ENRICHMENT OF K TO 12 TECHNOLOGY AND LIVELIHOOD EDUCATION (TLE COMPETENCIES) SEMINAR TERM PAPER

CONTENTS I. Introduction Education is the key to the long-term problems of the country. If we fix basic education, we fix the long-term problems of the country. And if we fix the countrys problems, we will build a truly strong society. . . This is a statement according to our President Benigno Simeon C. Aquino III in building the Filipino dream for the new generation, our president reflected on and acted on it. With the Philippines as the only country in Asia offering a 10 year pre-university program, our government seeks for a change for the betterment of our Basic Education Curriculum, a curriculum that would prepare the students not just only for career and a higher education but most of all the transition from school to work and from school to further learning. Why? Because the world change and so our learners, the way they think, act, understand and solve problems may not be the same as before as they do now. Each Individual, each student has a different way of learning and so are the teachings should be. Why? Because the teacher, even how knowledgeable and smart he or she may be, if the learning cannot be properly transferred to the students, the students will not learn effectively. Every teacher, every educator should put first the goal of learning of the students because an effective teacher produces career competitive students who will best contribute to their social responsibilities of our country to improve economic growth and employment rate. K to 12 is the key, key to the future of our succeeding generations. The enhanced curriculum will offer areas of specialization or electives such as science and technology, arts, sports, journalism, tech-voc, foreign language, entrepreneurship, and subjects for advanced placement. Graduates of K to 12 Basic Education Program are envisaged to be better prepared for life as they are expected to possess sufficient mastery of 21st century core skills; be emotionally developed and competent to live a meaningful life; be socially aware, pro-active and involved in public and civic affairs.

With our new curriculum, it offers new TLE featuring Agri-Fishery Arts, Home Economics, Industrial, Arts, Entrepreneurship and Information Technology. It would include Agri-Fishery Arts; the cultivation of animals, fungi and plants, as well as other life forms that are used for the sake of food and fiber, as well as other kinds of products that are used to maintain life. Agriculture, like fishing, can be seen as an art. In addition, the study of agriculture is actually science, known as agricultural science. Home Economics is also known as family and consumer sciences of Home Economics. It is the study that deals with the economics and management of the home and community. It includes different topics such as consumer education, institutional management, interior design, home furnishing, cleaning, handicrafts, sewing, clothing, and textiles, commercial cooking, cooking, nutrition, food preservation, hygiene, child development or professional careers, or to assist in preparing to fulfill real-life responsibilities at home. Industrial Arts aimed at developing the manual and technical skills required to work with tools and machinery. It is a course in the methods of using tools and machinery as taught in secondary schools and technical schools. It covers different topics such as small engine repair and automobile maintenance, and all programs usually covers technical drawings. These programs expose children to the basis of home repair, manual craftsmanship, and machine safety. Most industrial Arts programs were established in comprehensive rather than dedicated vocational training

II.

Impressions

III.

New Theories Learned

a. ELECTRICAL WIRING
Kinds of Electricity The static electricity: Is the electricity that is produced by friction. The dynamic electricity: Is the electricity that has a change in their motion; it causes a continuous movement of charges with the presence of pressure.

Electric Current The movement or the flow of free electrons is called current. To produce current, the electrons must be moved by a potential difference. Current is represented by the letter symbol (I). The basic unit in which current is measured is the ampere (A). One ampere of current is defined as the movement of one coulomb past any point of a conductor during one second of time. Potential Difference If work is to be done, something has to move. For something to move, a force has to be applied to the object. In electronics, that force is voltage. Voltage is the measure of difference of potential (electrical force) between two points. The volt is the unit of measure. Voltage can be described as electrical pressure. Structure of An Atom Atom is composed of sub-atomic particles of electrons, protons, and neutron in various combinations Electron (negative charge particle) revolves around the nucleus Proton (posiitve charge particle) found inside the nucleus

Neutron (neutral charge particle) found inside the nucleus

Types of Energy Sources converted into Electrical Energy Chemical Energy energy that is released as the result of electron interactions Ex. Batteries( Dry Cell, Wet Cell and Fuel Cell) Solar Energy is light and heat energy from the sun Wind Energy moving air turns the blades of large windmills or generator to make electricity. Hydroelectric Energy fast flowing water released from dams in mountains areas can turn water turbines to produce electricity. Geothermal Energy: Uses heat energy from the beneath the surface of the earth. Thermal Energy: The production of most electric energy begins with the formation of heat energy. Piezoelectric Effect: Certain crystals, such as quartz and Rochelle salts, generate a voltage when they are vibrated mechanically.

