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Contents: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. The Crisis of the Ancien Rgime in Spain (1808-1833). The Configuration of the Liberal State (1833-1868). The Democratic Sexennium (1868-1874). The Restoration (1874-1898). The Economic and Social Transformations. Art and Culture in the 19th Century Spain.
History, 4th ESO Bilingual Section IES Snchez Lastra The Crisis of the Ancien Rgime in Spain (1808-1833).
History, 4th ESO Bilingual Section IES Snchez Lastra The Configuration of the Liberal State (1833-1868).
History, 4th ESO Bilingual Section IES Snchez Lastra The Democratic Sexennium and The Restoration (1868-1898).
History, 4th ESO Bilingual Section IES Snchez Lastra 1. The Crisis of the Ancien Rgime in Spain (1808-1833).
The current Spanish society takes shape in the 19 century. It was in the 19 century when Liberalism and Capitalism spread all over Europe and arrived in Spain, nevertheless both systems came late and in a more temperate way. The first stage, called the Crisis of the Ancien Rgime, established the transition from the Old System to the Liberal Society. This change was peculiar within Europe and it was in this period when the most important conflicts of the Spanish Liberalism took place. The fear to the French Revolution stopped the slight economic and cultural reforms undertaken by the enlightened th ministers in the 18 century. A: The Guerra de la Independencia espaola AND THE CONSTITUTION OF CADIZ. th Spain began the 19 century in the midst of a period of crisis and social unrest. These were the main causes: A long cycle of bad harvests and Epidemics. Wars against Revolutionary France, a.k.a. Guerra de la Convencin, (1793-1795); War against England (1797-1801) ; War of the Third Coalition (1803-1806) where Spain lost the best ships of her Navy in the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805. Separatist movements in the Spanish American Colonies, where many resources for the Crown Treasury came from. The political situation was also critical and the dissatisfaction with King Carlos IV exploded in 1808 with the Mutiny of Aranjuez. The King had to abdicate in favour of his son Fernando VII. The Mutiny of Aranjuez (Motn de Aranjuez.) Napoleon had nearly all Europe in his hands at that time but when Portugal, a close ally to England violated the Continental System, he looked for the Spanish support. Manuel Godoy, Prime Minister or Valido of King Carlos IV, signed the Treaty of Fontainebleau with Napoleon in 1807. They agreed to let the French Army a free pathway through Spain for a joint invasion of Portugal. However the true intention of Napoleon was to conquer Spain herself and ensure the southern border of France. The presence of French troops in Spanish soil made the concern spread out all over the country. Godoy finally took the Royal Family to Aranjuez with the idea of a flight southwards or th even to America if necessary. In this context on March the 17 1808 a crowd stormed the Palace and Godoy hardly could hide and save his life. It was Fernando, Prince of Asturias who was behind the Mutiny. Two days later he forced his father, the King Carlos IV to abdicate in his favour. The Mutiny of Aranjuez was the beginning of the end of the Ancien Rgime in Spain. When Napoleon noticed about the dispute between the father and the son, he called them to Bayonne, and forced both of them to abdicate the Spanish throne. After the Abdications of Bayonne, where Fernando was appropriately bribed, Napoleon ceded the crown to his brother Jose Bonaparte who became King of Spain with name of Jos I. The people soon nicknamed the foreign king as Pepe Botella. Napoleon granted then the Bayonne Statute (Glossary 2).
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However, from 1812 on an Anglo-Spanish army led by Wellington gained territory until the French were thrown out of Spain in 1814 and Fernando VII recovered his crown. During the War of Independence there were two parallel powers in Spain: the Monarchy of Jos I and the Junta Central Suprema that held power on behalf of Fernando VII. This Junta managed to call the Cortes in Cadiz in 1812 and approved the first Spanish th Constitution on March 19 upon a liberal majority. This Chart, popularly known as La Pepa, abolished Absolutism, established the National Sovereignty, and proposed a constitutional monarchy with separations of powers. However, La Pepa did not grant the freedom of worship and considered the Roman Catholic Church as the only religion allowed. Art. 1. La Nacin espaola es la reunin de todos los espaoles de ambos hemisferios. Art. 2. La Nacin espaola es libre e independiente, y no es ni puede ser patrimonio de ninguna familia ni persona. Art. 3. La soberana reside esencialmente en la Nacin, y por lo mismo pertenece a sta exclusivamente el derecho de establecer sus leyes fundamentales. Art. 12. La religin de la Nacin espaola es y ser perpetuamente la catlica, apostlica, romana, nica verdadera. La Nacin la protege por leyes sabias y justas y prohbe el ejercicio de cualquiera otra.
