CLAUSES

1. Definition :
A clause is a group of words which forms a grammatical unit and has a subject and a predicate (including a conjugated/finite verb).

2. Classification of clauses :
a) Main clauses or independent clauses :
They can stand alone to form complete sentences. Ex : The sun rises in the east. Mary shouted loudly.

b) Subordinate clauses or dependent clauses: A subordinate clauses cant stand on its own (alone) to form full sentences. It must be
connected with an independent (main) clause. Ex: When I came into the room, he was reading. Subordinate clause Main clause Dependent clause Independent clause

Ex: I dont know where Sue lives. Main clause Dependent clause Subordinate clauses can be subdivided into :

B2. Noun clause (That-clause) : It has functions as a noun. It can fit into
any sentence position that can be occupied by a noun. A noun clause may be introduced by that, what, who/whom, when, where, why, how, whether/if, whoever, whatever Subject of a sentence - What he said was interesting. - What they should do is obvious. - Whether she comes or not is unimportant to me. - That the world is round is a fact = It is a fact that the world is round. - That she cant speak English is clear. = Its clear that she cant speak English. Object of a verb (direct/indirect) - I must say that I was wrong. - I heard what she said. - He asked where she should go. - You should give whoever comes a free meal. - They asked me why I didnt come there. - I asked him if/whether he decided (or not). Object of a preposition - Im interested in how I can do that. - Give the present to whoever is in the room. - I listen to what they are talking. Complement used after a linking verb - It is what I want to do. - It seems/appears that he is teeling lies. - Thats why we should study hard. - The fact is that he doesnt love her. - The problem was which would be better. - What surprised me was that he spoke Vietnamese so well. Complement of predicative adjectives

- I am certain that he posted the letter. - She is afraid that you are right. - She is very glad that you can come. - We are sorry that we could not fulfil the task. - He isnt sure who gave this book. Appositive to a noun - The fact/news/idea/thought that she is lovesick is not practical. - The question where they went is a critical issue. - We must face the fact that we may fail in the exam. - It is a fact that the world is round. - It is a pity that we missed the bus. The idea that should stay here is vey nice.= The idea that you give me is very nice. = You give you me the idea. This idea is very nice The idea that is very smart is Toms

Note : The same clause may be a noun clause, an adjective clause or an adverb clause. - Tell me where you went. - Im going to the house where you went. - Im going where you went. PRACTICE I. Identify the noun clauses in the sentences below and describe the function of each 1. We regret that we must refuse your invitation. 2. What you are doing is really difficult to you. 3. Can you explain to me where he lives? 4. The notion that people can relax more is good for everyone. 5. I am delighted you succeeded in getting the job. 6. We were amused by what you told us. 7. It seems that he died of a heart attack. 8. He asked me what lesson we studied. 9. Im uncertain how I will cook this. 10.Its not what you know but who you know. 11.I wonder whose house that is. 12.Did you talk to your parents about what you need? 13.What Alex needs is which job he will get. 14.Where Tom went is a secret that no one except his wife knows. 15.I wonder if she will come. II. Change the question in parentheses to a noun clause 1. (How old is he?) I dont know 2. (What was he talking about?) . was interesting. 3. (Where does Mary live) Please tell me 4. (What did she say?) . wasnt true. 5. (How much does it cost?) I cant remember .. 6. (Which one does he want?) Lets ask him .. 7. (Who is coming to the party?) I wonder . 8. (Who are those people?) I need to find out . 9. (Why did they leave the country?) . is difficult to understand. 10. (How old does a person have to be to get a driving licence?) I need to know .

11. (How many letters are there in the English alphabet?) I dont remember .. .. 12. (Whose pen is this?) Do you know

III. The structure BE + ADJECTIVE + THAT-CLAUSE : feelings or attitudes 1. Im sorry that .. 2. Shes pleased that .. 3. Yesterday I was annoyed that . 4. We are happy that .. 5. I was afraid that . 6. They arent surprised that 7. Mary is delighted that .. 8. My father was amazed that IV. Use That-clause structure to translate the following sentences into English 1. Cac ten trom a lam g vi mon tien van con la mot b mat. What the thieves did to the money is still a secret. 2. That kho biet la ke hoach nay se ton kem bao nhieu. Its hard to know how much this plan will cost. 3. Ro rang la cuoc am thoai a lam anh ta lo lang It is certain that the conversation worried him. 4. Anh ta phu nhan tin on la anh ta a co quan he lang nhang vi th ky cua mnh He denied the rumor that he had an affair with his secretary. V. Complete the following sentences with a noun clause, and state the function of the clause you add. 1. He said that 2. The fact . is now generally known. 3. What . is of direct concern to our country 4. I wanted to discover how 5. The man told the police where . . 6. He rarely succeeds in achieving what 7. I asked the waiter if . 8. If that is what ...,why dont you ask him? 9. It was generally agreed that 10. What is less important than what .. 11. We was shocked by .

12. His argument is that ...

13. That ... is obvious to everyone. 14. Shareholders left the meeting with the feeling that 15. Is it true that 16. Now I remember why .

17. It seems that ...

18. No one seemed to know when 19. Exactly how ... will never be known. 20. Whether .. or not is a bad news to us. 21. I was under the impression that ... 22. My view is that .

23. He raised a proposal that 24. That . is unacceptable. 25. What is the fact . 26. When .. is uncertain (=not sure). 27. How many ... is still unknown.

B3. Adverb Clause

Definition : An adverb clause is a subordinate clause used to modify a verb, an adjective, an adverb in the main clause, or it may be used to modify the main clause as a whole.

