Kinds of Questions

Some questions ask for Yes or No answers. Yes/No questions often begin with Am, Is, or Are. A question ends with a question mark. Am I on time to play basketball? Yes. Is that your basketball? No, it is not. Are we ready to play? Yes, we are. Avoid these problems: Problem You are on a basketball team, yes? Is fun to play basketball?

LANGUAGE TRANSFER YES / NO QUESTIONS

Are we ready to play? No. Yes.

Hampton-Brown

Solution Are you on a basketball team? Is it fun to play basketball?

Try It
A. Choose words from the box to begin each question. Then add the correct end mark. Is basketball 1. 2. 3. 4. Am I Are they Is she

a basketball player on your team your favorite sport on the school team

B. Now ask three Yes/No questions about the photo. Start one question with Am. Start one with Is. Start one with Are. Then write the questions.

Kinds of Questions

LANGUAGE TRANSFER INFORMATION QUESTIONS

A question often begins with a question word. Each question word asks for a different kind of information. Question Word Who? What? When?
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Asks About a person a thing a time a place a reason

Example Who sees the car? What color is the car? When can you drive? Where is the car? Why is she in the car?

Answer my friends black tomorrow Its on the street. She wants a ride.

Where? Why?

Avoid this problem: Problem Solution The car is where? Where is the car?

Try It
A. Unscramble the words to ask a question. 1. drives / car / Who / the / ? 2. Where / trunk / the / is / ? 3. the / headlights / When / are / on / ? 4. a / steering wheel / is / What / ? 5. horn / is / important / a / Why / ? B. Ask ve questions about the photo. Use a different question word to begin each question: Who, What, When, Where, and Why.

Kinds of Questions
Some questions ask for Yes or No answers. You can start these questions with Am, Is, or Are. Am I early? Yes. Is that your book? No, it is not. Are they in the library? Yes, they are.

LANGUAGE TRANSFER YES / NO AND INFORMATION QUESTIONS

You can start with a question word to ask for specic information. Question
Hampton-Brown

The answer is: a person a thing a place a time a reason

Who sees my book? What color is the book? Where is the book? When is the test? Why are you here? Avoid these problems: Problem You are at the library, no? The test is when?

Solution Are you at the library? When is the test?

Try It
A. Unscramble the words to ask a question. 1. has / book / Who / the / ? 2. do / study / Why / they / ? 3. the / tomorrow / test / Is / ? 4. can / study / you / When / ? B. Talk about the photo. Write ve questions and answers about the students.

Word Order in Statements

subject verb In most statements, the subject comes before the verb. My friends ride bikes. The bikes stay on the path. Mr. Hernandez sees the bikes. Avoid these problems: Problem Pedals Max the bike. The girl a helmet wears.
Hampton-Brown

LANGUAGE TRANSFER WORD ORDER: SUBJECT-VERB

Solution Max pedals the bike. The girl wears a helmet.

Try It
A. Unscramble the words to make new statements. Then say the new sentence. 1. ride / Max and Lilia / bikes / . 2. The friends / through the park / go / . 3. likes / bike / his / Max / . 4. Lilia / a / red bike / rides / . 5. exercise / The friends / every week / . B. Imagine you are Max or Lilia. Write three sentences about your bike ride. Put the subject before the verb.

A Noun Changes to Show One or More Than One

LANGUAGE TRANSFER PLURAL NOUNS

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When you talk about more than one friends person, place, or thing, you use nouns that end in -s or -es. I have many friends. My friends are in my classes. We carry our books in backpacks. Avoid these problems: Problem Solution We study with three other student. We study with three other students. They have good idea. They have good ideas.

Try It
A. Say each pair of nouns. Listen for how the plural noun sounds. 1. boy / boys 2. girl / girls 3. book / books 4. game / games B. Now tell what you see in this picture. Write three sentences to describe it. Use plural nouns. 5. tree / trees 6. cake / cakes 7. bike / bikes 8. kite / kites 9. bus / buses 10. dish / dishes 11. box / boxes 12. lunch / lunches

If You Can Count It, You Can Make It Plural

Some things cannot be counted. These nouns do not have a special ending to show more than one. We sit in the sand. I eat a lot of food. Its fun to play in the water. Avoid these problems:
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LANGUAGE TRANSFER NONCOUNT NOUNS

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water sand bread

Problem Solution Most people enjoy fresh airs. Most people enjoy fresh air . I eat sandwiches with wheat breads. I eat sandwiches with wheat bread .

Try It
A. Say each noun. Then use it in one of these sentences: Do you need some Do you like ? ? I ate two I used three . .

You Cannot Count These Nouns Food bread, meat, milk, rice, salt, tea Materials cloth, paper, plastic, water, wood Groups fruit, furniture, mail, money

You Can Count These Nouns apples chairs chips cups dollars hats napkins oranges sandwiches shoes

B. Now plan a picnic. Write three sentences to tell what you will bring and where you will go. Use nouns from each box.

If You Cant Count It, Maybe You Can Measure It

You cannot count water, but you can count bottles of water. When you use a noun that names a measurement, you can make it plural. She is buying two bottles of juice. These bunches of bananas are fresh. How many cartons of milk do you need?
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LANGUAGE TRANSFER NONCOUNT NOUNS

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cartons of milk

Avoid these problems: Problem The two cup of tea is hot. They need four piece of meats.

Solution The two cups of tea are hot. They need four pieces of meat.

Try It
A. Say each phrase. Change the word one to two. Use plural nouns to say the new phrase. Then use some of the phrases in a sentence. 1. one slice of cheese 2. one piece of paper 3. one glass of water 4. one teaspoon of salt 5. one carton of milk 6. one bar of soap 7. one tub of butter 8. one can of soup 9. one box of cereal

B. Now tell what the girl in the photo buys at the supermarket. Write a list to tell how much of each thing she should get.

