavated remains of the earliest of these have been discovered on the outskirts of Dholpur near Agra.
The family tree of Babur
Barbar the Conqueror (1483-1530) was a descendant of Tamerlane and Genghis Khan, who founded the Mughal (Mogul) dynasty of India and, although a devout Muslim, bequeathed a legacy of toleration for non-Muslims that characterized the Empire at its zenith. Tamerlane's central Asian Empire lay divided into a number of separate citystates ruled over by his Timurid descendants, who styled themselves princes and constantly fought to enlarge their domains. The cities and towns, ruled by local potentates, dominated their surrounding countryside thus giving each populated community a strategic importance which grew as they continually changed hands. Of these cities and strategic locations, Samarkand was the most important. One such state, Farghana, was ruled by Babar's father, Umar Shaikh Mirz.
Zahir ud-din Muhammad Babur
Jamali Kamali Mosque at Delhi & Baburi Mosque anterior at Panipat - Babur
Mausoleum of Jamali Khan and Kamali- Babur
Entrance gate Talaqi Darwaja to Punana Qila at Delhi - Babur
Site of Baburs Bagh at Agra
Humayun
Babur sacrificed his life for his son Humayun on 26th Oct1530 Humayun was unable to quite hold on to his Empire. However, Humayun laid foundation to of new city Din panah. Finding Humayun was a weak leader / ruler, by a clever mix of political and military strategy sher khan (Sher shah sur) , twice convincingly outfoxed the Mughal armies. Humayun left no choice, fled to Persia in 1544, leaving his 14 months old infant son, Akbar , in his brother Kamrans care. Sher shah busy in Delhi laying the foundations of social , administrative and architectural reforms which Akber later adopted in his great empire. It took Humayun more than a decade of virtually wandering door to door before he was able to recapture Delhi.
Delhi Sher shahi

Sher shah proceeded to lay a new city that he intended to call shergarh but that come to be popularly known as Delhi shershahi. The city, laid east and north of the Existing fortress, was envisaged to have surrounding wall more than 14km long. Only some remains have been found at north present Ajmeri gate of Delhi.
But, salim shah did manage before his death to built rather picturesque little in Delhi AD 1546, at well north of the old fort and Tughlaqabad and located on an Island in the Yamuna , known as Salimghar. This Fort was later connected by a bridge by a bridge Shahjahanss Red fort.
The Octagonal type of tomb had reached to CERTAIN SHAPE of its architectural appeal with the building of Sher shahs tomb. Isa khan , minister of Sher Shahs successor and son of Salim khan, built himself a tomb near the present more well known Humayuns Tomb., turn out to be a replica of the tomb of Sikender lodhi, completed with the complementary mosque and court yard. Salim Shah ventured to build a grand version of his tomb at Sasaram.
Sher Mandal - Humayun

Humayuns purana qila: Water mark- Pre Mughal design Chapel Royal. Two structures standing Sher Mandal & Qila Kunha Masjid Sanctuary measuring 158X45ft and height 66ft
Sher shahs tomb at Sarsaram
Salim khan father of Isa khan build Sher Shahs Tomb: stands middle of large square sheet of water body 1400-0 Immense paramedical pile of ordered masonry. Height 150-0; and having a square base 250ft side.; proto type of lodhis but magnificent size. An error in orientation of along the cardinal axis was corrected after lower platform had been built., resulting in the curious diagonal relationship.
Khah-I Khanan Mausoleum 1627
Return of the Mughals

Salim shah apparently lost interest in the city of Delhi, moved capital to Gwalior and his death in AD1554 was the signal for the collapse of the Afghan house . Hindu minister and general Hemu seized the power and proclaimed himself Raja vikramaditya. After 15 years of exile Humayun recaptured his lost territory in 1555 and entered Purana Qila.
Sher Mandal converted as Humayuns famous library - Humayun
Qila Kuhna Mosque & Lal Darwaza at Purana qila - Humayun
The Mosque in the complex of buildings dedicated to Isa Khan at Delhi - 1647
Mausoleum of Sher shahs powerful minister (1647)
Sher Shahs & Humayuns tomb
Msfsarwala gumbad located western side of Humayuns mausoleum & Shams al-din Atgah Khan Mausoleum
Lal gumbad at Delhi(1570) and Perforated panels at verandah of Muhammad Ghaus mausoleum at Gwalior(1565)
Bagh-e-Babur in Kabul - Humayun

