INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

Sitapur Road, Lucknow-226021 (U.P.)

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project entitled A MATLAB / SIMULINK BASED COMPARATIVE PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF VSI AND CSI FED ELECTRIC DRIVES submitted by Mr. Karunesh Kumar Shukla ( Roll No. 0805200012 ), Mr. Gopal Dixit ( Roll No. 0805220010 ) and Mr. Vijendra Singh Budiyal ( Roll No.

0805220026 ) in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of Bachelor of Technology Degree in Electrical Engineering at IET Lucknow is an authentic work carried out by them under my supervision and guidance.

Date: Lucknow:

(Dr.Anurag Tripathi)

Dept. of Electrical Engg. Institute of Engineering & Technology, Lucknow

ABSTRACT

In modern industry , induction motor has become the main workhorse of production owing to their simple , robust construction and reliable performance. Induction motors have surpassed the DC motors which were known for their speed control features. These all capabilities of induction motor working in all torque speed regions are because of the evolution of inverters which are capable of providing variable voltage and variable frequency supply to an induction motor. There are various types of inverters such as VSI and CSI . All these inverter configurations have their inherent characteristics of voltage and current waveforms and hence they affect the motor performance . Its inevitable for any power engineer to understand the relation between the inverter characteristics and their effect on induction motor for proper installation of industrial drives. In order to understand the above said relationship , MATLAB / SIMULINK provides the perfect environment for mathematical modeling and simulation of VSI and CSI fed motor drives. This study proves to be a effective tool for pre-designing procedure that enables us to find out loopholes of the proposed topology .

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to thank IET Lucknow for giving me the opportunity to use their resources and work in such a challenging environment. .

First and foremost I take this opportunity to express my deepest sense of gratitude to my guide Dr. Anurag Tripathi for his able guidance during my project work. This project would not have been possible without his help and the valuable time that he has given me amidst his busy schedule.

I would also like to extend my gratitude to my friends and senior students of this department who have always encouraged and supported me in doing my work.

Last but not the least I would like to thank all the staff members of Department of Electrical Engineering who have been very cooperative with us.

Karunesh Kumar Shukla Gopal Dixit Vijendra Singh Budiyal

CONTENTS
Certificate Abstract Acknowledgement
1 2

Contents List of figures List of tables 1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction 1.2 Introduction to Inverter Topologies 1.3 Introduction to inverter fed Induction motot Drive 1.4 Impact of non-sinusoidal excitation on induction motors on induction motor

4 6 10 11 11 12 13 14 15 15 17 18 19 20 21 23 27 31 35

2. MODELLING OF VSI AND CSI WITH PASSIVE LOADS

2.1 Half Bridge Voltage Source Inverter 2.2 Full Bridge Voltage Source Inverter 2.3 Three phase 120 degree VSI with resistive load 2.3.1 Phase to Neutral Voltage 2.3.2 Line voltage 2.3.3 Line Current 2.4 Three phase 120 degree VSI with RL load 2.5 Three phase 180 degree VSI with resistive load 2.6 Three phase 180 degree VSI with RL load 2.7 Single Phase CSI with Resistive Load

2.8 Single Phase CSI with RL Load 2.9 Three Phase ASCI with Resistive Load 2.9.1 Auto Sequential commutated Inverter Subsystem 2.10 Three phase ASCI fed RL load 2.11 Comparative analysis of single phase inverters based on THD values 2.11.1 For resistive load 2.11.2 For RL Load 2.12 Comparative analysis of three phase inverters based on THD values 2.12.1 For Resistive Load 2.12.2 For RL Load

38 40 41 46 50 50 50 50 50 50

3. COMPARISON OF VSI AND CSI FED INDUCTION MOTOR DRIVES

3.1 Introduction 3.2 VSI fed Motor 3.2.1 Voltage Source Inverter Specifications 3.2.2 Induction Motor Model Specification 3.2.3 Simulation Output 3.3 CSI fed Motor 3.3.1 Auto Sequential Current Commutated Inverter 3.3.2 Induction Motor Model Specification 3.3.3 Simulation Output

51 51 51 52 53 53 59 59 60 60 67 67 69

4. CONCLUSION & REFERENCES

4.1 Conclusion 4.2 References

List of figures

Fig. 1.1 Basic Scheme of VSI fed AC Machine . Fig 1.1: Basic scheme of CSI fed induction motor Fig. 2.1 Single Phase Half Bridge VSI Fig. 2.2 output voltage waveform for a single phase half bridge inverter Fig. 2.3 Full Bridge VSI Fig. 2.4 Output Voltage Waveform of single phase full bridge VSI Fig. 2.5 Three Phase 120 degree Mode VSI Fig. 2.6 Phase Voltage Output of 120 Degree VSI Fig. 2.7 FFT analysis of voltage waveform of 120 degree mode VSI Fig. 2.8 Line Voltage waveform for 120 degree mode VSI Fig. 2.9 FFT analysis of Line Voltage for 120 degree VSI Fig. 2.10 Line Current waveform of 120 degree VSI Fig. 2.11 FFT analysis of Line Current for 120 degree VSI Fig. 2.12 Circuit Model of 120 degree VSI for RL Load Fig. 2.13 Line Current waveform of 120 degree VSI with RL Load Fig. 2.14 FFT analysis of current waveform Fig. 2.15 Phase to neutral voltage of 120 degreeVSI for RL load Fig. 2.16 FFT analysis OF 120 degree VSI phase voltage waveforms Fig. 2.17 Line Voltage waveform of 120degree VSI feeding RL load Fig. 2.18 FFT analysis of line voltage of 120 degree VSI Fig. 2.19 Three Phase 180 degree VSI with Resistive load Fig. 2.20 phase voltage of 180 degree VSI with resistive load

13 14 16 16 17 18 19 19 20 20 21 21 22 23 23 24 24 25 25 26 27 28

Fig. 2.21THD analysis of 180 degree VSI by FFT analysis Fig. 2.22 Line Voltage output of 180 Degree VSI with Resistive load

28 29

Fig. 2.23 THD through powergui FFT analysis of MATLAB for line voltage of 180 VSI 29 Fig. 2.24 Line Current of 180 degreeVSI with Resistive load Fig. 2.25 FFT analysis of line current of 180 degree VSI with resistive load Fig. 2.26 three phase VSI in 180 degree mode with RL load Fig. 2.27 output line voltage waveform of 180 degree VSI with RL load . Fig. 2.28: THD analysis of linetoline voltage of 180 degree voltage source inverter Fig. 2.29 phase voltage waveform of 180 degree VSI with RL load Fig. 2.30 THD analysis of phase voltage of 180 degree voltage source inverter Fig2.30: THD in current of RL load for 180 degree VSI Fig 2.31: Model of single phase current source inverter Fig2.32: Current output of single phase current source inverter Fig 2.33: FFT analysis of output current of single phase currnet source inverter
34