A Noun Can Show Who Owns Something

Use a possessive noun to show who has something. the car of Teresa = Teresas car the sign of the boy = the boys sign the parents of all the boys = the boys parents the clothes of all the children = the childrens clothes Avoid these problems: Problem The signs of the boys are big. The parents of the boy wash cars.

LANGUAGE TRANSFER POSSESSIVE NOUNS

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Solution The boys signs are big. The boys parents wash cars.

Try It
A. Use the correct possessive noun and say the sentence. 1. 2. the students) 3. 4. 5. helps the students. (the mom of Jennie) is to raise $250. (the goal of the club) is to help the community center. (the plan of the members) club is having a car wash. (Mario) come with their cars. (the parents of

B. Write three sentences about the photo. Use possessive nouns.

Put Articles in Their Place

When you talk about one person, place, or thing, use a, an, or the before the noun. Use a or an when you cant be specic. The class is doing a play. Marc wants to be an actor. Use the when you are talking about something specic. I want to watch the school play. Avoid these problems: Problem We went to theater. We saw play you liked. Marc wants to be the actor.

LANGUAGE TRANSFER ARTICLES BEFORE NOUNS

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Solution We went to a theater. We saw the play you liked. Marc wants to be an actor.

Try It
A. Say each noun. Put a, an, or the in front of it and then use the words in a sentence. Examples: costume a costume I found a costume. 1. actor 2. audience 3. script costume the costume Give me the costume on the hanger. 4. play 5. stage

B. Now tell about a movie or a play. Write three sentences to describe it. Use a, an, or the before nouns.

Use a or an Before a Persons Profession

Use a before the name of a profession, or job, that begins with a consonant. She is a pilot. Are you a pilot, too? Use an before a profession, or job, that begins with a vowel. Is she an astronaut? I am an engineer.
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LANGUAGE TRANSFER ARTICLES BEFORE PROFESSIONS

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Avoid these problems: Problem Is she scientist? I am a architect.

Solution Is she a scientist? I am an architect.

Try It
A. Add a or an before the profession. Then say each sentence. 1. ls Javier 2. l am 3. What is 4. You are 5. Yoko is astronaut at NASA? scientist who works for NASA. space engineer? doctor. accountant.

B. Choose three people you know. Write sentences about each person. Tell or ask what each persons profession is. Use a or an.

Dont Leave Out the Subject

Always name the subject in a statement or a question. In many questions, the subject comes after the verb. Naomi likes to shop. Where is Naomi now?
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LANGUAGE TRANSFER NOUNS IN THE SUBJECT

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Is the store at the mall? Yes, the store is near the entrance. Avoid these problems: Problem Solution Buys a new hat. Naomi buys a new hat. Is purple. The hat is purple.

Try It
A. Read the sentence. What is the subject? Make a new sentence with the same subject. 1. Naomi is at the mall. 2. Some shoppers buy clothes. 3. ls Naomi buying clothes? 4. That backpack is on sale. 5. What does the store sell? B. Now tell about the photo. Write three sentences. Use a different subject in each sentence. Make one sentence a question.

Dont Leave Out the Subject

The subject of a sentence can be a noun or a pronoun. Always include the subject in your sentence even if it is a pronoun. We are painting together. You can help us. She is happy. Avoid these problems: Problem Solution Is a colorful mural. It is a colorful mural. Are working hard. They are working hard. Am having fun. I am having fun.
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LANGUAGE TRANSFER PRONOUNS IN THE SUBJECT

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Try It
A. Answer these questions about the photo. Use a subject pronoun in your answer. 1. Does Maria have a paintbrush? 2. Will she buy more paint? 3. Does Benny like to paint? 4. Can Maria and Benny nish their mural? 5. Is the mural dry? B. Now tell what you see in the photo. Write four sentences to describe it. Use subject pronouns in some of your sentences.

Verbs Have Different Forms

When you tell what one other person, place, or thing does, you have to change the action verb. Add -s to the verb. Ana calls her friend Carlos. She talks about her week. Carlos listens. He asks questions. Avoid these problems: Problem Carlos talk to Ana every week. He live far away.

LANGUAGE TRANSFER SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT: ACTION VERBS

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FPO
Ana calls Carlos.

Hampton-Brown

Solution Carlos talks to Ana every week. He lives far away.

Try It
A. How does each underlined verb end? Use each verb in a new sentence. 1. Ana calls Carlos at his new home. 2. Carlos smiles when he hears the phone. 3. He knows that Ana calls every Friday. 4. Ana says that she will come to visit him. 5. The news makes Carlos happy. B. Write three more sentences about the photos. Use action verbs that tell about one person, place, or thing.

Dont Forget the -s

LANGUAGE TRANSFER SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT: ACTION VERBS

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Action verbs change to go with the subject of a sentence. Add -s to the verb if the subject is he, she, it, or a singular noun. Add -es if the verb ends in -s, -ch, -sh, -x, or -z. Andy takes pictures. He looks through the camera. It works well. His friend ashes a big smile when Andy snaps the picture.

FPO

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Avoid these problems: Problem His friend smile at the camera. She push the button.

Solution His friend smiles at the camera. She pushes the button.

Try It
A. Choose a subject and verb to start a sentence. Then nish it with words from the third column. Make as many sentences as you can. Subject We Andy She The friends A squirrel Verb takes munches runs walk like Rest of Predicate down the trail. seeds and nuts. in the woods. photos of everyone. to go camping.

B. Now talk about the photo. Write three sentences about a boy or girl in the photo. Use action verbs.

Get the Meaning of the Verb

Some verbs are made up of two words. Their meaning changes based on the second word. Did you turn in your homework? Please turn down the radio.

