Patent Landscape Analysis On Optical Biosensors

Submitted By:
Piyush Upadhyay

Piyush Upadhyay 2012

PATENT LANDSCAPE REPORT ON

Optical Biosensors
Submitted To:

Submitted By:

Piyush Upadhyay
Piyush Upadhyay 2012

Table of Contents
Introduction....3 Purpose of Report...3 Research Focus..3 Tools Used for Statistical Analysis...4 Assignee Coverage....4 Biosensors...5 Types of Biosensors...6 I. Calorimetric Biosensors..6 II. Photometric Biosensors....7 III. Amperometric Biosensors......8 IV. Optical Biosensors....8 V. Piezo-electric Biosensors9 VI. Immunosensors...10 Optical Biosensors....11 Applications...16 Analysis....17 I. US Filing per year...18 II. US Publication of Patents per year....19 III. Classification Codes per year..20 IV. Prominently Used IPC..21 V. No. of IPC used per year.22 VI. Prominent Assignees23 VII. Top Assignees24 VIII. Categories of Assignees..26 IX. US Internal Filing states..27 X. Assignee Origin Countries.28 XI. Types of Inventors..29 Conclusion30 References..31 Appendix I: - List of Tables...32 Appendix II: - List of Graphs.32 Appendix III: - List of figures33

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Introduction
The present patent landscape report is based on US Patent Filing of Optical Biosensors Filing from 1996 to 2011 and granted between 1997 and 2012,Patent landscape reports of the project aim to contribute, by focusing on particular technological fields, to highlight essential technologies, know-how, processes and methods that are necessary to meet the basic development needs of developing countries, particularly with regard to improving the environment, life, health of human beings, animals, plants and food security. In a broader context, each specific report may also serve as an exemplification for retrieving and utilizing patent information. In this context, this report focuses on the Optical Biosensors and related technology landscape.

Purpose of the report

This report seeks to provide a comprehensive overview of available technologies in the Optical biosensor landscape including types of detections / types of sensing methodology etc.

Research Focus
The main objective of this assignment was to conduct a Patent landscaping analysis on Optical Biosensors to identify patent documents (includes granted patents, published patent applications, utility models) that exclusively disclose technologies / methods / processes / system and / or its components (e.g. Detection, Communication, Composition etc.) of Optical Biosensor which are very helpful for detection and processing of various biological elements like UV radiations, Bio weapons etc. Furthermore, the analysis also sought to cover any patent family members that disclosed details pertaining to optically biosensing methods or system or components in alternative or selective embodiments, which would bind up in one of the biosensing technology applications.

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Tools used for statistical analysis

The following tools were used to execute the assignment: Google Docs MS-Excel MS-PowerPoint Xmind

Assignee Coverage
The scope of assignee coverage included the following countries: United States of America (US) United Kingdom (GB) Japan (JP) Europe (EP) including Switzerland, Germany China (CN)

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Biosensors
A biosensor is an analytical device which converts a biological response into an electrical signal. The term 'biosensor' is often used to cover sensor devices used in order to determine the concentration of substances and other parameters of biological interest even where they do not utilize a biological system directly. There are three so-called 'generations' of biosensors; First generation biosensors where the normal product of the reaction diffuses to the transducer and causes the electrical response, second generation biosensors which involve specific 'mediators' between the reaction and the transducer in order to generate improved response, and third generation biosensors where the reaction itself causes the response and no product or mediator diffusion is directly involved. A successful biosensor must possess at least some of the following beneficial features: The biocatalyst must be highly specific for the purpose of the analyses, be stable under normal storage conditions and, except in the case of colorimetric enzyme strips and dipsticks (see later), show good stability over a large number of assays (i.e. much greater than 100). The reaction should be as independent of such physical parameters as stirring, pH and temperature as is manageable. This would allow the analysis of samples with minimal pretreatment. If the reaction involves cofactors or coenzymes these should, preferably, also be coimmobilized with the enzyme. The response should be accurate, precise, reproducible and linear over the useful analytical range, without dilution or concentration. It should also be free from electrical noise. If the biosensor is to be used for invasive monitoring in clinical situations, the probe must be tiny and biocompatible, having no toxic or antigenic effects. If it is to be used in fermenters it should be sterlizable. This is preferably performed by autoclaving but no biosensor enzymes can presently withstand such drastic wet-heat treatment. In either case, the biosensor should not be prone to fouling or proteolysis. The complete biosensor should be cheap, small, portable and capable of being used by semiskilled operators. There should be a market for the biosensor. There is clearly little purpose developing a biosensor if other factors (e.g. government subsidies, the continued employment of skilled analysts, or poor customer perception) encourage the use of traditional methods and discourage the decentralization of laboratory testing.