Babur died at the age of 47 on January 5 [ 26 December 1530] 1531, and was succeeded by his eldest son, Humayun. Though he wished to be buried in his favourite garden in Kabul, a city he had always loved, he was first buried in a Mausoleum in the capital city of Agra. Roughly nine years later his wishes were fulfilled by Sher Shah Suri and Babur was buried in a beautiful garden Bagh-e-Babur in Kabul, now in Afghanistan.
TheBagh e-Babur in Kabul
Tomb in Kabul
The Mughals Shift to Agra - Akbar

The Necropolis character of Delhi still continued Akbar sent the body of yet another of his Ministers, Atgah Khan, to be burried in Delhi. The builders of humayun tomb became busy once again and located on present mathura road near east Nizamiddin, the structure was popularly known as Khan Khanans tomb. Little can be judged of the progress of the art of the building in Delhi from this sparse monument. However its simpler plan form and outer formations appeal more to subsequent builders of the Taj mahal, than the rather sprawling mass of Humayuns tomb. The great Mughal, Akbar, had clearly abandoned the city of Gypsy settlers and Jackals. The pomp and pageantry had shifted to Agra.
Humayuns tomb
First major building by Akbar.- Monumental scale Sayyid Muhammad and his Father Mira Sayyidk Ghiyath Architects of distinction By Smith Digby
Humayuns tomb
Humayuns tomb
Akbar (963-1014/1556-1605)
At the age of 13 Akbar was campaigning in Kalanaur, 300 miles away when news of his fathers death reached him.Akbar was crowned emperor of India and along with convincing defeat of Hemu in second battle of Panipat. Hemus Head dispatched to Kabul as a proof of Akbars supremacy and threat of Sekander Shah defused by his defeat at Mankot in Punjab and Akbar decided to take Agra as a centre of Power For Akbar the city of Delhi holds no good and no great fascination. As a punishment Akbar repeatedly throwing one of his noble over the Agra fort until he was dead but he allowed his mother Maham Anga to build a tomb over his sons remains in Delhi i.e, last Octagonal tomb in Qutb complex along with Madrassa and Mosque adjacent Sher Shah gate but unable to produce Cham and finishings.
Agra Fort
Agra Fort Palace Building
Agra Fort
Agra Fort
Agra Fort
Agra Fort
Agra Fort
Agra Fort
Agra Fort
Agra Fort
Agra Fort
Jami Masjid, Agra
Agra Fort
Agra Fort
Agra Fort
Agra Fort
Agra Fort
Jami Masjid, Agra
Jami Masjid at Delhi and Agra
Lahore Fort
Lahore Fort
Ajmer
Dholpur
Bari(Dholpur)
Bari(Dholpur)
Variations in Diwan-i-khas
Fatehpur sikri
Popular belief; That The Akber built the city of sikri in a gesture of thanks giving towards the renowned sufi saint Sheikh Chisti.
Fatehpur sikri
Fatehpur sikri is a residential city, a gilded prison for the court and not a redundant Agra , as demonstrated insufficiency of military defense. Attilio Petruccioli. The imperial complex of Sikri is arranged in an echelon formation on the east and west axis on the ridge. It has an irregular layout, and Hall of public audience form a most important center of this complex approached through the Agra gate, markets and karkanas. Quite apparently , the imperial Mughal architecture at Sikri follows the layout of Arab and Central Asian tent encampment. The palaces are built as separate, free standing units in formal geometries, on piece of level ground, vastly different form the style of Rajput and Gujarat royal palaces. John F Richards observes: Akbar reached in a mile stone within the boundaries of fathepur Sikri, a comfortable and grand encampment. It is an urban form somewhere between a camp and imperial city. The most striking feature of the architectural style Sikri is the use of trabeate construction known to Indians for centuries. Gujarati sultanate architecture has overwhelming influence over the architecture at Sikri to an extent that Ebba Koch calls it Akbass architectural response to the absorption of Gujarat in to the Mughal Empire. GHR Tillotson notices this the process of Hinduisation where a few Islamic motifs remain as exotic details in a style in which the majority of component part of Hindu . As Per Dr. Surendes sahai , felt that this may be the reason and perhaps for achieving social harmony which Akbar promoted through interaction with representation of different religious groups.
Fatehpur Sikri
Fatehpur Sikri
Fatehpur Sikri
Fatehpur Sikri
Panch Mahal at Fatehpur sikri - Akbar