30 30 31 31
32

32
33

35 36 36

Fig2.34: voltage output waveform of single phase current source inverter feeding RL load37 Fig2.35: FFT analysis of voltage output of current source inverter Fig 2.36 : single phase current source inverter feeding RL load Fig 2.37 : Current waveform of single phase CSI feeding RL load Fig 2.38: THD in current of single phase current source inverter
Fig 2.39: voltage output of single phase current source inverter feeding RL load

37 38 39 39
40

Fig 2.40: THD in output voltage of single phase current source inverter

40

Fig2.41: model of auto sequential current commutated inverter connected to three phase R load. Fig 2.42: Auto sequential commutated inverter (ASCI) Fig 2.43: line current output of three phase ASCI
7

41 41 43

Fig 2.44: THD in line current of three phase ASCI Fig 2.45: phase voltage output of three phase ASCI fed resistive load Fig2.46: THD in phase voltage of three phase ASCI fed R load Fig 2.47: line voltage of three phase ASCI fed resistive load Fig2.48: THD in line voltage of three phase ASCI fed resistive load Fig2.49: Three phase ASCI fed RL load Fig2.50: phase current output of ASCI fed RL load Fig2.51: THD analysis of phase current output of ASCI fed RL load Fig2.52: phase voltage output of ASCI fed RL load Fig2.53: THD analysis of phase voltage output of ASCI fed RL load. Fig2.54: line voltage output of ASCI fed RL load Fig2.55: FFT analysis of line voltage output of ASCI fed RL load Figure3.1: VSI fed induction motor Figure3.2: Subsystem of three phase 180 degree VSI Figure3.3: Speed vs. time graph of VSI fed induction motor out put Figure3.3: Torque vs. time graph of VSI fed induction motor output Figure3.4: Mean torque vs. time graph of VSI fed induction motor output Figure3.5: Torque vs. speed graph of VSI fed induction motor output Figure3.6: Stator voltage waveform of VSI fed induction motor Figure3.7: THD analysis of stator voltage waveform of VSI fed induction motor Figure3.8: Stator current waveform of VSI fed induction motor Figure3.9 : THD analysis of stator current VSI fed induction motor Figure3.10: Rotor current waveform of VSI fed induction motor Figure3.11: ASCI fed induction motor

43
44

44 45 45 46 47 47 48 48 49 49 52 53 53 54 54 55 55 56 57 57 58 59

Figure3.12: Subsystem of ASCI Figure3.13: Stator voltage waveform of ASCI fed induction motor Figure3.14: Stator current waveform of ASCI fed induction motor Figure3.15: THD analysis of stator current ASCI fed induction motor Figure3.16: Stator voltage waveform of ASCI fed induction motor Figure3.17: THD analysis of stator current ASCI fed induction motor Figure3.18: Rotor speed vs. time graph of ASCI fed induction motor Figure3.19: electromagnetic torque waveform of ASCI fed induction motor Figure3.20: Mean electromagnetic torque waveform of ASCI fed induction motor Figure3.21: Torque vs. speed graph of ASCI fed induction motor Figure3.22: Rotor current waveform of ASCI fed induction motor

60 61 61 62 63 63 64 64 65 65 66

List of Tables
2.11 Comparative analysis of single phase inverters based on THD values. 2.11.1: For resistive load 2.11.2: For RL load 2.12 Comparative analysis of three phase inverters based on THD values. 2.12.1: For resistive load 2.12.2: For RL load 3.5 Comparative analysis result of VSI 180 degree mode and ASCI based on THD values.

10

Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION :
This project is based on dynamic simulation of VSI and CSI fed small power induction motor based on Mathematical modeling. The dynamic simulation is one of the key steps in the validation of the design process of the motor drive systems and it is needed for eliminating inadvertent design mistakes and the resulting error in the prototype construction and testing. This project demonstrates the simulation of steady-state performance of induction motor fed by an inverter is done by MATLAB Program .Three phase 4KW induction motor is modeled and simulated with SIMULINK model. This project work is subdivided into three parts, part one introduction deals with basic theory and literature review. In this chapter various bridge configurations of single phase and three phase inverters are introduced for the sake of continuity and preliminary information .in this chapter an introductory treatment of VSI and CSI is done with an idea keeping in mind that the mathematical formations may not become so much tedious and unintelligible leading to anomalies in result interpretation. During analysis a space for logical and intuitive thinking is given so as to reach to unified idea during combining the various simulation results found in course of advancement. The second chapter deals with software realization of various bridge inverters more focused on three phase bridge configurations which are most efficient , reliable and are now a days inevitable requirement of industry [1][4]. The working of three phase inverters on passive loads and their performance analysis based on THD is done on MATLAB/SIMULINK environment .the second chapter elaborates the model specifications of various types of bridge configurations. The most interesting thing in this chapter is the modeling and simulation of three phase auto sequential commutated inverter (ASCI) and its performance analysis which is done with balanced three phase load configurations. In present time various algorithms are designed to analyze three phase ASCI as due to increased no of differential equations the simulation speed of ASCI based model slow down and some time goes to complete halt in simulation or lead to numerical oscillations.
11

The third chapter is devoted to practical application of previously modeled and analyzed three phase VSI and CSI configurations fed induction motor drives. The main motive of this chapter is to compare three phase VSI and CSI for the three phase induction motor load on the basis of THD in waveforms injected by these inverter models in the load circuitry . for the sake of simplicity and by obvious reasoning it is well known that single phase inverters are less performing than three phase 180 degree VSI and ASCII in overlapping region hence they are not included in this chapter to drive the motor .mainly 180 degree VSI and three phase ASCII have been selected to drive a motor of same rating and current, voltage and torque waveforms are analyzed on the basis for THD comparison and results are tabulated at the end of the chapter. The fourth chapter conclusion is designed to summaries all the work done from beginning to the end of the project work and logical inferences based on mathematical analysis and based on facts found in various references is included.

1.2 Introduction to inverter topologies

The word inverter in the context of power-electronics denotes a class of power conversion (or power conditioning) circuits that operates from a dc voltage source or a dc current source and converts it into ac voltage or current. The inverter does reverse of what ac-to-dc converter does (refer to ac to dc converters). Even though input to an inverter circuit is a dc source, it is not uncommon to have this dc derived from an ac source such as utility ac supply. Thus, for example, the primary source of input power may be utility ac voltage supply that is converted to dc by an ac to dc converter and then inverted back to ac using an inverter. Here, the final ac output may be of a different frequency and magnitude than the input ac of the utility supply. Inverter is referred as a circuit that operates from a stiff dc source and generates ac output. If the input dc is a voltage source, the inverter is called a voltage source inverter (VSI). One can similarly think of a current source inverter (CSI), where the input to the circuit is a current source. The VSI circuit has direct control over output (ac) voltage whereas the CSI directly controls output (ac) current. Shape of voltage waveforms output by an ideal VSI should be independent of load connected at the output[5]. Some examples where voltage source inverters are used are: uninterruptible power supply (UPS) units, adjustable speed drives
12

(ASD) for ac motors, electronic frequency changer circuits etc. commercially available inverter units used in homes and offices to power some essential ac loads in case the utility ac supply gets interrupted. In such inverter units, battery supply is used as the input dc voltage source and the inverter circuit converts the dc into ac voltage of desired frequency. The achievable magnitude of ac voltage is limited by the magnitude of input (dc bus) voltage. In ordinary household inverters the battery voltage may be just 12 volts and the inverter circuit may be capable of supplying ac voltage of around 10 volts (rms) only. In such cases the inverter output voltage is stepped up using a transformer to meet the load requirement of, say, 230 volts.