C: THE REIGN OF FERNANDO VII. (II) THE LIBERAL TRIENNIUM 1820-1823. In this context, it was a question of time that a liberal pronunciamiento succeeded finally. In 1820 Colonel Riego started a mutiny demanding the return of 1812 Constitution and brought the period known as Liberal Triennium. King Fernando was therefore forced to take the oath of allegiance to the Constitution against his will. Marchemos francamente, y yo el primero, por la senda constitucional he said reluctantly. Nevertheless the Holly Alliance agreed to quell the Liberal uprising in Spain and sent a French Army that invaded the country once again in 1823. It was popularly known as los Cien mil hijos de San Luis. The royal absolutism had been finally restored in Spain by a foreign influence.
The tensions between those who defended the Ancien Rgime and the partisans of the Liberal Revolution took most of the mid 1800's. In the practice, the Liberal Model consolidated in spite of the Carlist Wars that endured most of the century. The current political tendencies (Right and Left wings) arose in this moment under the name of Moderates and Progressives, and contested for power throughout the century. A. THE CARLISM AND THE PROGRESSIVE TRIUMPH. (1833-1843) In 1833 Fernando VII died and since his daughter Isabel was underage, a Regency (Glossary 5) of the Queen Mother Mara Cristina was established. The main issue of this period was the Civil War between Carlists and Isabelians. The Isabelians Liberals represented the bourgeoisie, part of the Aristocracy and the urban common people. The absolutist Carlists had on their side the rural clergy, the low aristocracy and in many places the peasants and the craftsmen. A1. THE CARLIST WARS AND THE CONVENTION OF VERGARA. st On august 31 1839, the Liberal General Espartero, and his Carlist counterpart Maroto, confirmed the so-called Convention or Abrazo of Vergara with an embrace before their troops. It was the end of the war on the northern front during the First Carlist War. The Convention meant practically the end of the civil war, although the combats went on in Aragon and Catalonia until July 1840. The agreement recognised the military ranks of those who had fought in the Carlist side and made an ambiguous promise of respect to the Basque-Navarrese Fueros, Glossary 6. That War had been a civil conflict initiated in 1833 for the succession to Fernando VII. The followers of the Kings Brother, Carlos Mara Isidro, were Absolutists and were known as Carlists. On the other hand the supporters of the Kings daughter Isabel were the Isabelists or Cristinos named after the regent queen Mara Cristina and aspired to a Liberal system.
FOCUS 1. The Catalan Nationalism. Catalonia and the other Kingdoms of the Crown of Aragon had lost their Laws and Fueros with the Nueva Planta Decrees imposed after the War of succession. Catalan Nationalism evolved on three stages: - In the 1830s, began the Romantic Renaixena: an intellectual, literary movement with no political aims that was based in the recovery of the Catalan language. - In 1882, Valent Almirall founded the Centre Catal, a political organization that vindicated Autonomy and criticised the corruption (Caciquismo) in the Spain of the Restoration. - In 1891, Enric Prat de la Riba founded the Uni Catalanista, a conservative and catholic party that was fiercely nationalist but allegedly had no separatist aims. In 1892, this organization drafted and approved the Bases of Manresa, a program that claimed for self-government and a share of competences between the Spanish Sate and the Catalan Autonomy. The Catalan Nationalism spread among the bourgeoisie and the peasantry but the working class mostly embraced anarchism. FOCUS 2. The Basque Nationalism. th The defence of the Basque Fueros during the 19 century was linked to the Carlist cause. The successive defeats of the absolutists led to the abolition of the Fueros in 1876. The Biscayan bourgeoisie, enriched with the industrialisation, was the growth medium for the Basque Nationalism. The PNV (Partido Nacionalista Vasco) was founded in 1895 by Sabino Arana. Arana was the descendant of a Carlist Ultra-Catholic family and set the ideological principles of the Basque nationalism on four points: - Separatism: The Independence of Euskadi (Basque Fatherland with its 7 provinces). - Racism: The exaltation of the Basque Race and the maintenance of its racial purity. - Roman Catholic Integrism: A complete subordination of the State to Church. - Promotion of the Basque Language and cultural traditions. The social and geographical influence of the Basque nationalism was not homogenous. It spread within the small and medium-sized bourgeoisie and the rural countryside. The high industrial and financial bourgeoisie kept the distances with nationalism and most of the proletariat, who were coming from other regions in Spain, embraced Socialism. PNV became very popular in Biscay and Guipuzkoa while Alava and Navarre remained out of its influence.