LANGUAGE TRANSFER TWO-WORD VERBS

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Verb
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Meaning return agree quit decrease hand in increase

Examples We give back the money we borrowed. He argues until we give in. I give up. What is the answer? Please turn down the volume. I will turn in my homework. Turn up the heat, please.

give back give in give up turn down turn in turn up

Try It
A. Read the questions. Use a two-word verb in your answers. 1. Do you give up hope or give in hope? 2. Do you turn up your homework or turn in your homework? 3. Do you turn up the music or turn in the music? 4. Do you give up candy or give in candy? 5. Do you give in something you borrowed or give back something you borrowed? B. Tell about the photo. Write three sentences about your ideas. Use two-word verbs from the chart.

Get the Meaning of the Verb

Two-word verbs are made of a verb plus a small word like in, out, or off. Sometimes the verb and the small word are separated. You can check two library books out. I will check this book off my list.

LANGUAGE TRANSFER TWO-WORD VERBS

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Verb
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Meaning to mark off a list to borrow examine bother choose gather

Examples They check the books off their lists. I need books. Can I check some out? I always check over my work. Those boys pick on other kids. You can pick ten books out today. Can you help me pick my books up?

check off check out check over pick on pick out pick up

Try It
A. Read the questions. Use two-word verbs in your answers. 1. Do you check a book off a list or check a book over a list? 2. If you drop your books, do you pick them out or pick them up? 3. When you borrow a library book, do you check it out or check it off? 4. Before you turn in your homework, do you check it over or check it off? B. Now tell about the photo. Write three sentences to describe what is happening. Use two-word verbs from the chart.

Questions and Answers with Do

You can use do to ask questions. Use do with I, you, we, and they. Do I kick the football now? Do you throw the football? Do we run to the goal? Do they have fun?

LANGUAGE TRANSFER QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH DO

You can use do or dont (do not) to answer questions. Do you want to play football? Yes, I do. Do you want to keep score? No, I do not. Do you play other sports? No, I dont. Avoid these problems: Problem They catch the football, no? Do you want to play? Play.

Hampton-Brown

Solution Do they catch the football? Do you want to play? Yes, I do.

Try It
A. Unscramble the words to ask a question. Then answer your question. 1. we / Do / a / football / have / ? 2. football / they / kick / Do / the / ? 3. I / Do / run / the / ball / with / ? 4. they / practice / Do / football / ? B. Talk about the photo. Then use Do to write two questions about it. Write answers to your questions.

Questions and Answers with Does

You can use does to ask questions. Use does with he, she, and it. Does she teach the class? Does he go to Lakeside School? Does it have a computer lab?

LANGUAGE TRANSFER QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH DOES

Hampton-Brown

You can use does or doesnt (does not) to answer questions. Does she like math? Yes, she does. Does he know the answer? No, he does not. Does she ask a question? No, she doesnt. Avoid these problems: Problem Solution She learns Spanish, yes? Does she learn Spanish? Does it help with math? No helps. Does it help with math? No, it does not.

Try It
A. Unscramble the words to ask a question. Then answer your question. 1. book / Does / the / she / read / ? 2. she / Does / nish / homework /her / ? 3. study / late / Does / he / ? 4. he / answer / Does / the / questions / ? B. Use Does to write two questions about the photo. Write answers.

Questions and Answers with Do and Does

Use do or dont (do not) with I, you, we, and they. Do you like these shoes? Yes, I do. Do they feel comfortable? No, they do not. Do you think I should buy them? No, I dont.

LANGUAGE TRANSFER QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH DO AND DOES

Use does or doesnt (does not) with he, she, and it. Does he like this store? Yes, he does. Does it have cheap shoes? No, it doesnt. Does he have enough money? No, he does not. Avoid these problems: Problem He needs new shoes, no? They look good? Does he want to buy them? Buy.

Hampton-Brown

Solution Does he need new shoes? Do they look good? Does he want to buy them? Yes, he does.

Try It
A. Choose the correct word and ask the question. Then answer it. 1. (Do / Does) they need new shoes? 2. (Do / Does) he nd a good pair? 3. (Do / Does) he think the shoes will t? 4. (Do / Does) the shoes come in other colors? B. Ask two questions about the photo. Use Do in one question and Does in the other. Then write your questions and answers.

Dont Leave Out the Subject

Always name the subject in a statement or a question. In many questions, the subject comes after the verb. Naomi likes to shop. Where is Naomi now?
Hampton-Brown

LANGUAGE TRANSFER NOUNS IN THE SUBJECT

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Is the store at the mall? Yes, the store is near the entrance. Avoid these problems: Problem Solution Buys a new hat. Naomi buys a new hat. Is purple. The hat is purple.

Try It
A. Read the sentence. What is the subject? Make a new sentence with the same subject. 1. Naomi is at the mall. 2. Some shoppers buy clothes. 3. ls Naomi buying clothes? 4. That backpack is on sale. 5. What does the store sell? B. Now tell about the photo. Write three sentences. Use a different subject in each sentence. Make one sentence a question.

Dont Leave Out the Subject

The subject of a sentence can be a noun or a pronoun. Always include the subject in your sentence even if it is a pronoun. We are painting together. You can help us. She is happy. Avoid these problems: Problem Solution Is a colorful mural. It is a colorful mural. Are working hard. They are working hard. Am having fun. I am having fun.
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LANGUAGE TRANSFER PRONOUNS IN THE SUBJECT

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Try It
A. Answer these questions about the photo. Use a subject pronoun in your answer. 1. Does Maria have a paintbrush? 2. Will she buy more paint? 3. Does Benny like to paint? 4. Can Maria and Benny nish their mural? 5. Is the mural dry? B. Now tell what you see in the photo. Write four sentences to describe it. Use subject pronouns in some of your sentences.

Verbs Have Different Forms

LANGUAGE TRANSFER SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT: FORMS OF BE

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Use the form of the verb be that goes with the subject. Subject + Verb Examples I + am I am ready. You + are You are brave. She + is She is worried. He + is He is scared. It + is It is fast. We + are We are excited. They + are They are happy. Avoid these problems: Problem The ride are fast. The girls be always careful.