Panch mahal is supported by 176 pillars A tributed building which resembles a temple of viakuntha perumal at kanchivaram(710-20) Very balanced building the total ht being equal to the length of the ground floor. Akbar and his Ladies were used it as a hawa mehal, the Persian name given to it was Badgir ( wind tower). Nath- jarokha darshan of emperor Fergosson- ratha of mahabalipuram Smith- Buddhist monastery. Ebba koch- Nagina mahal of khimlassa fort
Fatehpur sikri Jami Masjid
It was completed in 1571-2 as it inscription on its door attests, which goes on to praise it for its elegance, second only to the masque of Mecca. Akber built this mosque for the Shaikh, as a monastic school for the disciples of the saint. One of the largest , high elevation as compared to city, fully ornamented in the world, measuring 165.2 x 133.6m externally. The small but very beautiful tomb of Shaikh salim chishti is situated in a quadrangle of the jami masjid nearbthe zenana rauze, infront of buland Darwaza. Its a square plan measuring 4.88m with macarana marble with total contrast to the red sand stone work all-round. .
1.)The highly unusual central pillar in diwan-i-khass at Fatehpur sikri 2.)36 carved corbels 3.)Recalls the work of Gujarati craftsmen.
Hiran minar & shah quli khan Gumbad
The Hiran minar (antelopes tower) at Fatahpur Sikri is decorated with elephant tusks. Suggestions as to the builders function range from a light house to a road marker. A pavilion of pleasure complex in the middle of the dried up lake near shah quli Khan musoleum at Narnaul.
Akbar(1556-1505)
Domed Jajri (water) pavilion at Bayana. Markedly Akbarian in Character.
Jahangir Reign 1605 - 1627

After the phase of architectural syncretism under Akbar, there follows with Jahangirs reign a period of transition, reflection and experimentation with: Despite its importance for the future development of Mughal architecture Has not yet received due acknowledgement. Selected ideas of the previous period are now adopted in formal extravaganzas that had a negligible echo or developed into highly influenced period Highly decorated surfaces of interior and exteriors. Walls deeply paneled by a frame work of bands. Architectural decoration characterized by plethora of materials: sand stone carvings, white marble, stone intarsia, painted stucco, and tile work.
Ltimad al- Daula Mausoleum