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History, 4th ESO Bilingual Section IES Snchez Lastra 3. The Democratic Sexennium (1868-1874).
The Sexennium governments tried to satisfy the necessities of all the social classes where those in the former stage had only favoured the privileged groups. Initially a democratic monarchy was established and afterwards a republic came, but both of them failed to achieve their democratic goals. A. THE DEMOCRATIC MONARCHY (1868-1873). The Revolution of 1868 plotted by Progressives and Republicans sent the Queen into exile. Soon afterwards the first Spanish election with universal male suffrage was called and in 1869, a Constitution was drafted establishing a democratic monarchy. But whats a Monarchy without a King? The Crown fell on Amadeo of Savoy, a King of democratic mood and respectful with the Constitution. However, his reign lasted only 4 years. Amadeo I abdicated in 1873 overwhelmed by the lack of support and four main political problems: an oppressive Economic Crisis, the Third Carlist War, the First Cuban War and several Republican uprisings.
B. THE FIRST REPUBLIC (1873-1874) The Spanish First Republic was proclaimed when the Monarchy failed. The Republicans took advantage of the regime of liberties that came after the revolution and went organised. The change of Regime was undertaken hurriedly with a simple ballot in the Cortes. The Constitution of 1869 was still in force and stated that Spain was still a Monarchy. A Federal Republic model with basic social reforms was considered so the popular support was high in the first moment. Nevertheless serious problems arose: divisions among the Republicans (Unitarians and Federals), the Third Carlist War, the First Cuban War and the Cantonalist uprising. These issues made the Stability impossible and caused her failure. The Cantonalist Insurrection. During the First Republic, the most extremist Federal Republicans provoked the Cantonalist Insurrection. They rebelled against the republican Government of Madrid and established little regional semi-independent States in Valencia, Murcia and Andalusia. The Army quelled fiercely the uprising. The Cantn of Cartagena became the symbol of this insurrection that merged FederalRepublican and Anarchist ideas. It was proclaimed on July 1873 and lasted till January 1874. The Pronunciamiento of General Martnez Campos in Sagunto put an end to the Republic. Meanwhile the conservative politicians prepared the return of the Bourbon dynasty with Alfonso XII, the son of Isabel II.
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History, 4th ESO Bilingual Section IES Snchez Lastra 4. The Restoration (1874-1898).
In December 1874, General Martnez Campos proclaimed Alfonso XII as King of Spain, though the true architect of this new monarchical System was Antonio Cnovas Del Castillo. Despite the problems of the country, the Restoration was the most lasting and stable regime of th the 19 century. It copied the British political system proposing a peaceful turn in government of two establishment parties, the Conservatives and the Liberals. It maintained liberalism in theory, but the Crisis of 1898 revealed its contradictions. The new system was based on the Constitution of 1876 and represented the most conservative liberalism. The Chart established the Separation of Powers, but set a Shared Sovereignty of the King and the Parliament. The leaders of the main political parties, Cnovas (Conservative) and Sagasta (Liberal), met in late 1885 and agreed the Pacto de El Pardo. They agreed on the eve of death of Alfonso XII, a Two-Party System and a peaceful turn in government in order to save the regime from the pressure of Carlism and Republicanism. Both parties took turns for 40 years but to keep the alternation, they were compelled to use anti-democratic mechanisms such as Caciquism (Glossary 9) and Electoral Fraud or Pucherazo (Glossary 9). Alfonso XIII, the posthumous son of Alfonso XII, was proclaimed King at his birth. His mother, Queen Maria Christina, was appointed regent during his minority.
