Communication Systems Spring 2012

Signals d Systems P A Si l and S Part

Signals and Systems?

Concepts of Signals and Systems arise in p g y wide variety of fields
Communications Aeronautics and Astronautics g Circuit Design Acoustics Biomedical Engineering Energy Generation Speech Processing
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Signals and Systems?

Physical nature of Signals and Systems in y g y various disciplines is drastically different Two bas c features in co wo basic eatu es common o
The Signals, contain information about the behavior or nature of some phenomenon p The Systems, respond to particular signals by producing other signals or some desired behavior

Signal Classification
Deterministic or Random Energy or Power Periodic or Aperiodic Complex or Real Continuous time or Di C i i Discrete time i Analog or Digital

Energy verses Power Signals

Energy Signals gy g
x(t) is called energy signal if it has finite energy, Ex < A Associated with pulsed or finite d i d ih l d fi i duration i waveforms p p , Examples: Speech, Video etc.
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More Energy Signal Examples

A single pulse g p

Sinc Function

More Energy Signal Examples

Energy verses Power Signals

Power Signals do not have finite energy In reality, all signals are energy signals It is often mathematically convenient to y model certain signals as power signals
Voice signal example

If Ex < , then Px = 0
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Power Signal Example: Sinusoids

Sinusoidal signals are power signals g p g

Power Signal Exmple: Pulsed Train

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Signal Units
Signals do have units
Examples: Current velocity speech etc Current, velocity,

In this course, signals will be considered and analyzed independent of physical unit However i i i H it is important to remember b
Energy is typically measured in Joules Power is typically measured in Watts

Most of the signals we consider are voltages or currents To obtain energy and power in the appropriate units gy p pp p a resistance needs to be specified
Watts = Volts2/Ohms g Well all take resistance being units R = 1

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Continuous and Discrete-time DiscreteSignals

Signals either vary continuously in time or only at discrete points in time Examples
In electrical circuits and mechanical systems signals vary continuously D il closing stock market average evolves at Daily l i t k k t l t discrete points in time

This distinction leads to two parallel frameworks for signals and systems y analysis
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Continuous and Discrete-time DiscreteSignals Contd.

Independent variable can be
Can be continuous
Trajectory of a space shuttle Mass density in a cross-section of a brain y

Can be discrete
Weekly stock market index Digital image pixels

Continuous-time Signals: x(t), t continuous values Discrete-time Signals: x[n], n integer values only g [ ] g y
DT signal is defined only for specified time instants!

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Continuous and Discrete-time DiscreteSignals Contd.

Most of the signals in the physical world g p y are CT signals
Voltage & current, Pressure, Temperature, g p Velocity, etc.

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Examples: Continuous time Signals

An RC circuit An automobile

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Examples: DiscreteExamples: Discrete-time Signals

Closing value of the stock exchange index
Index

Digital Image

M T

W T

Courtesy of Jason Oppenheim.

Fig. Stock exchange

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Real versus Complex Signals

Complex signals arise often in communication systems analysis and design
Fourier Transform R Representation of b d t ti f bandpass signals i l

A complex signal and a complex exponential is defined as

Where x(t) and y(t) are both real signals

It is often known as Eulers Rule Rectangular and Polar Forms

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Real versus Complex Signals Contd.

Magnitude and phase form representation g p p

Complex conjugate: Some important formulas for complex signals are

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Complex Exponential Signal

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Periodic versus Aperiodic Signals

A Periodic signal is one that repeats g p itself in time

Fundamental Frequency is fT = 1/T Examples

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Periodic versus Aperiodic Signals

Most periodic signals are power signals. Why? Periodicity is a mathematical convenience that is not rigorously true for any real signal g y y g An Aperiodic signal is defined to be a signal that is not periodic
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