Jahangir 1605 - 1627
Sikandra: Mausoleum of Akbar

Detail of the front exterior of the Ltimad al-Daul, built in 1626 by Jahangis wife Nur Jahan in honour of her father. The white marble exterior is inlaid with hard and semiprecious stones to form geometric design.
A building in the fort of Lahore. A detail of intricate tiled decoration on the walls of Lahore fort.
Massive stone pillars from the aisles of the pattar Mosque (1623) built for Nurjagan at Srinagar, in Kashmir. And a tomb at Jhajjar from Jahangirs reign.
The Chaunath Chamba (1623-4) at Delhi, is probably the most direct link between architecture of Jahangir and that of shah Jahan
Exterior of Diwa-i-Amm at Agra Fort - Shah Jahan
Exterior - Diwan I Amm at Agra fort
1) Moti Masque (1546-53) Agra Fort 2) Jahangir Mausoleum at Lahor. 3) Khas mahal at Agra fort
Shahjahanabad
Shahjahanabad was the seventh planned city of Delhi in written history. The six earlier ones were Naya Shahar, Siri, Tughlakaad, Jahapanah, Ferozabad & Dinapanah. Delhi got its due importance when Shahjahan the 5th Mughal ruler return to this ancient city in 1648 AD and under took the construction of an altogether new capital north of Ferozabad.
(The Tale of Walled City)
Fatehpure mosque in the chandini chowk Shah jahan (1650)
Jami Masjid Shahjahanabad(1650) and Wazir Khan Mosque(1634) at Lahore
Shah Jahan 1628 -1657
Chauburji Gate at Lahore Entrance to garden at Lahore The Dai Anga Mosque at Lahore dedicated to Shah Jahans wetnurse
Shah Jahan 1628 -1657
1.ONE OF THE FOUR MARBLE PAVILIONS (1637) ON THE BANKS OF THE LAKE ANN SAGAR AT AJMER.
2. The Tomb of Afzal Khan at Agra called Chini-ka Rauza, because of its glazed tile decoration , now mostly lost.
The Akhund Mulla Shah Mosque (1649) near fort Hari Parbat, at Srinagar
The shalimar Gardens at Lahor were built from1633 to 1642 by Ali Mardan Khan under Shah jahans instructions.
The Tombs of Bala pir and his son Shaikah Mahdi at kanauj in North India
The elegant mausoleum of Shaikh chillie (1650) at Thaneser on road between Delhi and Lahor. It has been classed by one scholar as second only to the Taj Mahall.
The red sand stone gate of mid 17th century Caravansirai out side Gurgaon, near Delhi on the road to Agra
SHAHJAHANABADTHE WALLED CITYOLD DELHI
Dr. S. Ramesh Chief Architect Municipal Corporation of Delhi
CITIES OF DELHI
1450 BC - 2002 AD
Indraprastha 1450 BC 350 AD Dilli C 100 BC Surajkund C 1024 AD Lal Kot C 1024 AD Qila Rai Pithora C 1170 AD Kilkori 1288 AD Siri 1302 AD Tugluqabad 1320 AD Jahanpanah 1334 AD Firuzabad 1351 AD Khizrabad 1415 AD Mubarakabad 1433 AD Dinpanah 1530 AD Dilli 1542 AD Shahjahanabad 1638 AD New Delhi 1911 AD Post Independence Expansion 1947
1850 A.D.
Massive Fortification & Gateways Urban Morphology Citadel & the Sanctum Water Channels & Greens Bazaars & Havelis Streets & Chowks Kutchas & Katras
Elaborately laid out canal system to water the series of gardens, acted as a central channel that divided Chandni Chowk.
Chandni Chowk from Lahore Gate, 1814-15
looking towards Yamuna
Red Fort, the heart of the city
Shahjahanabad 1850
Massive fortification of 569hts Seven gates Royal palace at NE Canals ending eastern ent. Fatepur Mosque. Planned to meet community requirements Res.streets are kept narrow and closely built Population rose to 0.6lakh to1.5 lakh during mughal period. Vistas Running green spaces Nodal points
ZONING : During those times zoning was an accepted principle of town planning. This zoning was according to occupations, industries and commerce. Baidwara, Daiwara, Naiwara, Dhobiwara and Maliwara were the quarters of doctors, midwives, barbers, washermen and gardeners respectively.
Stages of growth
1867
1858
1847
1931
The Chandni Chowk from the top of the Lahore Gate of the Fort, the canal depicted running down the middle, 1814-15*
Chandni Chowk from Lahore Gate
The main bazaar of the city stretched from the Fatehpuri Masjid to Lahore Gate, lined with single storey arcades with residential quarters above.
Clock Tower in front of Town Hall
Chandni Chowk then
placed in the midst of the residential mohallas on a high platform urban fabric was built virtually up to its external walls. also known as 'Masjid-i-Jahan Numa', 'Jahan' meaning the 'World' and Numa meaning 'Visible' .
The Sanctum, Jama Masjid
Jami masjid , Delhi
Jami Masjid Lahore and Delhi
Akbarabadi and Fathepuri Masjid
"The Imperial Assembly of India at Delhi: the Viceregal Procession passing the Clock Tower and Delhi Institute in the Chandni Chowk,"
The Havelis, Kuchas and Katras