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Types of biosensors1
1. Calorimetric Biosensors. 2. Potentiometric biosensors 3. Amperometric biosensors 4. Optical biosensors 5. Piezo-electric biosensors 6. Immunosensors
Fig. 1

1. Calorimetric biosensors

Fig. 2

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Many enzyme catalyzed reactions are exothermic, generating heat which may be used as a basis for measuring the rate of reaction and, hence, the analyte concentration. This represents the most generally applicable type of biosensor. The temperature changes are usually determined by means of thermistors at the entrance and exit of small packed bed columns containing immobilized enzymes within a constant temperature environment. Under such closely controlled conditions, up to 80% of the heat generated in the reaction may be registered as a temperature change in the sample stream. This may be simply calculated from the enthalpy change and the amount reacted. If a 1 mm reactant is completely converted to product in a reaction generating 100 kJmole-1 then each ml of solution generates 0.1 J of heat. At 80% efficiency, this will cause a change in temperature of the solution amounting to approximately 0.02C. This is about the temperature change commonly encountered and necessitates a temperature resolution of 0.0001C for the biosensor to be generally useful.

2. Potentiometric biosensors
Potentiometric biosensors make use of ion-selective electrodes in order to transduce the biological reaction into an electrical signal. In the simplest terms this consists of an immobilized enzyme membrane surrounding the probe from a pH-meter, where the catalyzed reaction generates or absorbs hydrogen ions. The reaction occurring next to the thin sensing glass membrane causes a change in pH which may be read directly from the pH-meter's display. Typical of the use of such electrodes is that the electrical potential is determined at very high impedance allowing effectively zero current flow and causing no interference with the reaction. There are three types of ion-selective electrodes which are of use in biosensors: Glass electrodes for cations (e.g. normal pH electrodes) in which the sensing element is a very thin hydrated glass membrane which generates a transverse electrical potential due to the concentration-dependent competition between the cations for specific binding sites. The selectivity of this membrane is determined by the composition of the glass. The sensitivity to H+ is greater than that achievable for NH4+, Glass pH electrodes coated with a gas-permeable membrane selective for CO2, NH3 or H2S. The diffusion of the gas through this membrane causes a change in pH of a sensing solution between the membrane and the electrode which is then determined. Solid-state electrodes where the glass membrane is replaced by a thin membrane of a specific ion conductor made from a mixture of silver sulphide and a silver halide. The iodide electrode is useful for the determination of I- in the peroxidase reaction and also responds to cyanide ions.

Fig. 3

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3. Amperometric biosensors

Fig. 4

Amperometric biosensors function by the production of a current when a potential is applied between two electrodes. They generally have response times, dynamic ranges and sensitivities similar to the potentiometric biosensors. The simplest amperometric biosensors in common usage involve the Clark oxygen electrode. This consists of a platinum cathode at which oxygen is reduced and a silver/silver chloride reference electrode. When a potential of -0.6 V, relative to the Ag/AgCl electrode is applied to the platinum cathode, a current proportional to the oxygen concentration is produced. Normally both electrodes are bathed in a solution of saturated potassium chloride and separated from the bulk solution by an oxygen-permeable plastic membrane (e.g. Teflon, polytetrafluoroethylene).