From view point of connections of semiconductor devices, inverters are classified as under 1- Bridge Inverters 2- Series Inverters 3- Parallel Inverters Among the above three categories , the bridge inverters are most efficient [1][5]. Bridge inverters are further classified as under single phase voltage source and current source inverter similarly three phase voltage source and current source inverters . Bridge VSI and CSI inverters are classified in various topologies such as half bridge VSI,full bridge VSI ,three phase 120 and 180 degree VSI, single phase CSI ,single phase ASCI, and three phase ASCI[1] [2] [5].

1.3 introduction to inverter fed induction motor drives

In this project a comparison based on harmonic analysis is done between square wave VSI and CSI drives. In these types of drives the inverter operates in a square wave mode. With the square wave inverter operation each inverter switch is on for 180 degree and a total of three switches are on at any instant of time .because of the inverter operating in a square wave mode , the magnitude of the motor voltage is controlled by controlling input voltage of DC source [3]. A CSI drive basically consists of a phase controlled rectifier , a large inductor and a DC to AC converter .A large inductor is used in DC link , which makes the input appear as a current source to the inverter[3][10].

13

Fig 1. 2:basic scheme of VSI fed AC machine

Basically induction motor drives are controlled by various methods which comprise of methods such as constant frequency variable voltage (below base speed) , constant voltage variable frequency control (above base speed),constant current control , constant (V/f) control(in constant torque region) are those methods which are frequently applied to control the speed of any induction motor[1][3][7]. In all these method inverters are used to feed power to the induction motor hence if the generated voltage of current waveform is not sinusoidal then the performance of induction motor is badly affected by these generated harmonics and problem of fluctuating torque[7],high amount of losses [10]becomes predominant.

Fig 1. 3:basic scheme of CSI fed induction motor

Hence it is very important to understand the effects of harmonics on induction motor [7][10].as well as the performance of various types of inverter injecting harmonic in load circuitry must also be known.

1.4 Impact of non-sinusoidal excitation on induction motors on induction motor

In practice , the inverters used in variable frequency controller produce three phase voltages or currents that ate identical in each phase except for the 120 degree phase displacement [1][5].
14

The harmonic content in wave is measured by and index Total Harmonic Distortion which is the ratio of harmonic component to the fundamental component [5]. The harmonic content deteriorates the waveform and produces the output torque pulsation which must be mitigated so as to get proper motor performance. As a first-order approximation , the motor currents in the presence of harmonic voltage components can be found by calculating each harmonic current component ih ( at harmonic h). From the per-phase equivalent circuit of figure . then the motor currents can be obtained by using the principle of superposition and adding the fundamental and all other harmonic current components . It can be easily verified that the flux produced by the harmonics,h = 6n-1 ( where n = 1,2,3 ...) has an opposite phase rotation caompared with the fundamental. Therefore these harmonics result in a flux rotation opposite to that of the rotor. Harmonics h = 6n +1 ,produce a flux rotation in the same direction as the rotor [2][5].

15

CHAPTER 2 MODELLING OF VSI AND CSI WITH PASSIVE LOAD

VOLTAGE SOURCE INVERTER Voltage Source Inverters is one in which the DC source has small or negligible impedance. In other words VSI has stiff DC voltage source at its input terminals. A current source inverter is fed with adjustable current from a DC source of high impedance, i.e. from a stiff DC current source. In a CSI fed with stiff current source, output current waves are not affected by the load.From view point of connections of semiconductor devices, inverters are classified as under 4- Bridge Inverters 5- Series Inverters 6- Parallel Inverters Among the above three categories , the bridge inverters are most efficient [ 1]. Hence In this present chapter various configurations of bridge inverters are studied in MATLAB / SIMULINK environment . Most of the inverter models are simulated and solved by ODE45 (dormant prince solver) .As much as possible the models have been simulated in continuous mode and where the simulation speed becomes too slow the simulation is performed in discrete mode. 2.1 Half bridge inverter A single phase half bridge voltage source inverter is realized by two GTO s supplied by pulse generators . the firing sequence of GTOs is so adjusted that one GTO conducts for first 0.01 sec the next GTO conducts for next 0.01 sec . hence a total time period of complete cycle is 0.02 sec which corresponds to 50Hz frequency . This single phase half bridge 50 Hz inverter is supplied by a stiff DC voltage source of 100 volts magnitude. In the voltage source inverter diodes are not included as it is in this model feeds a resistive load . The output voltage waveform of this single phase half bridge inverter is found to be a quasi square wave which has the THD value around 30% .

16

Figure 2. 1:single phase half bridge inverter

And its output waveform is as shown in the figure2.2 is a quasi-square wave. The total harmonic distortion 29.8% (not shown here ) is found by FFT analysis tool .

17

The current waveform traces the same shape as the voltage waveform due to a resistive load .
150

100

50

-50

-100

-150

1.01

1.02

1.03

1.04

1.05

1.06

1.07

1.08

1.09

1.1

Figure 2. 2: The output voltage waveform for a single phase half bridge inverter 2.2 full bridge voltage source inverter .

Figure 2. 3:model of full bridge voltage source inverter The full bridge voltage source inverter is realized by four GTO s named as GTO , GTO1 , GTO2 , GTO3 . the firing sequence for first half cycle of 0.01 sec thyristor pair of GTO and GTO3 is fired and for the next half cycle GTO pair GTO1 and GTO2 are fired.
18

This voltage source inverter also works on 50Hz frequency . it is supplied by a 100 volt DC voltage source . A resistive load is connected to the inverter and the output voltage waveform is observed as been shown in figure 2.4 . And its output voltage waveform is as shown in the following figure :
200 150 100 50
voltage

0 -50 -100 -150 -200 0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1 time

0.12

0.14

0.16

0.18

0.2

Figure 2. 4: output voltage waveform of single phase full bridge inverter .

2.3 Three phase 120 degree VSI with resistive load A three phase 120 degree VSI is shown in figure 2.5 . the firing sequence is GTO , GTO4 ,GTO2 , GTO 1 , GTO5 , GTO3 . each GTO conducts for 0.02/3 seconds . the time delay between two consecutive firings is 0.02/6 sec . The reistive load is supplied by the inverter and the total output in the THD value is calculated . Both phase and line voltages are observed for the resistive load.