One of the chief features of ancient town planning was that two wide streets would run through each other at right angles (thus allowing fresh breezes to flow into the town). In Shahjahanabad, besides the two main streets, there were also a number of streets and bazaars, roads and lanes, crossing and cresscrossing in all directions, around which grew a number of mohallas and katras. Many gorgeous palatial houses or 'havelis' also came up.
A Haveli traditionally is a huge house, almost palatial in its scale. A normal Haveli would have a big courtyard surrounded on the four sides by spacious rooms. A 'Kucha, in Mughal times used to be a zone comprising of houses whose owners shared Landmarks & common feature, usually their mode of occupation. During Shahjahans time zoning was a commonly accepted feature of town planning. (Hence the names Malliwara, the gardeners neighborhood and Ballimaran, the oarsmens neighborhood). A Katra refers to a separate wing of tradesmen and craftsmen belonging to the same trade. They usually lived and worked together.
separate quarters for distinct social groups exclusive lanes for each class of tradesmen and guilds of craftsmen.
Katras Commercial Streets
narrow streets to cut the summer Sun acting as a social place well articulated and ornamented facades
Kutchas Residential Streets
palatial in their scale courtyard type houses with rooms all around
Havelis
Change in urban morphology

Areas cleared by British mohallas in proximity of fort Jehanaras garden complex front of Jama Masjid Changes railway line Town Hall grassed parkland in front Red Fort Internal Layout of the Fort
1850 AD
Present Situation
1850 AD
Present Situation
Area in front of Jama Masjid got cleared by the British
1850 AD
Present Situation
Jehanaras garden complex also got cleared with introduction of Railway Line and Town Hall
1850 AD
Present Situation
Area in front of the Red Fort and Lajpat Rai Market
Chandni Chowk from Lahore Gate
Town Hall
Fountain Chowk
Chandni Chowk now
structures have gone up to four storey high
street has become congested
Town Hall
Lal Mandir
Fatehpuri Mosque
Fountain Chowk
Important Chowks along the Chandni Chowk Street
Red Fort
Red Fort
Red Fort
Red Fort
Red Fort
Red Fort
Red Fort
Red Fort
Mughal Agra A riverfront Garden city

The Taj Mahal complex seems unique today; but when it was created, it was integrated in to the scheme of Mughal Agra as one of its constituent elements
Agra was first conquered by Muslim invaders in 1070s or 1080s, when Mahmud of Ghazni captured it from Hindu ruler, Jaipal; sikender lodi made it his capital in 1505. In 1526, when th Mughals established themselves in Hindustan, Agra became their capita and began to acquire its distinctive character as a riverfront garden city.
Three types of mughal Chahar Bagh: 1.Canonical cross axial; The Tomb of Humayun Delhi (1562-71) 2.Terraced shalimar garden Kashmir (1620-1634) 3.Waterfront Lal mahel Bari - 1637
The Final form of Hasht bihishi design : plan of Humayun Yomb 1572 - 71
The basic hasht bihishi design : plan of Todar Mals Baradari Radially planned pavilion Fatehpur Sikri
The basic hasht bihishi design : plan of pavilion shah Quli khan - narnaul
Water front development
Today a few gardens of Mughal Agra remains. Most stand isolated from each other, and lost their original urban context. Left bank of yamuna at Agra preserves the character of original Mughal Agra to the greater extent as compared to Right bank.. The stretch between Shah Nawaz Khan(no.1) and Ltimad ud Daula (no.9) can still show some surviving gardens as wall as commercial nurseries(31,33,55). The Matab bagh(no.17) , Utilitarian complex, Bagh- I Nur Afshan (light scattering Garden), - surviving gardens.
Waterfront development
Detail of Jaipur map of Agra, showing 12 northernmost gardens of the left bank of yamuna at Agra.
Battis Khamba tower in the Buland Bagh, first quarter of the 17th century.
The garden seen from the bye- pass of National high way.
Large Tahkhana
The six squares at bottom comprises the terraced area. The court and pavilion right at the center , a large Tahkhanna is below the left hand river front square. Water chute with a fish-scale pattern, set between steps on the northern side of the terraced area.
The Chini-ka Rauza, before 1639, on a basic hasht bihisht design, and view of the heavily restored tomb. Tyrolean Jesuit- geographer Josef Tieffenthaler comments Its inlay with tiles in the Chinese manner British recognized as architectural merit and taken it as a subject of company drawing. Artist Sita ram made a water color painting and submitted to Lord Hastings 1815. Lorg Curzen found this was in dilapidated condition.(1899)
C . a. Plan of the tomb in garden of sultan Parwiz on its substructure and platform. b. Plan of substructure. c. Detail of the apex of an arch in the substructure of the tomb, with painted interlacing pattern.
The tomb of Itimad-ud-Daula

