BIO 202 - EXAM 1 REVIEW ( PART 3 )

Chapter 21
1) 2) ___________________________ is the opening in blood vessels through which blood flows. ___________________________ is formed largely of endothelium and basement membrane, and is the only layer in capillaries. 3) ___________________________ are tiny blood vessels that carry nutrients to walls of blood vessels. 4) ___________________________ is composed of smooth muscle and elastic fibers; contraction permits vasoconstriction, relaxation permits vasodilation. 5) ___________________________ is a strong outer layer of blood vessels composed mainly of elastic and collagenous fibers. 6) ___________________________ are known as exchange vessels; they are sites of gas, nutrient, and waste exchange with tissues. 7) ___________________________ are known as resistance vessels; they play the primary role in regulating moment-to-moment distribution of blood and in regulating blood pressure. 8) 9) Sinusoids are wider, more leaky versions of this type of vessel: ________________________. Reservoirs for about 60% of the volume of blood in the body; vasoconstriction (due to sympathetic impulses) permits redistribution of blood stored here: ______________________, _______________________, _______________________. 10) What is the difference between conducting arteries and distributing arteries?

11)

What is the difference between an artery and a vein?

12)

What is the difference between a thoroughfare channel and a true capillary?

13)

What is the difference between a continuous capillary and a fenestrated capillary?

14)

Veins have ( THICKER or THINNER ) walls than arteries. This structural feature relates to the fact that the pressure in veins is ( MORE or LESS ) than in arteries. The pressure difference is demonstrated when a vein is cut; blood leaves a cut vein in ( RAPID SPURTS or AN EVEN FLOW ).

15)

A vascular (venous) sinus has ___________________________________________ which replaces the tunica media and tunica externa. In this way, sinuses have the ( STRUCTURE BUT NOT FUNCTION or FUNCTION BUT NOT STRUCTURE ) of veins. List two places where such sinuses are found.

16)

How are anastomoses protective to the body?

17)

At rest, ( ARTERIES AND ARTERIOLES / CAPILLARIES / VENULES AND VEINS ) contain most of the blood in the body.

18)

( SYMPATHETIC or PARASYMPATHETIC ) nerve impulses to venules and veins cause vasoconstriction and release of blood from these vessels. Name two locations of venous reservoirs that can be activated to release blood when needed.

19)

State two examples of circumstances that might activate distribution of reservoir blood.

20)

DEFINE: a) Simple Diffusion

b) Bulk flow c) Transcytosis 21) In the aorta and brachial artery, blood pressure is normally about 110 mm Hg immediately following ventricular contraction. This is called ( SYSTOLIC or DIASTOLIC ) blood pressure. As ventricles relax (or go into ____________________), blood is no longer ejected into these arteries. However, the normally ( ELASTIC or RIGID ) walls of these vessels recoil against blood, pressing it onward with a diastolic blood pressure of _______ mm Hg. 22) In a blood pressure of 120/80, the average of the two pressures (systolic and diastolic) is 100. However, the MABP (mean arterial blood pressure) for a BP of 120/80 is slightly less than 100; it is about 93. REASON: During the typical cardiac cycle (0.8 sec), the ventricles are in ( SYSTOLE

or DIASTOLE) for about two-thirds of the cycle and in systole for only about one-third of the cycle. As a result, the MABP is always slightly closer to the value of the diastolic blood pressure. 23) Velocity of blood flow is greatest in ( ARTERIES / CAPILLARIES / VEINS ). Flow is slowest in _____________________. As a result, ample time is available for exchange between capillary blood and tissues. 24) As blood moves from capillaries into venules and veins, its velocity ( INCREASES or DECREASES ), enhancing venous return. 25) Inadequate blood flow to the brain is one cause of fainting, clinically known as ___________________________. 26) 27) Hypertension means ( HIGH or LOW ) blood pressure. CIRCLE ALL THE FACTORS LISTED BELOW THAT TEND TO DECREASE BLOOD PRESSURE. Increase in cardiac output, as by increased heart rate or stroke volume Increase in vagal impulses from cardioinhibitory center Decrease in blood volume, as following a hemorrhage Increase in blood volume, by excess salt intake and water retention Increased systemic vascular resistance due to vasoconstriction of arterioles Decreased viscosity of blood via loss of blood protein or red blood cells Use of medications called dilators because they dilate arterioles, especially in areas such as abdomen or skin 28) Write or next to each hormone or other chemical listed below to indicate whether the chemical/hormone increases or decreases blood pressure.

__________ ADH __________ Angiotensin II __________ Aldosterone __________ Epinephrine of NE __________ ANP 29) Autoregulation is a mechanism for regulating blood flow through specific tissue areas. Unlike cardiac and vasomotor mechanisms, autoregulation occurs by ( LOCAL or ANS ) control. 30) When a tissue (such as an active muscle) is hypoxic, the cells of that tissue release ( VASOCONSTRICTING or VASODILATING ) substances. These may include __________________ acid, built up by active muscle. Other products of metabolism that serve as dilator substances include:

31)

Compared to systemic vessels, pulmonary blood vessels respond ( SIMILARLY or OPPOSITE ) to hypoxic conditions. Arterioles in hypoxic parts of the lungs will ( VASOCONSTRICT or VASODILATE ). How can this mechanism be helpful to the body?

32)

Define pulse.

33)

Know the list of arteries/veins I gave you. Know where each artery branches from, and what specific organ/tissue it supplies. As far as veins go, know what organ/tissue it serves, and which vein it drains into.