The Opposition to the system was excluded from the political life and never reached a significant electoral result. These forces were the Carlists, the Republicans, the Socialists and towards the end of the century the Nationalists, mostly the Catalans and the Basques. The most important problem of the regime was the colonial wars of independence that broke out in Cuba in 1895 and Philippines a year later. An intervention of the USA in 1898 in favour of the colonies was moved by the American economic interests in the area and decided the war. It was in 1895 when the third and last Cuban uprising against the Spanish rule broke out. The other conflicts in 1868 and 1879 had finished with the Peace of Zanjn. The war destroyed the old slave plantations and the sugar industry started to develop with American Capitals. Besides, the protectionist measures adopted to favour the Spanish products (mainly Catalan) were not advantageous to the Cuban customers and the American products either. In this context the unrest of the Cuban society grew up and when the insurrection led by Jos Mart broke out in 1895 it acquired a remarkable popular support. The war spread across the Island and the Spanish government was forced to send to Cuba an army of 200 000 men, nevertheless by 1897 the rebels controlled half of the country. In early 1898 the USA and their interests in the area increased the pressure on the conflict. The battleship USS Maine sank in Havana Harbour because of a mysterious explosion that was used as a pretext to declare war to Spain. The American intervention decided the Spanish defeat in the conflict: the land Battle of San Juan Hills and the Naval battles of Cavite in Philippines and Santiago de Cuba put and end to the Spanish Empire in America on August th 12 1898 with the loss of Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines. The economic consequences of the war were very serious. The rise in prices affected the common people who had also contributed with the main human effort to the war. The colonial disaster underlined the economic weakness of the country and worsened the crisis of the regime. The fiercest criticisms came from the regeneracionismo movement (Glossary 10) led by Joaqun Costa and the regional nationalisms that started to become apparent. The Desastre del 98 meant also a cultural crisis whose reaction was the Generation of 98.
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History, 4th ESO Bilingual Section IES Snchez Lastra 6. Art and Culture in the 19th Century Spain.
As weve seen before, the European Art evolved from the Neoclasicism of David or Ingres towards the Romanticism of the first half of the Century. The main character of the Spainsh Art in the 19th Century was Francisco de Goya y Lucientes. Atfer him, it seemed that the arts stagnated at least until the end of the century. Although this is not exactly true, its clear that the Spanish Art turned its back on the changes happening in Europe and remained anchored between an outmoded Historicism of Neoclasical inspiration and a mellow Romantic Costumbrismo. A: THE ART OF GOYA. Goya (1745-1828) was a contemporary of David, however his Art played not only Davids role in France (Neoclasicism) but also that of a truly revolutionary romantic for the Spanish Painting. His fluid brushstroke full of color, a scarce concern about drawing in addition to a subjective approach to reality and a critical expresionim anticipated some other artistic movements such as Realism, Impresionism, Expresionism and even Surrealism. The Life and Work of Goya could be divided into three stages: Goya, the Royal painter: 1774-1800 After some years of training in Zaragoza, Goya moved to Madrid and became the Court Painter (Pintor de Cmara) of King Carlos IV where his Portraits made him famous. He portrayed the Royal Familiy, some enlightened figures like Jovellanos, and the famous Majas (Clothed and Nude). In 1799 he painted his first engravings (Glossary 11) Los Caprichos, a fierce critic on the Spanish society. In 1792 he went deaf because of an illness.
The war of Independence: 1800-1814 The War marked the personality of the painter for good. The afrancesadas enlightened ideas he defended were brought in Spain by a ruthless army that proceeded with extreme brutality against the civilian population. Many of his works show what Goya thought about war: el 2 y 3 de Mayo (Page 7) and the engraving series Los Desastres de la Guerra (1810-1820). Absolutism and exile 1814-1828 This stage was contemporary to the absolutist restoration undertaken by Fernando VII after having recovered the Throne. The enlightened ideas of Goya and some of his paintings (Majas) created problems for him with Inquisition and Justice. It was then that he painted the Pinturas Negras, several personal and overwhelming works painted on the walls of his property of the Quinta del Sordo. Finally he decided to exile in Bourdeaux where he died and was buried in 1828.
Goya is considered, along with Drer and Rembrandt, one of the most important engravers of the History of Art as much as a Painter. His four series of Gravings, Los Caprichos, los Desastres de la Guerra, La Tauromaquia and Los Disparates show his mastery on several techniques such as etching (aguafuerte) and aquatint (aguatinta) as well as being even more personal and critical than his painted work. Disparates werent published until after his death.
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C: LITERATURE AND THEATRE. The Spanish romantic writers followed the European fashion: tragical love stories, interest in irrationality and gloominess. The main representatives of this style are Espronceda, Larra and Bcquer. Larra became the tragical ideal of the romanticism by committing suicide because of an unrequited love. The romantic drama prevailed in theatre (Don lvaro o la fuerza del sino by the Duke of Rivas) but the bourgeois comedy or the historical drama (Don Juan Tenorio de Jos Zorrilla) were also very successful. The Naturalism and Realism arose in the second half of the Century. The two greatest authors of these styles were Benito Prez Galds and Leopoldo Alas Clarn. Both figures were novelists and but also journalists and criticised their society with works such as the Episodios Nacionales and La Regenta.
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