a) b) c) Plan Drawn by an Indian artist for Maharaja of Jaipur,18thC Plan showing river at the top, to conform to the orientation of the 18C Seen from the other side of the river
Wall decoration of pietra dura The Tomb pavilion, with pietra dura decoration, company drawing by an Agra or Delhi Artist for Maria, lady Nugent, c1812
The Tomb pavilion is elaborative version of a form inlay & paintings
Inner & upper chamber of Iltimad ud Daula.
Boarder of a large octagonal pool, with a pattern of multicusped arches, during restoration. The water would be on the right side The , looking across the river to the Taj Mahal showing the waterfall detail. The Mughal Baoli Gyarak Sidhi 16th C
Garden seen from the roof of the Taj Mahal
View of Taj Mahal along with Haveli of Khan I Dauran
Khan I Dauran in ruins
Taj Mahal complex seen from the river
Plan of surviving Mughal structures
Plan of Agra Fort
The Jharoka, window of imperial appearance, in the Diwan I amm
White marble complex: Khas Mahal
Birds eye view of imperial complex
Diwan-i Amm & Diwan i khass
Diwan i khass
Aramgah : Bangla-I darshan- shah burj
Anguri Bagh : Khass Mahal
Haveli of Dara Shikoh Drawing 1774
Tara Niwas complex of Aurangzeb
The Haveli of Wazir Khan
The tomb of Mirjumla and and ruined Mosque of the Jafar Khan
Tomb garden of Jafar Khan
The chhatri of Jaswant Singh
Tomb of Babur at Kabul
Tomb of timur, Gut-I Amir, in Samarqand
The Tombs of Humayun, Akbur at Sikendra, jahangir at Shahdara, Sher Shah sur at Sarsaram and Agra fort.
The principles of Shahjahani architecture: 1. Geometrical planning 2.Symmetry 3.hierarchy 4.Proportional formulas. 5.Uniformity of shapes, ordered by hierarchical accents 6.Sensuous attention to detail 7. selective use of naturalism 8.Symbolism
The masusoleum seen from thr upper level of the great gate on 13 November 1996 at 9.15am,11.30am,4.03pm, 5.oopm,5.15pm and 5.30pm
The basic elements of Taj Mahal
Details of foundation and cladding
Fatehabadi darwaza Inner face of eastern street
Looking across the jilauKhana
The western Khawasspura
The latrines in the main complex of Shah Jahas palace at Bari, known as Lal Mahal
The eastern subsidiary tomb or SaheliBurj.
Gardens
Stone slab Jally work
Formation of gates in different levels
Garden pavilion and integration of soft & hard landscape in geometrical pattern
True octagon
Fatehpure Masjid
Buildings out side the wall Interior of the prayer hall
Pavement patterns & SalimChishti in the court yard of Jami masjid Fatehpur sikri
Geometric patterns of paving
Jami masjid Fatehpur sikri
The interior of the Moti Mosque in the Red fort at delhi
THE CLASSIC MOUGHAL PERIOD AURANGZEB 91658-1707)
AURANGZEB (1658-1707)
Aurangzeb came to the throne 1658, having deprived his father of all authority and imprisoned him in the fort at Agra. His official coronation took place on 5th June in 1658. He took the name of Alamgir, but not even his court historians referred to him by this name but critics prefer to call him Aurangzeb. He deeply devoted in his prayers to which he dedicated from 6 to 9 hours a day. He has no desire to be the sovereign of the entire Indian people, who by that time had indeed became his people. His reign is divided in two almost equal parts of completely differing character: During the first he lived in the north, mostly in Delhi, completely depriving Agra of its role as capital in the second part of his regn (1681-1707) he moved to Deccan where he was on campaign until his death without ever returning to the north Aurangzeb eliminated his elder brothers through violence and cunning. Aurangzeb was driven by his conscience to begin his disasters anti-Hindu policy and ordered the destruction of all Hindu temples in the empire. The Jizia , abolished more than a century earlier by Akbar, was reintroduced and this provoked revolts even in the north where the Jat farmers in the area south of Delhi.
Marathas acquired a true national consciousness under the leader ship of Shivaji who had struggled long against the sovereigns of Bijapur and the mughal governors. On the death of shivaji following a final victorious campaign against the mughals, Aurangzeb decided to destroy all the Decanis states and annex their territories into the empire. He succeeded in this design 1-bijapur surrendered in 1686.2- Golconda fell the following years through treason .3-In 1689 shambuji, son and heir to shivaji, was captured and tourchered to death . In 1705 the Marathas resistance defeated Aurangzebs obstinate perseverance. Ill and exhausted, at the end off his strength he retreated to Ahmednagar where he died at the age of 89 on 2nd March 1707. His desires ended in nothing but 50 yrs of strenuous, honest, energetic and laborious leadership managed only to bring the country to irretrievable ruin. -His army had disintegrated completely. -The administration was in ruins. -The treasury was empty. -the economic situation was disastrous. -The Hindu subjects were declared enemies. -The Muslims were worn out. -the relentless Marathas revolt
-The state of machinery was broken down -Jats continued their own rebellion. - Art and architecture suffered because of the total lack of patteronage. -The royal calligraphic workshops closed. -music at court banned. -The work of historians interrupted. -With all the above just as he had lived simply, Aurangzeb wanted to be buried at Khuldabad, near Aurangabad, under a small mound of earth, with neither a roof nor a canopy, out in the sun, wind and rain, without a name. Later a roller Nizam of Hyderabad had the tomb encircled with an elegant stone balustrade.
THE CLASSIC MUGHAL PERIOD AURANGZEB (1658-1707)
The idgha (1660-61) at Mathura in UP Use of red sand stone is the typical of area.
Jami Masjid at Banares built in 1658 in the center of the City near the banks of Ganges.
The Badshahi Mosque & Alamgir gate at Lahore fort
Aurangzeb
Bibi-ka maqbara(1660-61) at Aurangabad Built as a tomb for Aurangzibs wife
The Dai Anga Mausoluem 1671 at Lahore was built during the reign of Aurangzib in Honour of Shah jahans wet-nurse.
THE FINAL PHASE OF MUGHAL ARCHITECTURE