19

Figure 2. 5:three phase 120 degree mode voltage source inverter . The output wave forms for 120 degree inverter in phase to phase are as shown 2.3.1
100

Phase to neutral voltage

phase voltage

50

-50

-100 0.3

0.31

0.32

0.33

0.34

0.35

0.36

0.37

0.38

0.39

0.4

time
Figure 2. 6:phase voltage output of a three phase 120degree voltage source inverter .

20

Selected signal: 25 cycles. FFT window (in red): 10 cycles 50 0 -50 0 0.1 0.2 Time (s) 0.3 0.4 0.5

Fundamental (50Hz) = 53.6 , THD= 35.10% 20 15 10 5

Mag (% of Fundamental)

200

400 600 Frequency (Hz)

800

1000

Figure 2.7: FFT analysis for voltage waveform of 120 degree VSI 2.7 2.3.2 Line Voltage
100

line voltage

50

-50

-100 0.3

0.31

0.32

0.33

0.34

0.35

0.36

0.37

0.38

0.39

0.4

time
Figure 2. 7: line voltage waveform for 120 degree mode VSI

21

Selected signal: 25 cycles. FFT window (in red): 10 cycles 50 0 -50 0 0.1 0.2 Time (s) 0.3 0.4 0.5

Fundamental (50Hz) = 92.84 , THD= 35.07% 20 15 10 5

Mag (% of Fundamental)

200

400 600 Frequency (Hz)

800

1000

Figure 2. 8: FFT analysis of line voltage for 120 degree VSI model.

2.3.3 Line Current

100

line current

50

-50

-100 0.2

0.21

0.22

0.23

0.24

0.25

0.26

0.27

0.28

0.29

0.3

time
Figure 2. 9:line current of 120 degree voltage source inverter

22

Selected signal: 25 cycles. FFT window (in red): 10 cycles 4 2 0 -2 -4 0 0.1 0.2 Time (s) 0.3 0.4 0.5

Fundamental (50Hz) = 5.356 , THD= 30.39% 20

Mag (% of Fundamental)

15 10

200

400 600 Frequency (Hz)

800

1000

Figure 2. 10:FFT analysis for line current of 120 degree VSI

23

2.4

Three

phase

120

degree

VSI

with

RL

load

figure 2.12: circuit model of 120 degree VSI for RL load simulation output of three phase inverter is as shown in figures 2.13 upto 2.18.

10 8 6

line current

4 2 0 -2 -4 -6 -8 -10 0.3 0.31 0.32 0.33 0.34 0.35 0.36 0.37 0.38 0.39 0.4

time

Figure 2. 13:line currnt waveform of 120 degree VSI with RL load

24

Selected signal: 25 cycles. FFT window (in red): 10 cycles 4 2 0 -2 -4 0 0.1 0.2 Time (s) 0.3 0.4 0.5

Fundamental (50Hz) = 5.356 , THD= 30.39% 20

Mag (% of Fundamental)

15 10

200

400 600 Frequency (Hz)

800

1000

Figure 2. 11:FFT analysis of current wave form

150

phase to neutral voltage

100

50

-50

-100

-150 0.3

0.31

0.32

0.33

0.34

0.35

0.36

0.37

0.38

0.39

0.4

time

Figure 2. 12:phase to nutral voltage of 120 degree VSI for RL load

25

Selected signal: 25 cycles. FFT window (in red): 10 cycles 50 0 -50 0 0.1 0.2 Time (s) 0.3 0.4 0.5

Fundamental (50Hz) = 53.6 , THD= 35.10% 20 15 10 5

Mag (% of Fundamental)

200

400 600 Frequency (Hz)

800

1000

Figure 2. 13 : FFT analysis of 120degree VSI phase voltage waveforms

150

100

line voltage

50

-50

-100

-150 0.3

0.31

0.32

0.33

0.34

time

0.35

0.36

0.37

0.38

0.39

0.4

Figure 2. 14:line voltage of 120 degree VSI feeding Rl load

26

Selected signal: 25 cycles. FFT window (in red): 10 cycles 50 0 -50 0 0.1 0.2 Time (s) 0.3 0.4 0.5

Fundamental (50Hz) = 92.85 , THD= 35.06% 20 15 10 5

Mag (% of Fundamental)

200

400 600 Frequency (Hz)

800

1000

Figure 2. 15:FFT analysis of line voltage of 120 degree VSI

The findings in the above simulation is that the THD value in line current is 30.39%. The THD value in phase to nutral voltage is 35.10%. The THD value in line voltage is 30.06% . In summery we can say that the THD value in voltage waveform was found to be constant around 30 to 40% but the THD value of current is varying in wide range according to load.

2.5 Three phase 180 degree VSI with resistive load Three phase VSI is implemented through six GTO and the conduction period for each GTO is 0.01seconds the time delay between firing of two consecutive GTOs is 0.02/6 seconds .

27

The firing sequence is GTO, GTO5, GTO3, GTO1, GTO4, GTO2 according to the figure. The voltage source inverter used here uses 100 V DC voltage source which is a stiff voltage source hence there is no need for the input capacitor filter as been use in theory .

Figure 2. 16 This is the best inverter configuration in the bridge type VSI with non-PWM input. The firing sequence is so adjusted so as to provide the 50 Hz frequency .the firing time and deley between two consecutive GTO is explained in this article earlier.
phse to neutral voltage
150 100 50 0 -50 -100 -150 0.3

0.31

0.32

0.33

0.34

0.35

0.36

0.37

0.38

0.39

0.4

time
28

Figure 2. 17 : phase voltage of 180 degree voltage source inverter with resistive load

Selected signal: 50 cycles. FFT window (in red): 10 cycles 50 0 -50 0 0.2 0.4 Time (s) 0.6 0.8 1

Fundamental (50Hz) = 62.38 , THD= 31.08% 20

Mag (% of Fundamental)

15

10

200

400 600 Frequency (Hz)

800

1000

Figure 2. 18: Total harmonic distortion analysis of 180 VSI by FFT analysis
150 100

line voltage

50 0 -50 -100 -150 0.3

0.31

0.32

0.33

0.34

0.35

0.36

0.37

0.38

0.39

0.4

time

Figure 2. 19 : The line voltage output with 180 degree VSI with resistive load

29

Selected signal: 50 cycles. FFT window (in red): 10 cycles 50 0 -50 0 0.2 0.4 Time (s) 0.6 0.8 1

Fundamental (50Hz) = 108 , THD= 31.09% 20

Mag (% of Fundamental)

15

10

200

400 600 Frequency (Hz)

800

1000

Figure 2. 20: THD through powergui FFT analysis of MATLAB for line voltage of 180 VSI
10

current

-5

-10 0.3

0.31

0.32

0.33

0.34

0.35

0.36

0.37

0.38

0.39

0.4

time

Figure 2. 21 :Line current of 180 degree VSI with resistive load

30

Selected signal: 50 cycles. FFT window (in red): 10 cycles 5 0 -5 0 0.2 0.4 Time (s) 0.6 0.8 1

Fundamental (50Hz) = 6.238 , THD= 31.08% 20

Mag (% of Fundamental)

15

10

200

400 600 Frequency (Hz)

800

1000

Figure 2. 22 : FFT analysis of line current of 180 degree VSI with resistive load The following results have been found from the simulation result of three phase 180 degree vsi Total THD in phase to neutral voltage is found 31.08% Total THD in line voltage is found to be 31.09% .