Solution The ride is fast. The girls are always careful.

Try It
A. How many ways can you complete these sentences? 1.
subject verb

glad to get off the ride. expensive, but

subject verb subject verb

2. 3.
subject verb

worth it.
subject

ready to go on the next ride, but far away.

verb

B. Now tell what you see in the photo. Write three sentences to describe it. Use am, is, and are.

When to Use Have

In Spanish, you use tener to tell what you own or possess. In English, you use have or has. Spanish English Ella tiene un She has a party. esta. Tengo una torta. I have a cake.

LANGUAGE TRANSFER FORMS OF BE AND HAVE

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In Spanish, you use tener to tell how old you are or how you feel. In English, you use am, is, or are. Spanish English Tengo quince aos. I am fteen years old. Ella tiene hambre. She is hungry. Avoid these problems: Problem He has sixteen years. I have thirst.

Hampton-Brown

Solution He is sixteen years old. I am thirsty.

Try It
A. Choose the correct verb and say the sentence. 1. Elena (is / has) seventeen years old today. 2. I (am / have) a present for her. 3. Elena (is / has) very excited. 4. The friends (are / have) happy for her. 5. We (are / have) hungry at the party. B. Imagine that you are someone in the photo. Write sentences to tell about Elena and the party. Use have, has, am, is, or are.

Dont Leave Out the Verb

LANGUAGE TRANSFER SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT: FORMS OF

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Hampton-Brown

The verbs am, is, and are are very useful. They often appear in sentences that give a description. I am happy. Tim is a great dancer. They also appear in sentences that tell where someone or something is. We are at the dance. A band is on the stage. Sentences like these need the verbs to be complete. Avoid these problems: Problem The music loud. Decorations on the walls.

FPO

Solution The music is loud. Decorations are on the walls.

Try It
A. Use words from each column to make ve sentences. Subject The dance Tim My friends The teachers I am is are Verb Rest of Predicate fun. at school. thirsty. at our table. awesome.

B. Now talk about the photo. Write three sentences to describe the people and things. Write three more sentences to tell where they are. Use am, is, and are.

Verbs Have Different Forms

When you tell what one other person, place, or thing does, you have to change the action verb. Add -s to the verb. Ana calls her friend Carlos. She talks about her week. Carlos listens. He asks questions. Avoid these problems: Problem Carlos talk to Ana every week. He live far away.

LANGUAGE TRANSFER SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT: ACTION VERBS

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FPO
Ana calls Carlos.

Hampton-Brown

Solution Carlos talks to Ana every week. He lives far away.

Try It
A. How does each underlined verb end? Use each verb in a new sentence. 1. Ana calls Carlos at his new home. 2. Carlos smiles when he hears the phone. 3. He knows that Ana calls every Friday. 4. Ana says that she will come to visit him. 5. The news makes Carlos happy. B. Write three more sentences about the photos. Use action verbs that tell about one person, place, or thing.

Use He for Males and She for Females

A pronoun can be a subject. It refers to a noun. When you talk about one male, use he. When you talk about one female, use she. Tyrone paints. He uses bright colors. Jenny shapes a vase. She uses clay.
Hampton-Brown

LANGUAGE TRANSFER SUBJECT PRONOUNS: HE, SHE

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he

Avoid these problems: Problem Tina is in my art class. He draws cartoons. Jeff likes photos. It takes many pictures.

Solution Tina is in my art class. She draws cartoons. Jeff likes photos. He takes many pictures.

she

He paints.

She shapes.

Try It
A. Say each sentence. Use he or she. 1. Mike loves art. 2. Cindy is in the art club, too. 3. Cindy teaches Mike how to make paper. Mike make blue and white paper. 4. Mr. Hassan is the art teacher. students different kinds of art. 5. Cindy nishes the vase. is in the art club. makes paper. helps shows the is proud of it.

B. Write two pairs of sentences about the photos. Use he and she.

Use It to Talk About the Weather and More

Use it to talk about certain subjects. Topic weather seasons time dates
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LANGUAGE TRANSFER SUBJECT PRONOUN: IT

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Example It is cold outside! It is winter. It is one oclock. It is February 2nd. Is it fun to snowboard?

more topics

Your sentence will not be complete if you leave out the pronoun it. Avoid these problems: Problem Solution What time? What time is it? Two oclock already. It is two oclock already.

Try It
A. Ask the questions. Answer each question with the pronoun it. 1. What day is it today? 2. What is the weather today? 3. What season is it? 4. What time is it? 5. Is it hard to learn to snowboard? B. Imagine you are a snowboarder in the photo. Write three sentences. Describe the weather, season, time, and date. Use it.

Many Questions Start with Is

When you ask about one person or thing, use Is. When you respond to a guess, use the same pronoun in your answer. Is it famous? No, it is not. Is he an artist? Yes, he is. Is she smiling? No, she isnt.
Hampton-Brown

LANGUAGE TRANSFER SUBJECT PRONOUNS:

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Is it a photo?

Avoid these problems: Problem Is your sister? No, isnt. Is a friend? Yes, is.

Solution Is she your sister? No, she isnt. Is he a friend? Yes, he is.

Try It
A. Have a partner nd a person or a thing in your classroom. Use these questions to guess about the person or thing. Listen to your partners answers. Then change roles. 1. Is it 2. Is it 3. Is he 4. Is she ? ? ? ?

B. Now make guesses about the photo. Write three questions using is. Then trade questions with a partner and answer them.