4. Optical biosensors
There are two main areas of development in optical biosensors. These involve determining changes in light absorption between the reactants and products of a reaction, or measuring the light output by a luminescent process. The former usually involve the widely established, if rather low technology, use of colorimetric test strips. These are disposable single-use cellulose pads impregnated with enzyme and reagents. The most common use of this technology is for whole-blood monitoring in diabetes control. In this case, the strips include glucose oxidase, horseradish peroxidase (EC
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1.11.1.7) and a chromogen (e.g. o-toluidine or 3, 3, 5, 5-tetramethylbenzidine). The hydrogen peroxide, produced by the aerobic oxidation of glucose, oxidizes the weakly coloured chromogen to a highly coloured dye. Peroxidase chromogen (2H) + H2O2 dye + 2H2O The evaluation of the dyed strips is best achieved by the use of portable reflectance meters, although direct visual comparison with a coloured chart is often used. A wide variety of test strips involving other enzymes are commercially available at the present time. A most promising biosensor involving luminescence uses firefly luciferase (Photinus-luciferin 4-monooxygenase (ATP-hydrolysing), EC 1.13.12.7) to detect the presence of bacteria in food or clinical samples. Bacteria are specifically lysed and the ATP released (roughly proportional to the number of bacteria present) reacted with Dluciferin and oxygen in a reaction which produces yellow light in high quantum yield. Luciferase ATP + D-luciferin + O2 oxyluciferin + AMP + pyrophosphate + CO2 + light (562 nm) The light produced may be detected photometrically by use of high-voltage, and expensive, photomultiplier tubes or low-voltage cheap photodiode systems. The sensitivity of the photomultiplier-containing systems is, at present, somewhat greater (< 104 cells ml-1, < 10-12 M ATP) than the simpler photon detectors which use photodiodes. Firefly luciferase is a very expensive enzyme, only obtainable from the tails of wild fireflies. Use of immobilized luciferase greatly reduces the cost of these analyses.

5. Piezo-electric biosensors
Piezo-electric crystals (e.g. quartz) vibrate under the influence of an electric field. The frequency of this oscillation (f) depends on their thickness and cut, each crystal having a characteristic resonant frequency. This resonant frequency changes as molecules adsorb or desorbed from the surface of the crystal, obeying the relationships where Df is the change in resonant frequency (Hz), Dm is the change in mass of adsorbed material (g), K is a constant for the particular crystal dependent on such factors as its density and cut, and A is the adsorbing surface area (cm2). For any piezo-electric crystal, the change in frequency is proportional to the mass of absorbed material, up to about a 2% change. This frequency change is easily detected by relatively unsophisticated electronic circuits. A simple use of such a transducer is a formaldehyde biosensor, utilizing a formaldehyde dehydrogenase coating immobilized to a quartz crystal and sensitive to gaseous formaldehyde. The major drawback of these devices is the interference from atmospheric humidity and the difficulty in using them for the determination of material in

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solution. They are, however, inexpensive, small and robust, and capable of giving a rapid response.

6. Immunosensors
Biosensors may be used in conjunction with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). The principle behind the ELISA technique is shown in Figure 6.9. ELISA is used to detect and amplify an antigen-antibody reaction; the amount of enzyme-linked antigen bound to the immobilized antibody being determined by the relative concentration of the free and conjugated antigen and quantified by the rate of enzymic reaction. Enzymes with high turnover numbers are used in order to achieve rapid response. The sensitivity of such assays may be further enhanced by utilizing enzyme-catalysed reactions which give intrinsically greater response; for instance, those giving rise to highly coloured, fluorescent or bioluminescent products. Assay kits using this technique are now available for a vast range of analyses.

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Optical biosensors2
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Optrode-based fiber optic biosensors Evanescent wave fiber optic biosensors Planar waveguides for fluorescence biosensors Surface plasmon resonance biosensors Flow immunosensors Fluorescence lifetime biosensing: Entering the mainstream Electrochemiluminescence Plasmonic SERS molecular sentinels: A new biosensing approach

Fig. 5

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Optrode-based fiber optic biosensors (bio-optrodes) are analytical devices incorporating

optical fibers and biological recognition molecules. Optical fibers are small and flexible 'wires' made out of glass or plastic that can transmit light signals, with minimal loss, over long distances. The light signals are generated by a sensing layer, which is usually composed of biorecognition molecules and dyes, coupled to the fiber end. Light is transmitted through the optical fibers to the sensing layer where different optical phenomena such as absorption or luminescence are used to measure the interactions between the analyte and the sensing layer. Bio-optrodes can be used for remote analytical applications including clinical, environmental, and industrial process monitoring. This chapter describes the basic characteristics of optical fibers and the optical methods used to transduce a biorecognition event to an optical signal. It also summarizes the instrumentation employed in optrode biosensors, the biological sensing elements, and the methods to immobilize them on the fiber optic surfaces. Furthermore, it illustrates few examples of new bio-optrode technologies and applications, which include nanotechnological, clinical, environmental and industrial applications. Recent advancements in bio-optrode technologies include the development of nanoscale bio-optrodes, enabling measurements inside single living cells, and the development of multianalyte and reagentless bio-optrodes. The study concludes by discussing the advantages and limitations of bio-optrodes.