2.6

Three phase 180 degree VSI with RL load

Same VSI operating in 180 degree mode is used to connect the RL load.

31

Figure 2. 23 : three phase voltage source inverter in 180 degree mode with RL load The VSI model shown in figure 2.24 is uses an stiff DC voltage source of magnitude 200 V . this specific model is solved by ODE 23 variable step solver. The load value is taken to be 10 ohm resistive and 0.001 Henryfor inductance. The generated output waveforms are analyzed in forgoing section ,
250

200

150

100

phase voltage (volts)

50

-50

-100

-150

-200

-250 0.1

0.11

0.12

0.13

0.14

0.15 time (seconds)

0.16

0.17

0.18

0.19

0.2

Figure 2.25 :output line voltage waveform for 180degree mode VSI with RL load

32

Selected signal: 500 cycles. FFT window (in red): 100 cycles 100 0 -100 0 2 4 Time (s) 6 8 10

Fundamental (50Hz) = 218.3 , THD= 30.61% 20

Mag (% of Fundamental)

15

10

200

400 600 Frequency (Hz)

800

1000

Figure 2. 26: THD analysis of line to line voltage waveforms in 180 degree VSI
150

100

phase to nutral voltage (volts)

50

-50

-100

-150 0.2

0.21

0.22

0.23

0.24

0.25 time (seconds)

0.26

0.27

0.28

0.29

0.3

Figure 2. 27: phase voltage of 180 VSI for RL load

33

Selected signal: 500 cycles. FFT window (in red): 100 cycles 100 0 -100 0 2 4 Time (s) 6 8 10

Fundamental (50Hz) = 126.1 , THD= 30.61% 20

Mag (% of Fundamental)

15

10

200

400 600 Frequency (Hz)

800

1000

Figure 2. 28: THD analysis of phase voltage of 180 degree voltage source inverter
15

10

phase current for RL load

-5

-10

-15 0.1

0.11

0.12

0.13

0.14

0.15 time (seconds)

0.16

0.17

0.18

0.19

0.2

Figure 2.29: current waveform for 180 VSI for RL load

34

Selected signal: 500 cycles. FFT window (in red): 100 cycles 10 0 -10 0 2 4 Time (s) 6 8 10

Fundamental (50Hz) = 12.6 , THD= 28.48% 20

Mag (% of Fundamental)

15

10

200

400 600 Frequency (Hz)

800

1000

Figure 2. 30: THD in current of RL load for 180 degree VSI The various results for 180 degree voltage source inverter are summarized as , The THD values for line voltage and phase voltages for a large number of cycles(here taken as 100 cycles) is almost equal ,however ,the THD value of line voltage was found negligibly higher during calculating from starting by FFT analysis tool ,this was merely due to the difference in waveforms in both voltages . The value of THD in line current was found 28.48%.which is less than the corresponding voltage waveforms (around 30%) because of deviation from sharp corners due to effect of inductance . this phenomenon can be explained by GIBBS effect[6].

Current source inverters

35

2.7 Single phase with resistive load A single phase CSI is realized by a DC source in series with and inductance of large value which feeds a single phase resistive load. Four GTOs have been fired by the pulse generator in alternate way , the firing sequence is as follows , GTO and GTO3 are fired for 0.01 seconds and then GTO and GTO2 are fired for next half cycle of 0.01 seconds .hence a complete cycle comprises of 0.02seconds which corresponds to 50Hz frequency. A commutating capacitor is also used in the current source inverter for turning of thyristors automatically which is also modeled here in parallel to load resistor .

figure 2.31:model of single phase current source inverter

36

0.01

0.005

current

-0.005

-0.01 0.3

0.31

0.32

0.33

0.34

0.35

0.36

0.37

0.38

0.39

0.4

time

figure 2.32: current output of single phase current source inverter

-3 x 10Selected signal: 50 cycles. FFT window (in red): 10 cycles

15 10 5 0 -5 0 0.2 0.4 Time (s) 0.6 0.8 1

Fundamental (50Hz) = 0.008285 , THD= 11.34% 10

Mag (% of Fundamental)

8 6 4 2 0

200

400 600 Frequency (Hz)

800

1000

Figure 2.33: FFT analysis of output current of single phase currnet source inverter

37

phase voltage

-5 0.3

0.31

0.32

0.33

0.34

0.35

0.36

0.37

0.38

0.39

0.4

time

figure 2.34: voltage output waveform of single phase current source inverter feeding RL load

Selected signal: 50 cycles. FFT window (in red): 10 cycles 3 2 1 0 -1 0 0.2 0.4 Time (s) 0.6 0.8 1

Fundamental (50Hz) = 1.657 , THD= 11.34% 10

Mag (% of Fundamental)

8 6 4 2 0

200

400 600 Frequency (Hz)

800

1000

figure 2.35: FFT analysis of voltage output of current source inverter

The THD values of both current and voltage waveforms after analysis have been found equal because the inverter is feeding a R load hence the voltage will trace the same output waveform as the current.

2.8 Single phase CSI with RL load

38

Same current source inverter is used to feed a single RL load as shown in the figure. The switching pattern is as designed in the previous current source inverter fed resistive load. The voltage and current waveforms are analyzed and THD are being calculated .

figure 2.36 : single phase current source inverter feeding RL load

39

0.02

line current

0.01

-0.01

-0.02 0.3

0.31

0.32

0.33

0.34

0.35

0.36

0.37

0.38

0.39

0.4

time
figure 2.37 : current waveform of single phase CSI feeding RL load

Selected signal: 50 cycles. FFT window (in red): 10 cycles 0.03 0.02 0.01 0 -0.01 0 0.2 0.4 Time (s) 0.6 0.8 1

Fundamental (50Hz) = 0.01665 , THD= 10.94% 10

Mag (% of Fundamental)

8 6 4 2 0

200

400 600 Frequency (Hz)

800

1000

Figure 2.38:THD in current of single phase current source inverter

40

phase voltage

-1

-2 0.3

0.31

0.32

0.33

0.34

0.35

0.36

0.37

0.38

0.39

0.4

time

Figure2.39: voltage output of single phase current source inverter feeding RL load

Selected signal: 50 cycles. FFT window (in red): 10 cycles 3 2 1 0 -1 0 0.2 0.4 Time (s) 0.6 0.8 1

Fundamental (50Hz) = 1.665 , THD= 10.94% 10

Mag (% of Fundamental)

8 6 4 2 0

200

400 600 Frequency (Hz)

800

1000

figure 2.40: THD in output voltage of single phase current source inverter 2.9 Three phase ASCI with resistive load An auto sequential current commutated inverter (ASCI) is an important configurations in the series of bridge configurations of current source inverters. A three phase ASCI feeding a resistive load is shown in figure 2.41 .various parts of this model are shown and analysed in this section one by one .