Graphical Symbols and Electric Diagram The Electric Circuit A practical electric circuit has at least four parts Source of electromotive force (battery) Conductors (wires) A load (resistor) A means of control (switch) THE CIRCUIT FEATURES To protect a circuit, a fuse is placed directly into the circuit (short circuit figure) A fuse will open the circuit whenever a dangerously large current starts to flow. A fuse will permit currents smaller than the fuse value to flow but will melt and therefore break or open the circuit if a larger current flows A dangerously large current will flow when a short circuit occurs. Resistance Resistance is the opposition to current flow. A resistor is a device whose resistance to current flow is a known, specified value. Resistance is measured in ohms and is represented by the symbol R in equation One ohm is defined as the amount of resistance that will limit the current in a conductor to one ampere when the voltage applied in a conductor is one volt. Ohms Law

Ohms law defines the relationship between current, voltage, and resistance. There are three ways to express Ohms law mathematically. The current in a circuit is equal to the voltage applied to the circuit divided by the resistance of the circuit: I = V/R The resistance of a circuit is equal to the voltage applied to the circuit divided by the current in the circuit: R = V/I

B. CARPENTRY
Carpentry: Is the art of combining pieces of lumber to support weight or to resist pressure. Lumber: Timber sawed into boards, planks, or other structural members of standard or specified length. Timber: The wood of trees cut and prepared for use as building material. MEASURING WOOD Board Foot means one square foot of wood of one inch thick. The formula used to find board foot is:

Guides on measuring lumber 1. The thickness and width of lumber is in inches while the length is in feet of even length. 2. Lumber of nominal sizes from 2 x 2 and lower, are no longer computed in board foot, but in linear foot. 3. The price of lumber is variable depending upon: a. Length. b. Width. c. Kind of lumber. Common Tools: Testing Tools 1. Square 2. Level 3. Bevel
Marking Tools Holding Tools Cutting Tools Smooth Facing Tools Boring Tools

1. Lead Pencil/Chalk 2. Scriber

1. Clamp

1. Saws 2. Chisel

1.Plane

1. Twist Drill

4.Plumb Bob

3. Compass

KINDS OF JOINTS

The union of two or more smooth or even surfaces admitting two or more pieces of lumber to a closed fitting or junction. Joinery is the art of joint making Mortise Joint Mortise is defined as a space in lumber joint hollowed out to receive a tenon or the like. Tenon Joint is a projection to be inserted into a socket or mortise in another lumber to make joint. Dovetail Joint is defined as partially housed tapered mortise and tenon joint. The word dovetail is used figuratively.

MASONRY AND TILE SETTING

Masonry: is the building of structures from individual units laid in and bound together by mortar. Mortar: is a workable paste used to bind construction blocks together and fill the gaps between them.

STRUCTURES THAT WERE BUILD WITH MASONRY

The Great wall of China The Great Pyramid of Egypt

MASONRY MATERIALS 1. Concrete block: when built in tandem with concrete columns and tie beams and reinforced with rears, is a very common building material for the load-bearing walls of buildings. (other materials) a. Brick, stone, marble, granite, cast stone, concrete block, b. Glass block, stucco, and tile. 2. A brick is a block, or a single unit of a ceramic material

3. CONCRETE HOLLOW BLOCKS: are manufactured in a variety of sizes, shapes, textures and strengths to provide for various needs and convenience in masonry construction APPLICATION OF MASONRY Masonry is commonly used for the walls of buildings, retaining walls and monuments. Brick and concrete block are the most common types of masonry in use in industrialized nations.

GETTING HOW MANY CONCRETE BLOCKS NEEDED ACCORDING TO THE AREA Stretcher concrete hollow blocks are manufactured in three- and two core units. They are produced in 100mm (4"),125mm (5), 150mm (6") and 200mm (8") thicknesses. Equation: The quantity of 200mm x 400mm concrete blocks needed for a given area of wall in square meters, (excluding columns, beams, openings, etc.) can then be obtained with this simple formula: (Net CHB Area) x 13 = No. of Concrete Blocks required

ELECTRONICS CONSTRUCTION
Service Entrance: Defined as that portion of the supply conductors which extends from the street main duct or transformer to the panel board or switchboard.

Service Entrance is either:

1. Overhead System 2. Underground System OVERHEAD SERVICE ENTRANCE: The service conductors between the terminals of the service equipment and a point usually outside the building, clear of building walls, where joined by tap or splice to the service drop. UNDERGROUND SERVICE ENTRANCE: The service conductors between the terminals of the service equipment and the point of connection to the service lateral. GROUND: A conducting connection, whether intentional or accidental, between an electrical circuit or equipment and the earth, or to some conducting body that serves in place of the earth.

Grounding could be accomplished by connecting to:

1. Metal Underground Water Pipe

2. Metal Frame of the Building or Structure 3. Ground Ring 4. Ground Rod . Metal Underground Water Pipe: A metal underground water pipe in direct contact with the earth for 3000mm or more. Metal Frame of the Building: The metal frame of the building or structure, where effectively grounded. Ground Ring: Ground ring encircling the building or structure in direct contact with the earth at a depth below the earths surface of not less than 760mm, consisting of 6000mm of bare copper conductor not smaller than 30mm2 Rod and Pipe Electrodes: Rod and pipe electrodes shall not be less than 2400mm in length, with a minimum of 16mm in diameter for rod electrodes and a minimum of 20mm trade size for pipe electrodes.