Fiber optic biosensors utilize the concept of total internal reflection (TIR), wherein the light,
whether it is source or signal, transits the optical fiber by repeatedly reflecting off the claddingcore interface in a lossless fashion. For light reflecting at angles near the critical angle, a significant portion of the power extends into the cladding or medium which surrounds the core. This phenomenon, known as the evanescent wave, extends only to a short distance from the interface, with power dropping exponentially with distance. The evanescent wave has been exploited to allow for real-time interrogation of surface-specific recognition events. The majority of the evanescent wave fiber optic biosensors described to date are essentially fluorimeters that monitor fluorescent signals generated at the surface of an optical fiber probe coated with a biological recognition molecule. The majority of recent work in evanescent wave fiber optic biosensors has been in immunoassay development and analyte detection in real-world samples, alternative recognition schemes, detection of nucleic acid sequences, 'reagentless' sensing, and extending the capabilities of the instrumentation (miniaturization, automation, multianalyte detection, and continuous monitoring). The advantages of fiber optic sensors are that they are immune to many interfering electrochemical and electromagnetic effects that plague sensors based on electrochemical transduction, the capability of performing multiple assays in parallel, and the surface-selective nature of the evanescent wave, which allows the capability of real time measurements. A key disadvantage of evanescent wave systems is the poor coupling efficiency of the generated fluorescence back into guided modes. When a fluorophore (fluorescent molecule or atom) is raised to an excited state by absorbance of a photon, it spends a very short time (typically a few nanoseconds) in that state before emitting a photon (or decaying by another process). For an individual fluorophore the

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time interval between absorption and emission varies randomly, but for an ensemble of fluorophores the average amount of time spent in the excited state is a characteristic of the fluorophore called the lifetime, . The measurement of fluorescence lifetime biosensing can be done using a time-domain lifetime measurement approach or a frequency-domain lifetime measurement approach. This chapter also discusses the basic approaches for lifetime-based biosensing. While time- and frequency-domain instruments have been available commercially, they were not operable by scientists outside the field without significant training. However, the availability of essentially turnkey instrumentation has brought lifetime-based sensing much more into the mainstream. Finally, adaptation of the approach for use with the microscope and with optical fibers makes these sensors uniquely useful for biology and environmental monitoring; of particular importance is their utility for quantitative fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)based studies in live cells.

Planar waveguides for fluorescence biosensors consist of two important features: the
molecular recognition element and the signal transduction mechanism. The leading methods for fluorescence-based, multianalyte detection are based on total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF). TIRF excitation of planar waveguides is the most utilized optical configuration. Immobilization of multiple capture biomolecules on planar waveguides provides for multianalyte detection on a single substrate. TIRF is a means of selectively exciting the fluorescence emission of fluorophores present near the surface of a waveguide and is relatively immune to bulk matrix effects. Planar waveguide TIRF has been used to measure a variety of analytes including hormones, toxins, bacteria, and viruses, leading to applications such as environmental and food safety monitoring, clinical diagnostics, and military defense. This technique has found numerous applications in the field of biosensors, in particular immunosensors and sensors for genetic analysis. The introduction of a fluorescent probe to a biomolecule has the advantage of allowing both site and spectral selection. Fluorescent labels have longer shelf lives, lower costs, and greater safety than radiolabels. An inherent advantage of using evanescent wave fluorescence is its surface-specific nature. While fluorescence-based detection provides sensitivity in terms of signal-to-background discrimination, the requirement for a fluorescent assay component may also be a disadvantage. The continued development and miniaturization of the biosensor instrumentation has led to systems that are fully automated, portable, and highly competitive with laboratory techniques. Such biosensors are now transitioning into the commercial market.

Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensors use surface plasma waves (SPWs) to probe biomolecular interactions occurring at the surface of a sensor. This chapter introduces SPWs, presents methods for their excitation and interrogation, and discusses the concept of SPR optical biosensors. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensors exploit special electromagnetic waves, surface plasmon-polaritons, to probe changes in the refractive index at surfaces of metals. Surface plasmon resonance biosensors can therefore be used to monitor the interaction between an analyte in solution and its biospecific partner immobilized on the metal surface

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without the use of labels. Major application areas include detection of low levels of biological analytes and study of biomolecular interactions. An SPR biosensor instrument consists of an optical system for excitation and interrogation of SPWs, a biospecific coating incorporating a biomolecular recognition element that interacts with analyte molecules in a liquid sample, a fluidic system comprising one or more flow cells or cuvettes for sample confinement at the sensing surface(s), and systems for sampling and sample delivery. This chapter reviews the state of the art in the two key components of SPR biosensors, optical instrumentation and biospecific coatings, and discusses the main application areas for SPR biosensors. It concludes by stating that in the past 15 years, SPR biosensor technology has been commercialized, and SPR biosensors have become a central tool for characterizing and quantifying biomolecular interactions both in life science and pharmaceutical research.

Immunosensors have become a predominant form of biosensor due primarily to the ready
availability of many different well-characterized antibodies. Work on the kinetic exclusion sensor was initiated in the 1990s by engineers dissatisfied with the performance of fluorescent evanescent waveguide biosensors for the analysis of environmental samples. The goal was to develop an immunosensor system less susceptible than fluorescent waveguide sensors to variables that were difficult to control in real-world samples (pH, ionic strength, ion composition). Flow immunosensors combine the selectivity and sensitivity of traditional immunoassays with the rapid response of a sensor. This chapter describes two different flow immunosensors: a displacement immunosensor that utilizes a non-equilibrium displacement reaction and a kinetic exclusion immunosensor that measures the amount of free antibodybinding sites in an equilibrium mixture of antibody and antigen. It begins with an explanation of the principles of operation of immunosensors. It also presents the evolution of this technology from laboratory prototypes to field applications. Commercial versions of the flow immunosensors have been engineered that integrate fluidics, electronics, and computer control into both portable and autonomous instruments. More recently advanced laboratory prototypes of the displacement immunosensor have been fabricated to improve low-end detection, extend the applications to underwater sensing, enhance field ruggedness, and assist in the manufacturing process. Finally, the study presents the advantages and limitations of flow immunosensors.

Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) is the process where species generated at electrodes undergo electron-transfer reactions to form excited states that emit light. This chapter outlines the principles, history, applications, advantages, limitations, and possibilities for improving the performance of this technology. Electrochemiluminescence is a means of converting electrical energy into light (radiant energy). It involves the production of reactive intermediates from stable precursors at the surface of an electrode. These intermediates then react under a variety of conditions to form excited states that emit light. Traditionally, ECL was generated via annihilation, where the electrontransfer reaction is between an oxidized and a reduced species, both of which are generated at an electrode by alternate pulsing of the electrode potential.

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Electrochemiluminescence can also be generated in a single potential step utilizing a coreactant. Coreactant ECL has been used in a wide range of analytical applications including clinical diagnostics, chromatography, food and water testing, and biowarfare agent detection. ECL can also be used in the analysis of various species. Furthermore, electrochemiluminescence has also been used to monitor enzymatic reactions. ECL labels have distinct advantages over detection methods as they are sensitive, nonhazardous, inexpensive, diagnostic of the presence of a particular label, linear over a wide range, and incorporate simple and relatively inexpensive equipment.

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS): The detection of specific target DNA sequences
using a novel 'molecular sentinel' (MS) biosensing approach using surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) detection is another field of application of Biosensors. The SERS-based MS nanoprobe consists of a metal nanoparticle and a stem-loop DNA molecule tagged with a Raman label. The nanoprobe utilizes the specificity and selectivity of the DNA hairpin probe sequence to detect a specific target DNA sequence of interest. In the normal configuration and in the absence of target DNA, the stem-loop configuration maintains the Raman label in close proximity to the metal nanoparticle, inducing an intense SERS effect that produces a strong Raman signal upon laser excitation. Upon hybridization of a complementary target DNA sequence to the nanoprobe, the stem-loop configuration is disrupted, causing the Raman label to physically separate from the metal nanoparticle, thus quenching the SERS signal. Due to the possibility of performing simple homogeneous bioassays, the SERS-MSs provide useful diagnostic probes for multiple biological targets. The potential for combining the spectral selectivity and high sensitivity of the SERS process with inherent molecular specificity of MS nanoprobes to diagnose molecular target sequences is discussed.