41

figure 2.41: model of auto sequential current commutated inverter connected to three phase R load.

2.9.1 Auto sequential commutated inverter subsystem This subsystem is modeled with sixthyristors connected with six diodes in a bridge fashion as shown in the figure 2.42.six capacitors are also joined in a fashion making delta in both sides of the three phase load connection points . The firing sequence in the following inverter is same as the firing sequence of 120 degree VSI i.e. each conducts for one third period of the total conduction period of one cycle. In the following model these are fired in the sequence thyristor -0,5,1,2,3,4repeatedly each thyristor conduct for 0.02/3 seconds and at any instant two thyristors are conducting so that

42

no

two

figure 2.42: Auto sequential commutated inverter (ASCI) thyristors of the same leg do not conduct at the same time , hence to avoid the overlapping in the conduction period of same leg.

43

30 20

line current

10 0 -10 -20 -30 2.3

2.31

2.32

2.33

2.34

2.35

2.36

2.37

2.38

2.39

2.4

time
figure 2.43: line current output of three phase ASCI

Selected signal: 250 cycles. FFT window (in red): 10 cycles 20 0 -20 0 1 2 Time (s) 3 4 5

Fundamental (50Hz) = 24.45 , THD= 26.95% 25

Mag (% of Fundamental)

20 15 10 5 0

200

400 600 Frequency (Hz)

800

1000

figure 2.44: THD in line current of three phase ASCI

44

300

phase voltage

200 100 0 -100 -200 -300 2.3

2.31

2.32

2.33

2.34

2.35

2.36

2.37

2.38

2.39

2.4

time
figure 2.45: phase voltage output of three phase ASCI fed resistive load

Selected signal: 250 cycles. FFT window (in red): 10 cycles 200 0 -200 0 1 2 Time (s) 3 4 5

Fundamental (50Hz) = 245 , THD= 26.83% 25

Mag (% of Fundamental)

20 15 10 5 0

200

400 600 Frequency (Hz)

800

1000

figure 2.46: THD in phase voltage of three phase ASCI fed R load

45

500

line voltage

-500 2.3

2.31

2.32

2.33

2.34

2.35

2.36

2.37

2.38

2.39

2.4

time
figure 2.47: line voltage of three phase ASCI fed resistive load

Selected signal: 250 cycles. FFT window (in red): 10 cycles 400 200 0 -200 -400 0 1 2 Time (s) 3 4 5

Fundamental (50Hz) = 424.4 , THD= 26.47% 25

Mag (% of Fundamental)

20 15 10 5 0

200

400 600 Frequency (Hz)

800

1000

figure 2.48: THD in line voltage of three phase ASCI fed resistive load

2.10 Three phase ASCI fed RL load

46

the same auto sequentially commutated current source inverter is used in the model described in figure 2.49 for feeding RL load . The auto sequential current source inverter three phase subsystem as used in the figure 2.49 has the same specifications as described in previous article. Here the ASCI is working in the partial overlapping region.

figure 2.49: three phase ASCI fed RL load

47

30

phase current

20 10 0 -10 -20 -30 2.3

2.31

2.32

2.33

2.34

2.35

2.36

2.37

2.38

2.39

2.4

time
Figure2.50: phase current output of ASCI fed RL load

Selected signal: 250 cycles. FFT window (in red): 10 cycles 20

-20 0 1 2 Time (s) 3 4 5

Fundamental (50Hz) = 24 , THD= 29.07% 25 20 15 10 5 0

Mag (% of Fundamental)

200

400 600 Frequency (Hz)

800

1000

figure 2.51: THD analysis of phase current output of ASCI fed RL load

48

300

phase voltage

200 100 0 -100 -200 -300 2.3

2.31

2.32

2.33

2.34

2.35

2.36

2.37

2.38

2.39

2.4

time
Figure 2.52: phase voltage output of ASCI fed RL load

Selected signal: 250 cycles. FFT window (in red): 10 cycles 200

-200 0 1 2 Time (s) 3 4 5

Fundamental (50Hz) = 241.3 , THD= 30.17% 25 20 15 10 5 0

Mag (% of Fundamental)

200

400 600 Frequency (Hz)

800

1000

Figure 2.53.THD analysis of phase voltage output of ASCI fed RL load

49

500

line voltage

-500 2.3

2.31

2.32

2.33

2.34

2.35

2.36

2.37

2.38

2.39

2.4

time
figure 2.54: line voltage output of ASCI fed RL load

Selected signal: 250 cycles. FFT window (in red): 10 cycles 400 200 0 -200 -400 0 1 2 Time (s) 3 4 5

Fundamental (50Hz) = 418.5 , THD= 29.91% 25 20 15 10 5 0

Mag (% of Fundamental)

200

400 600 Frequency (Hz)

800

1000

figure 2.55.FFT analysis of line voltage output of ASCI fed RL load

2.11 Comparative analysis of single phase inverters based on THD values 2.11.1 For resistive load:
50

THD in voltage (%) Single phase half bridge 29.8 VSI Single phase bridgeVSI Single phase CSI full 29.8

THD in current (%) 29.8

29.8

11.34

11.34

2.11.2 For RL load THD in voltage (%) Single phase half bridge 30.08 VSI Single phase bridgeVSI Single phase CSI full THD in current (%) 29.93

10.94

10.94

2.12 Comparative analysis of three phase inverters based on THD values 2.12.1 For resistive load: THD in voltage (%) VSI in 120degree 35.07 mode VSI in 180 degree 31.09 mode ASCI 26.47 line THD in phase THD in current voltage (%) (%) 35.10 30.39

31.08

31.8

26.83

26.95

2.12.2 For RL load THD in line THD in phase THD in current voltage (%) voltage (%) (%) VSI in 120degree 35.06 mode 35.10 30.39

51

VSI in 180 degree 30.61 mode ASCI 29.91

30.61

28.48

30.17

29.07

52

Chapter 3 Comparison of VSI and CSI fed induction motor drives. 3.1 Introduction In the following chapter the simulation results and their performance are analyzed and comparative results have been included .both for VSI and CSI fed induction motor load the basis for performance analysis is based on their capability of not to inject harmonics in the motor load circuit the basis of comparison has been taken as THD in stator circuit voltage and current with THD in output torque with the fixed input load torque is same for both VSI and CSI induction motors . the input voltage has been kept to the rated value and hence it can be said that the both VSI and CSI fed induction motors are kept in the same working environment except they are being fed by two different inverters . Harmonics in the time variation of the impressed voltage wave do have effect on the induction motor performance [1][5]. when the space distribution of flux wave along the air gap periphery is sinusoidal, torque speed curve of the poly phase induction motor is a smooth curve ,but when the air gap flux wave contains odd harmonics then the torque speed curve at low speeds is not smooth .the space harmonics in the air gap flux wave are caused by the non-sinusoidal input of the inverter[5]. Here the comparison is being made the most efficient present VSI and CSI models those are 180 degree voltage source inverter and three phase auto sequential current commutated inverter for CSI representation.