Use the Correct Pronoun

one one one

LANGUAGE TRANSFER PRONOUN AGREEMENT

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more than one

he
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she

it

they

A pronoun can be the subject of a sentence. Use the pronoun that goes with the subject. Use he she it they To Tell About one male one female one thing more than one Examples Eric sings. He loves music. Paula listens. She likes the same music. The MP3 player is new. It stores songs. The friends visit. They hear the music.

Try It
A. Say each sentence. Use the correct pronoun in the blanks. 1. Eric is in a band. 2. Paula plays the guitar. 3. Julio, Sara, and Judy come to listen. 4. The music is new. is a singer. wants to join the band. like the music.

has a special sound.

B. Now tell about people and things you know. Write four sentences. Start your sentences with He, She, It, or They.

Answer a Question with the Right Pronoun

Use a subject pronoun when you answer a question. Use it he
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LANGUAGE TRANSFER SUBJECT PRONOUNS

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To Tell About one thing one male one female two or more

Example Is the pizza good? Yes, it tastes great. Is the boy thirsty? Yes, he is. Is the girl still hungry? No, she is not. Are the friends happy? Yes, they are.

she they

Avoid this problem: Problem Is cheese on the pizza? Yes, is.

Solution Is cheese on the pizza? Yes, it is.

Try It
A. Listen to each question. Who or what does it ask about? Answer the question with the right words. 1. Are the friends meeting for lunch? 2. Are the menus on the table? 3. Is Dan ready to order? 4. Does Monica want a sandwich? B. Think of four Yes/No questions about the photo. Then write answers for your questions. Use subject pronouns.

Change the Verb to Show Past Tense

In English, you have to change the verb when you talk about the past.

LANGUAGE TRANSFER VERB TENSE: REGULAR VERBS

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Hampton-Brown

Many verbs add -ed to show a past action. Last year, I traveled to the beach with my family. One day, we walked on the beach. Last night, we talked about going there again. Avoid these problems: Problem Last year, Alina visits the beach. Yesterday, she to watch her vacation videos.

Solution Last year, Alina visited the beach. Yesterday, she watched her vacation videos.

Try It
A. Listen and repeat each verb. What does the -ed sound like? Then use the verbs in new sentences. splashed talked walked played showed traveled ended visited wanted . . .

When I was young, I Last year, my family Yesterday, I B. Now imagine you are someone in the photo. Write a note to a friend to describe your vacation. Use past tense verbs.

Dont Leave Out the Verb

In English, you have to change the verb when you tell about the past.

LANGUAGE TRANSFER VERB TENSE: FORMS OF BE

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Hampton-Brown

The verb be has special forms in the past. 1. Use was with I, he, she, or it. I was at the mall yesterday. It was fun! 2. Use were with we, you, or they. You were there, too. We were surprised to see you. Do not leave the verb out of the sentence. Avoid these problems: Problem Natalie happy. The girls are at the mall yesterday. Solution Natalie was happy. The girls were at the mall yesterday.

Try It
A. Choose words from each box to tell a story. Last week, was were At rst, I my mother my father my brother my friends at home at school at the mall at a game .

I my mother my father my brother my friends nervous happy sad scared sick . I my mother my father my brother my friends nervous happy sad scared sick .

was were By the end, was were

B. Write three sentences to describe an exciting time from last week. Tell what you felt. Use was and were.

Change the Verb to Show Past Tense

In English, you have to change the verb when you talk about the past. Some verbs have special forms to tell about the past.

LANGUAGE TRANSFER VERB TENSE: IRREGULAR VERBS

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Present have go feel think

Past had went felt thought

Example Yesterday, we had a great time. After school, we went downtown. It felt good to relax after school. We thought about seeing a movie.

Avoid this problem: Problem Yesterday, I see my friends.

Solution Yesterday, I saw my friends.

Try It
A. Listen to each sentence. Change the verb to the past tense. Then use the past tense verb in a new sentence. 1. At night, I go out with my friends. 2. My friends think we should go downtown. 3. Julia has to go home to study. 4. She feels sad about missing the fun. B. Now tell about the photo. Write three sentences about it. Use irregular past tense verbs.

Add Will to Signal the Future

In English, you have to change the verb to tell about the future. Add will before the verb. Tomorrow I will play soccer. Next week we will start practice.

LANGUAGE TRANSFER VERB TENSE: FUTURE

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What will you do in the future?

Hampton-Brown

Now Today I play basketball. Now we have English class. This year they are sixteen years old.

In the Future Tomorrow I will play soccer. Later we will have math. Next year they will be seventeen.

Avoid these problems: Problem Solution We nish it tomorrow. We will nish it tomorrow. You meet my girlfriend next week. You will meet my girlfriend next week.

Try It
A. Choose words from each column to make ve sentences. Today Tomorrow In the future I he she they goes will go have has a test. to basketball practice. a lesson. a great time.

B. Tell about the teens in the photo. Write sentences to tell what they will do in the future. Use will in each sentence.

Word Order in Statements

subject verb In most statements, the subject comes before the verb. My friends ride bikes. The bikes stay on the path. Mr. Hernandez sees the bikes. Avoid these problems: Problem Pedals Max the bike. The girl a helmet wears.
Hampton-Brown

LANGUAGE TRANSFER WORD ORDER: SUBJECT-VERB

Solution Max pedals the bike. The girl wears a helmet.

Try It
A. Unscramble the words to make new statements. Then say the new sentence. 1. ride / Max and Lilia / bikes / . 2. The friends / through the park / go / . 3. likes / bike / his / Max / . 4. Lilia / a / red bike / rides / . 5. exercise / The friends / every week / . B. Imagine you are Max or Lilia. Write three sentences about your bike ride. Put the subject before the verb.

Word Order in Statements

subject verb object In most statements, the subject comes rst. The verb comes next, and the object is last. We studied Martin Luther King, Jr. He wanted equal rights . His followers changed the world .
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LANGUAGE TRANSFER WORD ORDER: SUBJECT-VERB-OBJECT

Avoid these problems: Problem He great speeches made. Heard people his words .