After the death of Aurangzeb India under went the most terrible century in its history as Mughal Empire disintegrated rapidly . The brief rign of Bahadur Shah, old and tired (1707-12), amounted no more than series of useless battles to smoothen rebellions , and his successors who became instruments to the noble factions in their power struggle.
1.The Moti Mosque at New delhi was built by Shah Alam Bahadur Shah, the son and successor of Aurangzeb 2.The slightly ulbus columns, seen here on either side of the entrance, became the feature of the religious buildings from this time of Aurangzeb onwards. 3.Three fluted domes, with a pronounced narrowing at the base, cover the prayer hall, which is entered through two doors at the side.
The late 18th century Asafi mosque in the great Imambara complex at Lucknow. Though its proportions are dignified its decoration is rather excessive Bianca Maria Alfieri THE FINAL PHASE OF MUGHAL ARCHITECTURE
Jami Masjid at Lucknow: Built in 1850 by Nawab Muhammad Ali Shah It has fewer of the incongruous European elements that characterize many buildings in the city.
THE FINAL PHASE OF MUGHAL ARCHITECTURE a) The Husainabad Imambara complex (1839) at Lucknow, built by Muhammad Ali Shah. b) A palace exemplified the hybrid and highly decorative style that was common during the last years of Mughal rule.