3.2 Voltage source inverter fed motor : The SIMULINK model designed is as shown in which the 50 Hz voltage source inverter based on GTO switches is implemented to feed a motor of 400 V line to line rated voltage . the output waveforms of stator voltage and rotor voltage are observed in the workspace . the model differential waveforms are being solved by the ODE45 (dormant prince )solver . which is a stiff variable step solver .the torque speed curve has been analyzed accordingly . the line to line voltage output of the voltage source inverter has been observed and matched to the line to line rated rms voltage of 3 phase induction motor . the induction motor model is taken from the given models of induction motor ,the present selected model is 400 V 50Hz 4 KW model . The voltage source inverter is designed to appropriately provide the proper frequency and proper voltage output rating of the induction motor for the purpose of analysis.

53

Figure3.2: VSI fed induction motor

Various blocks used in the VSI fed induction motor model are as explained below 3.2.1 Voltage Source Inverter Specifications : The voltage source inverter used here is 180degree mode three phase as shown below has the frequency of 50 Hz and the voltage of 400 so that the line to line voltage output may be

54

Figure3.2: Subsystem of three phase 180 degree VSI Equal to the line to line rated rms voltage of induction motor . the firing sequence of the inverter is so adjusted that the total output period of inverter is 0.02seconds and Hz. 3.2.2 Induction Motor Model Specifications : The induction motor model selected is 4 KW, 440V, 50 Hz , 1440rpm with no saturation effect is simulated Taking the load torque equal to 1Nm. Simulation output : Graph between rotor speed and time
180 160
rotor speed(radian per second )

140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 -20 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 time(second) 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2

Figure3.3: Speed vs. time graph of VSI fed induction motor out put

Variation of electromagnetic torque

55

140 120 100 80

torque

60 40 20 0 -20 -40

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

time(seconds)

Figure3.3: Torque vs. time graph of VSI fed induction motor output The mean value of torque is given in the figure
100

electromagnetic torque (mean value)

80

60

40

20

-20

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

time(seconds)

Figure3.4: Mean torque vs. time graph of VSI fed induction motor output As during starting transient the electromagnetic torque reaches a little higher value (90Nm peak) due to high starting current and then settles down to a value a little higher (1.4Nm) than the applied load torque as the electromagnetic torque is to balance a total sum of load torque, rotor inertia and friction resistance on the machine rotor as specified on the induction motor parameter box.

Speed torque curve:

56

100

80

60
torque(Nm)

40

20

-20 -20

20

40

60

80 100 speed of rotor(rad per second)

120

140

160

180

Figure3.5: Torque vs. speed graph of VSI fed induction motor output Stator voltage waveform :
600

400

200

voltage(volts)

-200

-400

-600 0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06 time (seconds)

0.07

0.08

0.09

0.1

Figure3.6: Stator voltage waveform of VSI fed induction motor

THD in stator voltage waveform

57

Selected signal: 500 cycles. FFT window (in red): 200 cycles 400 200 0 -200 -400 0 2 4 Time (s) 6 8 10

Fundamental (50Hz) = 538.5 , THD= 30.74% 20

Mag (% of Fundamental)

15

10

200

400 600 Frequency (Hz)

800

1000

Figure3.7: THD analysis of stator voltage waveform of VSI fed induction motor

The stator voltage waveform as it is seen here is a quasi square wave hence its THD value is also found to be same as in the previous cases of voltage source invertrs which provide quasi square voltage output such as single phase inverters but still it is different from those as the overall voltage output of three phase VSI is more than that of single phase inverter by same value of DC source applied, despite of their voltage THDs are different. Stator current waveform

58

50

stator current(ampere)

-50

-100

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2 time (seconds)

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

Figure3.8: Stator current waveform of VSI fed induction motor THD in stator current waveform

Selected signal: 500 cycles. FFT window (in red): 200 cycles 40 20 0 -20 -40 -60 -80 0

4 Time (s)

10

Fundamental (50Hz) = 5.735 , THD= 69.50% 60

Mag (% of Fundamental)

50 40 30 20 10 0 0 200 400 600 Frequency (Hz) 800 1000

Figure3.9 : THD analysis of stator current VSI fed induction motor Rotor current

59

100 80 60 40
rotor current

20 0 -20 -40 -60 -80

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

time(sec)

Figure3.10: Rotor current waveform of VSI fed induction motor

3.4 Current source inverter fed induction motor The current source inverter fed induction motor SIMULINK model uses an auto sequential current source inverter(ASCI) fed induction motor drive with constant torque input as shown below
60

Figure3.11: ASCI fed induction motor Various parts and their parameter specifications are as explained one by one , 3.4.1 Auto sequential current commutated inverter (ASCII) the auto sequential current commutated inverter used here is modeled with the voltage source of 100 V in series of an inductor of 1 hennery to provide a stable current during operation . thyristors are fired in 120 degree mode so as to avoid the overlapping region between the conduction period . the voltage source of 100 volt is sufficient to provide the voltage of 400 V line to line for the induction motor rating as the inductance in series with the voltage source in itself develops the voltage during the current transition .the induction motor as taken in the voltage source inverter is the same as here too for the sake of comparison. Here the current input to the induction motor will be same in all conditions and the voltage will vary in variation of load parameters .the model is solved by ODE23 stiff variable step solver so as to get better simulation performance.

61

Figure3.12: Subsystem of ASCI 3.4.2 Induction Motor Model Specifications : The induction motor model selected is 4 KW, 440V, 50 Hz , 1440rpm with no saturation effect is simulated Taking the load torque equal to 1Nm. 3.4.3 Simulation output Various simulation outputs have been shown as under and the comparative results have been studied and compared on the basis of THD present in them .