Martin Luther King, Jr., speaks to a crowd in Washington, D.C.

Solution He made great speeches . People heard his words .

Try It
A. Choose words from each column to make ve statements. You may use words more than once. Subject Martin Luther King, Jr., His followers I My class Everyone Verb heard discusses wanted share needs Object equal rights. his ideas. his speeches. respect. Martin Luther King, Jr.

B. Now write three statements about Martin Luther King, Jr. Do they follow the subject-verb-object pattern?

Use He for Males and She for Females

A pronoun can be a subject. It refers to a noun. When you talk about one male, use he. When you talk about one female, use she. Tyrone paints. He uses bright colors. Jenny shapes a vase. She uses clay.
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LANGUAGE TRANSFER SUBJECT PRONOUNS: HE, SHE

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he

Avoid these problems: Problem Tina is in my art class. He draws cartoons. Jeff likes photos. It takes many pictures.

Solution Tina is in my art class. She draws cartoons. Jeff likes photos. He takes many pictures.

she

He paints.

She shapes.

Try It
A. Say each sentence. Use he or she. 1. Mike loves art. 2. Cindy is in the art club, too. 3. Cindy teaches Mike how to make paper. Mike make blue and white paper. 4. Mr. Hassan is the art teacher. students different kinds of art. 5. Cindy nishes the vase. is in the art club. makes paper. helps shows the is proud of it.

B. Write two pairs of sentences about the photos. Use he and she.

Use the Correct Pronoun

one one one

LANGUAGE TRANSFER PRONOUN AGREEMENT

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more than one

he
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she

it

they

A pronoun can be the subject of a sentence. Use the pronoun that goes with the subject. Use he she it they To Tell About one male one female one thing more than one Examples Eric sings. He loves music. Paula listens. She likes the same music. The MP3 player is new. It stores songs. The friends visit. They hear the music.

Try It
A. Say each sentence. Use the correct pronoun in the blanks. 1. Eric is in a band. 2. Paula plays the guitar. 3. Julio, Sara, and Judy come to listen. 4. The music is new. is a singer. wants to join the band. like the music.

has a special sound.

B. Now tell about people and things you know. Write four sentences. Start your sentences with He, She, It, or They.

Answer a Question with the Right Pronoun

Use a subject pronoun when you answer a question. Use it he
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LANGUAGE TRANSFER SUBJECT PRONOUNS

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To Tell About one thing one male one female two or more

Example Is the pizza good? Yes, it tastes great. Is the boy thirsty? Yes, he is. Is the girl still hungry? No, she is not. Are the friends happy? Yes, they are.

she they

Avoid this problem: Problem Is cheese on the pizza? Yes, is.

Solution Is cheese on the pizza? Yes, it is.

Try It
A. Listen to each question. Who or what does it ask about? Answer the question with the right words. 1. Are the friends meeting for lunch? 2. Are the menus on the table? 3. Is Dan ready to order? 4. Does Monica want a sandwich? B. Think of four Yes/No questions about the photo. Then write answers for your questions. Use subject pronouns.

Use the Right Preposition

At, on, and in are prepositions. They can tell where something is. Use at to show an exact location. The friends are at the school. Use on to show a more general area. Their school is on Whittier Boulevard. Their school is on a corner. Use in to show an even bigger area. Whittier Boulevard is in Los Angeles. Los Angeles is in the West. Avoid these problems: Problem Our school bus stops on the park. My teacher lives at Riverside County.

LANGUAGE TRANSFER PREPOSITIONS

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Solution Our school bus stops at the park. My teacher lives in Riverside County.

Try It
A. Say each sentence. Use at, on, or in. 1. Every morning, I meet my friend 2. We walk to our school 3. Sometimes we ride to the bus stop 4. We meet our friends 5. It has the best music the Youth Center. Oak Avenue. Main Street.

the music store. our city.

B. Now tell about places near your school. Write three sentences that use at, on, or in.

Use the Right Preposition

LANGUAGE TRANSFER PREPOSITIONS

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You can use prepositions like at, on, and in to talk about time. Use at to tell about an exact time. The new year begins at 12 oclock midnight. Use on to tell about a longer period of time. People celebrate at midnight on New Years Eve. This year, New Years Eve is on Saturday. Use in to tell about an even longer period of time. New Years Day is the rst day in January. Avoid these problems: Problem Thanksgiving is on November. My birthday is at Tuesday.

Solution Thanksgiving is in November. My birthday is on Tuesday.

Try It
A. Say each sentence. Use at, on, or in. 1. Presidents Day is 2. Halloween is February. October 31. 5 oclock.

3. Our Fourth of July party will start 4. My birthday is 5. The winter dance is Thanksgiving.

the month of December.

B. Now tell about a celebration you know. Use at, on, and in to write sentences about when it happens.

Adjectives Usually Come Before Nouns

LANGUAGE TRANSFER PLACEMENT OF ADJECTIVES

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Adjectives describe, or tell more about, nouns. They usually come before the nouns they describe. Animal rescuers are courageous and kind people. They nd lost, sick, or hurt animals. An incredible, brave rescue The frightened, dangerous animals need help.
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Avoid these problems: Problem Animal rescuers have tools special . They also use reflexes quick .

Solution Animal rescuers have special tools. They also use quick reflexes.

Try It
A. Tell about the rescue. Say each sentence with the adjective in parentheses. 1. The rescuers rushed to the disaster. (brave) 2. They searched for the animals. (helpless) 3. Christine picked up the animals. (wounded) 4. She washed them with soap. (mild) 5. The animals were safe. (tired and frightened) B. Imagine you are an animal rescuer in the photo. Write an e-mail to a friend. Use adjectives to describe your experience.