ARC WELDING
ARC WELDING APPLICATION The process of joining two pieces of metals by heating their edges to their melting point and allowing the molten portion to fade or flow together. Two other metal joining process which are often confused with welding are soldering and brazing. When two metals which edges are not melted joint by the third metal having a melting point below 800OF . When two metals which
edges are not melted are joint by a third metal having a melting point of above 800OF. Examples are joining two pieces of steel with a silver alloy.

A compete arc welding station consist of Booth, DC power source, welding table, ventilating syste, electrode, electrode table, ground cable with clamp. Other terms: SOLDERING: when two metals which edges are not melted joint by the third metal having a melting point below 800of example: joining copper to a steel using a lead-tin alloy with soldering paste or muriatic acid. BRAZING: when two metals which edges are not melted are joint by a third metal having a melting point of above 8000f Example: joining two pieces of steel with a silver alloy starting a welding station

1. A start button is conveniently located near the operator of the machine 2. Many are fitted with a remote control switch for convenience 3. Current settings are easily made with a hand wheel on the top with a dial or pointer to indicate the quantity of current output 4. It is very important that complete setting be inspected before starting and using the arc welder machine for safety and efficiency in operation.
A. B. C. D. E. ELECTRODE HOLDER, CABLE AND CONNECTIONS 1. Electrode holder insulation must be in good condition. 2. Electrode holder should be hung on insulated hooks. 3. Cables should be well insulated and should run together. 4. Connections should be clean and tight.

CHIEF HAZARDS TO BE AVOIDED IN ARC WELDING A. RADIATION FROM THE ARC, ULTRAVIOLET AND INFRA-RED RAYS 1. Your eyes must be at all times be protected from the arc by using an arc welders helmet or face shields with approved lenses. 2. Never look at the arc at any distance, unless your eyes are protected, gloves for hands and thick clothing for the other parts of the body. 3. Presents a hazard if it strikes unprotected skin or hit other flammable materials 4. Can be avoided by working on a dry floor, using insulated electrode holder and wearing dry gloves when performing welding. 5. The health hazard of fumes developed by the electrode and metal being weld, can be avoided by the use of proper ventilation. The fumes generated in the welding arc may contain poisonous metal oxide. 6. Hot metal which causes severe burns should always be a potential hazard, wear leather or asbestos apron or other heavy materials for body protection, leather or asbestos leggings and leather gloves for hands and arm protection.

AUTOMOTIVE SERVICING
Automotive Equipments: 1. BATTERY: A reservoir of electrochemical energy. The battery is called to be discharged , is when the battery energy Is use to start the engine, in ignition, lights, air conditioner , horn, radio and even when the battery is stored in cool place. The battery is called to be charge, is when some outside source is giving energy back to the battery like the alternator / generator and charger. PARTS OF THE BATTERY BATTERY GRID- Skeletal frame that carries the active material making it into a plate. GROUP - A no. of plates welded to the post strap ELEMENTS - The complete assembly of plates, post trap, and separator.

POSITIVE PLATE A crystal of lead peroxide wedge into a rectangular grid. Chocolate brown in color. NEGATIVE PLATE - a spongy lead packed into a similar grid. A spongy, gray metallic lead. SEPARATOR A thin sheets of microporous insulating materials, ribbed on the side next to positive plate too assist free circulation of acid.

Two types of generators used in Automobiles are the Dynamo and Alternator:
ALTERNATOR Main components of alternator:

Rotor Produces electromagnetism Composed of two interlacing fingers/pole cores, field coil/rotor coil, ship rings and rotor shaft. Stator - Produces electricity. Composed of stator core and three layer of stator coil Diodes/Rectifier rectify the electricity Composed of three positive diodes and the negative diodes Positive diode holder contains 3 positive diodes, the casing of it is large in size. Negative diode holder contains 3 negative diodes, the casing of it is smaller.

BREAK SYSTEM Brake is use in slowing down the motion of the vehicle to stop. Brake pedal deliver pressured liquid to the front and near break. Pedal push rod it pushes the piston inside master cylinder. Master cylinder contains master cylinder, pistons, cups, springs, and outlet for the rear and front breaks. Stop light switch connected to the brake pedal to make red light signal on the rear of the car. Trouble and Possible Cause: Excessive pedal effort Power brake malfunctioning Brake fluid, oil or grease on brake lining Worn out brake lining Incorrect linings Frozen or seized pistons Side pulling Greasy or oily brake linings

Frozen or seized pistons Incorrect tire pressure Distorted brake shoes Front end out of alignment Broken rear spring Restricted hose or line Unmatched lining