John walks as if he is dancing. Mary is wet because she has just wlaked in rain. Tom talked so loudly that he annoyed the guests. You will succeed in your exam if you work hard.

Classification : They are normally used to express the ideas such as time, place, manner, comparison, purpose, result, condition, concession and cause or reason. 1) Adverb clause of condition 2) Adverb clause of time 3) Adverb clause of place 4) Adverb clause of manner 5) Adverb clause of comparision 6) Adverb clause of purpose 7) Adverb clause of result 8) Adverb clause of concession 9) Adverb clause of cause

B3.1 Adverb clause of condition (= conditional clauses/ifclause)

A. They appear in conditional sentences. B. Typical conjunctions used in adverb clause of condition + If, unless (= if not ), even if, only if (emphasis) + Provided that/provided/providing that + Supposed that/supposing + On condition that + In the event that + In case/In case that + As long as, so long as, otherwise, or ( else)
Note : The above words are not always interchangeable. Their use depends on the context of the sentence.

ex :

I shall go if you ask me. I shant go unless you ask me = Only if you work very hard, you may pass the final test. I will go provided that/providing that/ on condition that/you go too. Provided there is no opposition, well hold the meeting here. Supposed/Supposing that he asks you, will you go. In the event that it rains, the party will be held indoors. = In case they are late, we wait for them in a bar. = I will lend you some money as long as you help me this thing. You should hurry, or youll be late. = You should hurry. Otherwise, youll be late Have you got transport? If not, I can give you a lift. I will visit you if possible/necessary.

C. Types of conditional sentences

1) A conditional sentence indicate that something will happen if something else happen first. It means that one event will occur only under condition that the other event occurs.

2) Conditional

sentence = (dependent/subordinate)

main

(independent)

clause

Ifclause

Ifclause (dependent/subordinate), + main (independent) clause

3) There are four types of conditional sentences: a. Real (Possible true) condition:If + present simple b. Unreal present condition : If+ past simple/were c. Unreal past condition: If+ past perfect
perfect

future would/could/might would/could + past present simple

d. Zero condition if+ present simple 4) Usage : a. Real (Possible true) condition:

ex: - If its hot tomorrow, we will go to the beach. - I will call you if you give me your phone number. - If it costs too much, I will buy a smaller one. b. Unreal present condition

 ex: - If I were rich, I would/could buy a Mercedez car. - If she left her husband, she might be happier. - If I lived by the sea, I would do a lot of swimming. c. Unreal past condition: ex: - If I had seen you last week, I would have warned you. - I wouldnt have married my wife if I had met you earlier. d. zero condition ex: If you press this buttton the machine switches off. If the camera is on a red light apear. Water freezes if the temperature fall below zero He always says hello to you if he sees you.

Practice :
I. Write these sentences, putting the verbs into the correct tense. 1. If youd stayed at home, there (not be) any trouble. 2. What would you do if you (resign) . Tomorrow.

3. Ill do it if he (ask) me. 4. I wouldnt have been so sad if Judy (write) to me earlier. 5. If we offered him more money, (he stay) . Here? 6. If shes gone out, we (ask) Peter to do it for us. 7. I (look after) the bags if you carry the children. 8. We would have missed the train if we (be) .. two minutes later. 9. Phone the police if you (see) anything strange. 10.The children always (get) frightened if they watch horror films. 11.I dont know what Id do if John (be) in an accident. 12.There (be) trouble if they try to stop him leaving. 13.Can I take the typewriter if you (finish) with it? 14.If you (look after) , it wouldnt break down so much. 15.If he were not so bad-tempered, his wife (not leave) him soon. 16.I (not go out) if Id known he was so ill. 17.The engine starts if you (turn) this key. 18.Ill give you 100 USD provided that you (say) nothing. 19.Ill go home unless the film (start) . 20.Providing everybody (agree) , we (have) the meeting on Tuesday. 21.We wanted to go out yesterday but the weather was terrible. If it (be) a nice day, we (go) for a picnic.

B3.2 Adverb Clause of Time :

Typical conjunctions used in adverb clause of Time :
+ When, as + Once + Whenever + before/after + as long as, so long as + since + by the time + No sooner than + Scarcely/hardly when + everytime, the moment (that), the first/last time

B3.3 Adverb Clause of Place :

Typical conjunctions used in adverb clause of place
+ where, wherever + everywhere, anywhere, somewhere

B3.4 Adverb Clause of Manner :

Typical conjunctions used in adverb clause of place + As (much as/just as) + As if/As though + like (*American use) + the way (that)/in the way that

B3.5 Adverb Clause of concession/opposition :

A. Typical conjunctions used in adverb clause of concession + though/although/even though + while/whereas + However + adjective/adverb + No matter how/whether/what/who/where + whatever, whenever, wherever, whoever B. Note : in spite of/despite + phrase inspite of the fact that/despite the fact that + clause

B3.6 Adverb Clause of reason/cause

Typical conjunctions used in adverb clause of reason
+ because + as, since + for (a coordinating conjunction) + It is/was because that Because of/due to/on account of + phrase So/therefore/thus

B3.7 Adverb Clause of purpose:

Typical conjunctions used in adverb clause of purpose
+ so that, in order that + lest, for fear that

B3.8 Adverb Clause of result :

Typical conjunctions used in adverb clause of result
+ so + adj/adv + that + such + (a/an) + (adj) + noun(s) + that

B.3.9 Adverb Clause of comparison

+ so/as as + comparative + than

Typical conjunctions used in adverb clause of comparison