In this last period the building material most commonly used is brick with richly modeled and painted plaster. All the innovations introduced in Aurangzebs time were in common use and were fused with complicated play of lines, volumes and colors. Increasingly noted such as :
columns with lotus shapes, Paired or inserts in to walls Naturalistic floral motifs Simple or festooned round arches Flaming petals and flowed by climbing plants, Occasional small and low arches, alcoves roofs in concave niches Light balconies rise from supports in lotus, Balconies covered with curved roofs, often combined with domes, Ceilings are decorated with volutes intertwined with banana leaves, lotus petals, Cornices are concave and projecting and providing substitute for single sloped roof, Parapets are always crenellated, Roofs curved and domes markedly bulbous, The chhatris are countless, reduced to minimal dimensions or incorporated in the gallieries
THE MUGHAL PROVINCIAL STYLE
The Rajput princes were in close contact with the Mughal court for over a century and a half and inherited its architectural style. When Rajputs regained their independence 1710-30, the adoption of imperial splendour architecture became an expression of sovereignty. The Junaghar fort at Bikaner in Rajasthan, the defensive wall is distinctively topped with balconies and arch windows. Udiapur palace set on the banks of an artificial lake, it is a largest and most impressive palace.

The most important of 16th & 17th centuries are those at Bikaner, bundi, Jodhpur, Jaisalmer, Orchha, Datai, Udaipur, and Amber, besides small and beautiful ones are Samod and Kotha. In the 18th century maharaja adan singh built the bharatpur palace in about 1750 Maharaja Suraj mall built Dig palace. The medieval palace at Amber, once the seat of ruler s of Jaipur. The palace forms part of a large complex of royal building on a rocky gorge alongside a lake.
The palace at Datai.Built in 1620 by the Raj Bir Singh Dio. It rests on a uneven crest of Rock.So that the lower ground invisible from the front.
The Palace of the Datia. Built in 1620 by the raja Bir singh dio, it rests on even crest of rock, so that the lower ground levels are visible from the front.
The lotus Mahal (1575) at Vijayanagar, two storey pavilion oldest example of Musilm influenced architecture in south India
Renaissance in Italy, the spread of renaissance and Baroque in Europe.
Renaissance in Italy, the spread of renaissance and Baroque in Europe
The word "Renaissance" derived from the term "la rinascita", which means rebirth Although the term "Renaissance" was used first by the French historian Jules Michelet, it was given its more lasting definition from the Swiss historian Jacob Burckhardt., 1860.
Architectural Character in Italy The development architecture in Italy between 1400 and 1830 may broadly divided in to 4 main periods Early Renaissance 1500 High Renaissance and Mannerism 1600 Baroque and Rococo 1700 and early 1800 Neo Classical Mid- eighteenth to early nineteenth centuries
Renaissance architecture is the architecture of the period between the early 15th and early 17th centuries in different regions of Europe, demonstrating a conscious revival and development of certain elements of ancient Greek and Roman thought and material culture. Stylistically, Renaissance architecture followed Gothic architecture and was succeeded by Baroque architecture
Developed first in Florence, with Filippo Brunelleschi as one of its innovators, the Renaissance style quickly spread to other Italian cities. The style was carried to France, Germany, England, Russia and other parts of Europe at different dates and with varying degrees of impact.
Renaissance in Italy, the spread of renaissance and Baroque in Europe The Renaissance style places emphasis on Symmetry, proportion, geometry and the regularity of parts as they are demonstrated in the architecture of classical antiquity and in particular ancient roman architecture, of which many examples remained. Orderly arrangements of columns, pilasters and lintels as well as the use of semicircular arches, hemispherical domes, , domes, niches and aedicules replaced the more complex proportional systems and irregular profiles of medieval buildings.

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HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 5TH SEMESTER B.

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