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Applications

Fig. 6

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Analysis

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Graph 1
70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 14 32

US Patent Filing per Year

64 56 46 32 26 25 21 13 2 48 59 55 45 66

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 US Patent Filing per Year

Interpretation:
US filing graph indicates that there is continuous bulk filing for patents related to optical biosensors in US after year 2000. From yr. 2000 to 2008, there were 439 patent applications filed in United States. Highest filing year is 2006 with 66 patent applications.

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90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 2 12 18

US Published Patents per Year

87 65 50 23 29 27 29 32 30 45 49 65 41

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 US Published Patents per Year

Graph 2

Interpretation:
The following graph indicates a very steep growth in publication of patent applications for inventions. Year 2010 showing highest publications of application with figure 87. Year 2009 and 2011 are next to it with 65 publications each.

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Classification Code Used per Year

G01N

G02B
G01J H01J 45 40 35 30 No. of Patents 25 20 15 10 5 0 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 C12Q A61B

C09K
G07B B01L C07K C12N H04B H04J G01D C07D C07F G09G A61K C07H C08G H01B C12M B01J

Graph 3
Timeline

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Prominently Used IPC codes

Table 1 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 G01N 12 26 25 29 22 41 12 18 20 18 17 14 4 3 261 G02B 4 9 5 7 2 14 12 23 21 20 23 10 11 3 1 165 G01B A61B 4 1 2 3 2 10 7 4 4 3 1 4 5 1 G01J 2 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 6 9 4 9 2 4 C12Q 2 8 2 6 7 1 4 5 3 2 C12M 1 1 1 3 2 2 3 6 4 3 4 3 2 1 36 G02F H01L G06K H01S C12N 3

2 2 1 3 1 4 4 4 2 1 1 1 3 2 1 3 4 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 12 2 2 1 1

1 1 7 4 9 22 7 5 2 59

1 1 1 2 1 3 4

51

45

40

22

13

11

11

Interpretation:
A highly used IPC code is G01N which is a code of class physics in IPC system of classification. It is defined for Investigating and Analysing material by determining their physical properties. It dominates with 261 patents. Second Class is G02B. The definition of class define it as Optical element, system or apparatus. It consists of 165 patent inventions.

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100

IPC used per year

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

Graph 4
10

0 IPC used per year

1996 42

1997 59

1998 43

1999 60

2000 48

2001 99

2002 47

2003 65

2004 92

2005 74

2006 78

2007 76

2008 54

2009 26

2010 17

2011 2

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University of washington 7 HP Company 32 The Regents of University of California 4 Fujifilms Corp. 4 University of Utah Research Foundation 8 Philips Corp 6 Imation Corp 4 Minimed Corp 7 Trustees of Tuffs College 9 Kimberly-clark worldwide Inc 12 Bayer Corp 8 The Regents of University of Michigan 4 Texas Instruments Inc. 5 Luna Innovations Inc 8

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Sensors for medicine and science (Germantown) 5 CSEM The University of Texas system Varian Inc General Electric Company SRU Biosystems Inc 5 Mesophotonics Limited Hitachi Limited Roche Diagnostics Operations Inc Illumina Inc The General Hospital Corp 5 Lumidigm Inc Agilent Technologies Inc Veridan Systems Division Electronics and Telecommunications Research Artificial Sensing Instruments ASI AG Corning Inc 5 NanoOpto Corp Lucent Technologies Inc UT-Batelle LLC Canon Corp U.S.A.,The Administrator of the National Fortebio Inc Medtronics Inc Palo Alto Research Center Inc
23

4 7 6 16 Prominent Assignees 5 4 11 31 4 4 4 4 5 20 5 4 4 4 4 4 11 5

Becton, Dickinson and Company 3M Innovative Properties Company University of Illinois

Prominent Assignees

6 6

Table 2

Top Assignees
32 31 20 16 12 11 11 9 8 8 8 7 7 7 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