Never Make an Adjective Plural

Adjectives are words that describe nouns. The adjective does not change, even if the noun is plural. This is a large zoo. We have two large zoos in the city. Use a before an adjective that begins with a consonant. Use an before an adjective that begins with a vowel.

LANGUAGE TRANSFER ADJECTIVES

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We see powerful tigers.

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A male tiger may weigh up to 500 pounds. An old tiger may hunt people. Avoid these problems: Problem The cubs are smalls tigers. A adult, male tiger lives alone.

Solution The cubs are small tigers. An adult, male tiger lives alone.

Try It
A. Add an adjective to each sentence. Add a or an before the adjective if needed. More than one answer is possible. 1. The tiger babies cannot see at birth. babies play outside. baby might bite his mothers tail. mother watches over her babies.

2. After a few months, the 3. 4.

B. Now tell about another animal. Write four sentences to describe it. Use adjectives.

Use Many, Much, Some, and Any

Indenite adjectives can be used in questions and answers. Use many to ask about things you can count. Answer with a specic amount. How many pineapples do we need? We need one pineapple.
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LANGUAGE TRANSFER INDEFINITE ADJECTIVES

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Use much to ask about things you cant count. How much jam do we have? We have two jars.

We have some groceries.

Use some and any to ask about things you can and cannot count. Answer with some, any, or a specic amount. Can you buy some milk? Yes, I see some here. Do we have any yogurt? No, we dont have any. Can you see any pasta? Yes, I see ve boxes of pasta.

Try It
A. Choose a word to complete each question. Then answer the questions with some, any, or a specic amount. 1. How (many / much) carrots do you want? 2. Do you have (many / any) juice in your cart? 3. How (many / much) butter do we need? 4. Do you see (some / many) soup on the shelf? 5. Can you look for (much / some) sugar? B. Now talk about the photo. Write four questions and answers about groceries. Use many, much, some, and any in your questions and answers.

Place Not After Am, Is, and Are

The word not makes a sentence mean no. Place not after a form of the verb be. I am not ready to bowl. It is not my turn. My friends turn is not over. The pins are not all down. Avoid these problems: Problem Bowling balls not are light. I not am a good bowler.
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LANGUAGE TRANSFER PLACEMENT OF NOT

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Solution Bowling balls are not light. I am not a good bowler.

Try It
A. Answer these questions. Use not and a form of the verb be. 1. Are you in the classroom? classroom. 2. Are the lights off? 3. Is the teacher there? 4. Is the door open? 5. Are you sick? ,I ,I , the lights , the teacher , the door sick. open. in the off. here.

B. Tell about the photo. Write three sentences about bowling. Use am, is, and are. Then add not to make your sentences mean no.

Put Not Between the Helping Verb and the Main Verb
Some sentences tell what is not happening. Put not between the helping verb and the main verb to show what is not happening right now. I am not playing soccer. My friends are not waiting for me. It is not raining today.

LANGUAGE TRANSFER PLACEMENT OF NOT

39

Avoid these problems: Problem Solution The girls not are jogging in the park. The girls are not jogging in the park. Charlie not is reading a book. Charlie is not reading a book.

Hampton-Brown

Try It
A. Say what is not happening right now. Put not in the right place. 1. We are sitting in the school library. 2. Some people are doing homework. 3. Mr. Lee is reading poetry. 4. I am whispering to my friends. 5. We are getting a lot of work done. B. Tell about the photo. Write three sentences that put not in the right place.

Watch Out for Double Negatives

Use negative words to tell what is not true or not happening. Joey does not like scary movies. My sisters are afraid of nothing. We never see violent movies. Use only one negative word in a sentence. Avoid these problems: Problem I never get none of the popcorn. No one went nowhere.
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LANGUAGE TRANSFER NEGATIVE SENTENCES

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Solution I never get any of the popcorn. No one went anywhere.

Try It
A. Answer the questions. Choose words from the word box to give negative answers. no nobody not no one none never nothing nowhere . . . 4. Is the movie theater crowded? 5. Did anybody save us a seat? . .

1. Do you have enough money? 2. Is a good movie playing? 3. Did Jorge tell you about the movie?

B. Now talk with a partner about the photo. Write three sentences about it. Make at least two of the sentences negative.

Dont Leave Out the Subject

Always name the subject in a statement or a question. In many questions, the subject comes after the verb. Naomi likes to shop. Where is Naomi now?
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LANGUAGE TRANSFER NOUNS IN THE SUBJECT

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Is the store at the mall? Yes, the store is near the entrance. Avoid these problems: Problem Solution Buys a new hat. Naomi buys a new hat. Is purple. The hat is purple.

Try It
A. Read the sentence. What is the subject? Make a new sentence with the same subject. 1. Naomi is at the mall. 2. Some shoppers buy clothes. 3. ls Naomi buying clothes? 4. That backpack is on sale. 5. What does the store sell? B. Now tell about the photo. Write three sentences. Use a different subject in each sentence. Make one sentence a question.

Dont Leave Out the Subject

The subject of a sentence can be a noun or a pronoun. Always include the subject in your sentence even if it is a pronoun. We are painting together. You can help us. She is happy. Avoid these problems: Problem Solution Is a colorful mural. It is a colorful mural. Are working hard. They are working hard. Am having fun. I am having fun.
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LANGUAGE TRANSFER PRONOUNS IN THE SUBJECT

17

Try It
A. Answer these questions about the photo. Use a subject pronoun in your answer. 1. Does Maria have a paintbrush? 2. Will she buy more paint? 3. Does Benny like to paint? 4. Can Maria and Benny nish their mural? 5. Is the mural dry? B. Now tell what you see in the photo. Write four sentences to describe it. Use subject pronouns in some of your sentences.

Verbs Have Different Forms

When you tell what one other person, place, or thing does, you have to change the action verb. Add -s to the verb. Ana calls her friend Carlos. She talks about her week. Carlos listens. He asks questions. Avoid these problems: Problem Carlos talk to Ana every week. He live far away.