Stator current

62

15

10

stator line voltage (volts)

-5

-10

-15

5 time (seconds)

10

Figure3.13: Stator voltage waveform of ASCI fed induction motor

Stator current in steady state is found as shown in figure

4 3 2
stator current (ampere)

0 -1 -2 -3

-4

3.01

3.02

3.03

3.04

3.05 time(seconds)

3.06

3.07

3.08

3.09

3.1

Figure3.14: Stator current waveform of ASCI fed induction motor

The total harmonic distortion is found to be 65.68% in steady state as shown in the figure

63

Selected signal: 500 cycles. FFT window (in red): 200 cycles 10

-10 0 2 4 Time (s) 6 8 10

Fundamental (50Hz) = 3.12 , THD= 29.53% 20

Mag (% of Fundamental)

15

10

200

400 600 Frequency (Hz)

800

1000

Figure3.15: THD analysis of stator current ASCI fed induction motor

Stator voltage The line to line stator input voltage is the same as the output voltage of the ASCII inverter shown in the figure the steady state voltage value is shown in the figure 3.16. The operation of current source inverter with inductive load is dependent on upon the inverter frequency f i.e ratio of 1/t . At low frequencies the load current approximates the square wave of the ideal inverter . This region of operation is called the no overlap region , as the commutations of the thyristors take place interdependently i.e without any overlap in time . At high inverter frequencies the six diodes , D1 to D6 in fig. are conducting at all times . Therefore current approximates a sine wave . This region of operation is called the full overlap region [2]. Here the ASCI is working in no overlap region.

64

400 300 200

voltage (line to line )

100

0 -100 -200 -300

-400

3.01

3.02

3.03

3.04

3.05 time (seconds)

3.06

3.07

3.08

3.09

3.1

Figure3.16: Stator voltage waveform of ASCI fed induction motor During one period of 0.02 seconds the sinusoidal voltage waveform shows the six no of spikes which are due to the discharging of six commutating capacitors .

Selected signal: 500 cycles. FFT window (in red): 200 cycles 1000 0 -1000 0 2 4 Time (s) 6 8 10

Fundamental (50Hz) = 101.7 , THD= 65.65% 20

Mag (% of Fundamental)

15

10

200

400 600 Frequency (Hz)

800

1000

Figure3.17: THD analysis of stator current ASCI fed induction motor It is notable that the steady state voltage output waveform of the ASCII inverter for induction motor load is seems to be a perfect sinusoid due to working in the overlapping region but still the THD of the waveform is too high, it is because the spikes generated by commutating capacitors are very short duration and high peak value and hence their presence in the waveform make its Fourier expansion to include more number of terms of high frequency sinusoids [6]. Hence THD value is still intolerable despite of being a nearly sinusoidal output.
65

Rotor speed
160 140 120
speed (radian per second)

100 80 60 40 20 0 -20

5 time(seconds)

10

Figure3.18: Rotor speed vs. time graph of ASCI fed induction motor Electromagnetic torque
3.5

2.5

electromagnetic torque (Nm)

1.5

0.5

5 time (seconds)

10

Figure3.19: electromagnetic torque waveform of ASCI fed induction motor The torque is fluctuating around 1.4 Nm while the applied torque is 1Nm the extra torque is used for the rotation of rotor inertia and friction losses .

The mean value of torque is found as in the figure

66

2.5

mean torque (Nm)

1.5

0.5

-0.5

5 time (seconds )

10

Figure3.20: Mean electromagnetic torque waveform of ASCI fed induction motor Torque speed curve for ASCII fed induction motor drive
3

2.5

torque (Nm)

1.5

0.5

-0.5 -20

20

40

60 80 speed (radian per second )

100

120

140

160

Figure3.21: Torque vs. speed graph of ASCI fed induction motor

Rotor current waveform

67

15

10

5
rotor current (ampere)

-5

-10

-15

5 time (seconds)

10

Figure3.22: Rotor current waveform of ASCI fed induction motor

3.5 Comparative Analysis Result Various THD values are summerised in the following table as THD in voltage VSI 180 degree mode ASCII 30.74 65.65 THD in current 69.50 29.53

68

Chapter 4 Conclusion

During the analysis thus far the various bridge configurations have been selected and analyzed on the MATLAB/SIMULINK environment and their THD values have been compared in chapter 2. The passive load configurations for which the preliminary analysis was done were R and RL loads. Among all these inverters only two most efficient configurations from VSI and CSI category were selected for driving motor load based on the performance analysis done in chapter 2 these configurations were 180 degree VSI and three phase ASCII and with these two inverters a motor load was driven in chapter 3 and the THD values in line voltage and current were compared and it was found that for passive load configurations three phase auto sequentially commutated current source inverter performed well for the given types of load specifications and in case of active load( three phase induction motor ) the performance of 180 degree VSI was found to be more better in line voltage harmonics mitigation and performance of ASCII was found to be more better in case of line current harmonics mitigation. Various results found in chapter 2 and 3 are summarized in following table: For single phase inverters For R load THD in voltage (%) THD in current (%) 29.8

Single phase half bridge 29.8 VSI Single phase full bridge 29.8 VSI Single phase CSI For RL load 11.34 THD in voltage (%)

29.8

11.34 THD in current (%) 29.93

Single phase half bridge 30.08 VSI Single phase full bridge VSI Single phase CSI 10.94

10.94

For three phase inverters For R load THD in line THD in phase THD in current

69

voltage (%) VSI in mode 120degree 35.07

voltage (%) 35.10

(%) 30.39

VSI in 180 degree 31.09 mode ASCI For RL load 26.47

31.08

31.8

26.83

26.95

THD in line THD in phase THD in current voltage (%) voltage (%) (%) 35.10 30.39

VSI in mode

120degree 35.06

VSI in 180 degree 30.61 mode ASCI 29.91

30.61

28.48

30.17

29.07

For motor load

THD in voltage (line to THD in current (line to line) line) 30.74 65.65 69.50 29.53

VSI 180 degree mode ASCII

The reasons for these findings are apprehensible based on theory that the THD factor for a quasi square wave is around 30% according to the Fourier analysis of quasi square wave and as the voltage output of the VSI is a quasi square wave then its THD value in voltage comes out to be around 30% (some deviation from this value is due to the loading effect ) and the shape of current was decided by the load. And in case of current source inverter same thing is true for current .but still a comparison is required because of the capability of ASCI to work in overlapping and non-overlapping regions ,in overlapping region the ASCI current output is near to a sine wave whereas in non-overlapping region its current output is a square wave hence THD values can vary in a wide range ,also the other variable (voltage in case of CSI and current in case of VSI ) is completely governed by the type of load . Hence this comparison provides a guideline for inverter installation for any particular load type.

70

LIST OF REFERENCE 1- B.K.Bose ,Modern power electronics and AC drives , prentice hall 2- Dubey, Doradla, Joshi , sinha Thyristorised power controllers, New Age 3- Nedmohan N , power electronics ,converters application and design, john wiley 4- P S Bimbhra , power electronics ,khanna publications 5- P S Bimbhra ,generalized theory of electric machines , khanna publications 6- B.P. lathi principle of linear system and signal second edition international version 7- Gopal K dubey, Fundamentals of Electrical drives 8- Module 5, DC to AC Converters ,Version 2 EE IIT, Kharagpur 1 9- Module 7 Electrical Machine Drives Version 2 EE IIT, Kharagpur 1 10- Arunima dey , anurag TriPathi , Bhim singh An Improved Model of a Three phase Induction Motor Incorporating the Parameter Variations, Electrical Power Quality and Utilisation, Journal Vol. XIV, No. 1, 2008

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