The Regents of University of California The General Hospital Corp Corning Inc SRU Biosystems Inc Bayer Corp Illumina Inc Palo Alto Research Center Inc Kimberly-clark worldwide Inc Philips Corp The Regents of University of Michigan Sensors for medicine and science (Germantown) HP Company Trustees of Tuffs College Varian Inc Imation Corp General Electric Company 3M Innovative Properties Company University of Illinois Luna Innovations Inc CSEM Mesophotonics Limited Hitachi Limited Lumidigm Inc Artificial Sensing Instruments ASI AG NanoOpto Corp Lucent Technologies Inc Becton, Dickinson and Company University of washington Fujifilms Corp. University of Utah Research Foundation Minimed Corp Texas Instruments Inc. The University of Texas system Roche Diagnostics Operations Inc The Board, Of Governors For Higher Education Stat Of Plantations Piyush Upadhyay 2012

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Agilent Technologies Inc Veridan Systems Division Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute UT-Batelle LLC Canon Corp U.S.A.,The Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Fortebio Inc Medtronics Inc

4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

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Categories of Assignees
Research Organisations Academics Companies Sole Inventors Research Organisations, 33 Sole Inventors, 102 Academics, 125

Companies, 354

Graph 6

Interpretation:
This Graph obtained by distribution of 604 patents filed in Unites States of America shows the various categories of Assignees. It shows that companies are doing lot of researches in the emerging field of Optical Biosensors. Companies have 354 patents which is more than 2 times of other categories of assignees having 125 and 103 patents to Academics institutes and sole inventors respectively.

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US Internal Filing
Graph 7
140 127 120 100 84 80 60 40 38 22 22 19 18 9

20
0

14 13 12 11 11 10

US states Filing

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13

225

11 11 7 8

21

Assignee Origin Countries

United States of America, US Liechtenstein,LI Switzerland,CH United Kingdom,GB Japan,JP Sudan,SD Swedan,SE Germany,DE Denmark,DK Colombia,CO Brazil,BR

12
22 13 3 16

Singapore,SG
Republic of Korea,KR Taiwan,TW Hungary,HU Spain,ES 473

Belgium,BE
Norway,NO

Graph 8

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Types of Inventions
Product and Process, 184 Product, 304

Process, 116

Graph 9

Product

Process

Product and Process

Interpretation:
A very interesting outcome of the above graph is that product inventions are dominant over process inventions. Product type invention are 304 in number and process type inventions are 116 only which shows that the research houses and companies have more interest in developing new product in Optical biosensing field.

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Conclusion:
From this patent landscape we come to know that research in Optical biosensor field is very prominent in Product type inventions. This technology emerged in 1996 and with regular research in the field there are many products in market. But still there is lot of scope in this field like in communication system and Bio weapons detection systems. US is biggest player in this field of technology. Companies are working and exploring this field more than Academic institutes and research houses.

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References:
1. http://www.lsbu.ac.uk/biology/enztech/summary6.html 2. http://www.scribd.com/doc/63215969/Bio-Sensor 3. Clark HA, Kopelman R, Tjalkens R, Philbert MA. Optical nanosensors for chemical analysis inside single living cells. 2. Sensors for pH and calcium and the intracellular application of PEBBLE sensors. Anal Chem. 1999 Nov 4. "Rapid detection of influenza A virus in clinical samples using an ion channel switch biosensor". Biosensors & Bioelectronics 5. http://www.technologyreview.com/news/411099/mimicking-body-biosensors/

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APPENDIX I
List of Tables
Table 1:- Prominently Used IPC.21 Table 2:- Top Assignee24

APPENDIX II
List of Graphs
Graph 1- US Filing...18 Graph 2-US Patent Publications. ....19 Graph 3- Classification Codes used per year. ..20 Graph 4-IPC Used per year...22 Graph 5- Prominent Assignees23 Graph 6- Categories of Assignees....26 Graph 7-US Internal Filing ..27 Graph 8-Assignee origin Countries...28 Graph 9- Types of Inventions...29

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APPENDIX III
List of Figures
Figure 1- Types of Biosensors 6 Figure 2- Calorimetric Biosensors ..6 Figure 3- Photometric Biosensors ..7 Figure 4- Amperometric Biosensors .8 Figure 5- Optical Biosensors .11 Figure 6- Applications of Biosensors16

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