LANGUAGE TRANSFER SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT: ACTION VERBS

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FPO
Ana calls Carlos.

Hampton-Brown

Solution Carlos talks to Ana every week. He lives far away.

Try It
A. How does each underlined verb end? Use each verb in a new sentence. 1. Ana calls Carlos at his new home. 2. Carlos smiles when he hears the phone. 3. He knows that Ana calls every Friday. 4. Ana says that she will come to visit him. 5. The news makes Carlos happy. B. Write three more sentences about the photos. Use action verbs that tell about one person, place, or thing.

Dont Forget the -s

LANGUAGE TRANSFER SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT: ACTION VERBS

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Action verbs change to go with the subject of a sentence. Add -s to the verb if the subject is he, she, it, or a singular noun. Add -es if the verb ends in -s, -ch, -sh, -x, or -z. Andy takes pictures. He looks through the camera. It works well. His friend ashes a big smile when Andy snaps the picture.

FPO

Hampton-Brown

Avoid these problems: Problem His friend smile at the camera. She push the button.

Solution His friend smiles at the camera. She pushes the button.

Try It
A. Choose a subject and verb to start a sentence. Then nish it with words from the third column. Make as many sentences as you can. Subject We Andy She The friends A squirrel Verb takes munches runs walk like Rest of Predicate down the trail. seeds and nuts. in the woods. photos of everyone. to go camping.

B. Now talk about the photo. Write three sentences about a boy or girl in the photo. Use action verbs.

Change the Verb to Show Past Tense

In English, you have to change the verb when you talk about the past.

LANGUAGE TRANSFER VERB TENSE: REGULAR VERBS

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Many verbs add -ed to show a past action. Last year, I traveled to the beach with my family. One day, we walked on the beach. Last night, we talked about going there again. Avoid these problems: Problem Last year, Alina visits the beach. Yesterday, she to watch her vacation videos.

Solution Last year, Alina visited the beach. Yesterday, she watched her vacation videos.

Try It
A. Listen and repeat each verb. What does the -ed sound like? Then use the verbs in new sentences. splashed talked walked played showed traveled ended visited wanted . . .

When I was young, I Last year, my family Yesterday, I B. Now imagine you are someone in the photo. Write a note to a friend to describe your vacation. Use past tense verbs.

Dont Leave Out the Verb

In English, you have to change the verb when you tell about the past.

LANGUAGE TRANSFER VERB TENSE: FORMS OF BE

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Hampton-Brown

The verb be has special forms in the past. 1. Use was with I, he, she, or it. I was at the mall yesterday. It was fun! 2. Use were with we, you, or they. You were there, too. We were surprised to see you. Do not leave the verb out of the sentence. Avoid these problems: Problem Natalie happy. The girls are at the mall yesterday. Solution Natalie was happy. The girls were at the mall yesterday.

Try It
A. Choose words from each box to tell a story. Last week, was were At rst, I my mother my father my brother my friends at home at school at the mall at a game .

I my mother my father my brother my friends nervous happy sad scared sick . I my mother my father my brother my friends nervous happy sad scared sick .

was were By the end, was were

B. Write three sentences to describe an exciting time from last week. Tell what you felt. Use was and were.

Change the Verb to Show Past Tense

In English, you have to change the verb when you talk about the past. Some verbs have special forms to tell about the past.

LANGUAGE TRANSFER VERB TENSE: IRREGULAR VERBS

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Hampton-Brown

Present have go feel think

Past had went felt thought

Example Yesterday, we had a great time. After school, we went downtown. It felt good to relax after school. We thought about seeing a movie.

Avoid this problem: Problem Yesterday, I see my friends.

Solution Yesterday, I saw my friends.

Try It
A. Listen to each sentence. Change the verb to the past tense. Then use the past tense verb in a new sentence. 1. At night, I go out with my friends. 2. My friends think we should go downtown. 3. Julia has to go home to study. 4. She feels sad about missing the fun. B. Now tell about the photo. Write three sentences about it. Use irregular past tense verbs.

Add Will to Signal the Future

In English, you have to change the verb to tell about the future. Add will before the verb. Tomorrow I will play soccer. Next week we will start practice.

LANGUAGE TRANSFER VERB TENSE: FUTURE

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What will you do in the future?

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Now Today I play basketball. Now we have English class. This year they are sixteen years old.

In the Future Tomorrow I will play soccer. Later we will have math. Next year they will be seventeen.

Avoid these problems: Problem Solution We nish it tomorrow. We will nish it tomorrow. You meet my girlfriend next week. You will meet my girlfriend next week.

Try It
A. Choose words from each column to make ve sentences. Today Tomorrow In the future I he she they goes will go have has a test. to basketball practice. a lesson. a great time.

B. Tell about the teens in the photo. Write sentences to tell what they will do in the future. Use will in each sentence.

Dont Use the Present Tense When You Tell About the Past

LANGUAGE TRANSFER VERB TENSE: PRESENT PERFECT

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In Spanish, you can use the present tense when you tell about an action that started in the past and is still happening now. In English, you need to use the present perfect tense. Spanish English Desde enero, vivo Since January, I en Nueva York. have lived in New York. Avoid these problems: Problem Since last month, my sister is sad. For a long time, she wants to go back to Puerto Rico.

Solution Since last month, my sister has been sad. For a long time, she has wanted to go back to Puerto Rico.

Try It
A. Say each sentence with the correct verb. 1. For a long time, my family (wants / has wanted) to move. 2. Last month, we (look / looked) for a new home. Then we found one. 3. Since we bought the house, we (pack / have packed) every day. 4. This morning, we (move / moved) all our things. 5. For a long time, we (wait / have waited) for this moment! B. Now tell about the photo. Write four sentences about the family. Use the past tense and the present perfect tense.