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Form 3 Chapter 1 Respiration

Respiration

Human respiratory system 1.1 Structure of human respiratory system 1.2 Breathing mechanism 1.2.1 Inhalation 1.2.2 Exhalation

Transportation of oxygen

Importance of healthy respiratory system 3.1 Substances harmful to the respiratory system 3.2 Illness affecting the respiratory system 3.3 Ways to improve air quality

1 . Human respiratory system 1.1 Structure of human respiratory system Structure

Nasal cavity Trachea

Function
Warms, moisten and filter fine particles. Contains C shaped rings of cartilage. Give support and prevent from collapsing during inhalation. Protects the lungs and the internal organ A sheet of muscle that separates the thorax from the abdomen.

Rib Diaphragm

1.2 Breathing Mechanism Inhalation

Air from outside enters the lungs .

External intercostal muscles contract . Ribcage moves upwards & outwards

Volume of the thoracic cavity increases. Air pressure in it is lower than the pressure of the atmosphere.

Diaphragm becomes flat .

Exhalation
Air in the lungs is forced out. External intercostal muscles expand . Ribcage moves downwards &inwards

Volume of the thoracic cavity decreases. Air pressure in it is higher than the pressure of the atmosphere.

Diaphragm curves upwards.

Bell Jar Lung Model

Glossary
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Trachea Bronchus Bronchiole Alveolus , Thorax , , Abdomen , Diaphragm

8. Thoracic ] 9. Contract 10. Expand , 11. Deflate 12. Inflate , 13. saturated 14. intercostals muscle

Inspiration Inspiration Pulling down the rubber membrane ( diaphragm ) increase the volume of cavity . Pressure fall. Outside air rushes into the jar. Balloon inflate

Expiration Expiration Pulling up the rubber membrane ( diaphragm ) decrease the volume of cavity . Pressure increase / rise. Inside air rushes out from the jar. Balloon deflate.

Transportation of oxygen
a) Present in large number

b) Large surface are ( number of alveolus is a lot ) c) Thin and elastic wall
Efficiency of gaseous exchange in alveolus

2.1 The process of gaseous exchange

f) Surrounded by a network of blood capillaries

Inhaled air

Exhaled air

e) Differences in concentration of gas alveolus ( O2 HIGHER , CO2 LOWER ) Blood capillaries ( O2 LOWER , CO2 HIGHER ) Acronym TEN C CAM T Thin E- Elastic N- Number A-Area

d) Moist enables the gas to dissolve in the moisture before diffusing

O2

CO2

C concentration M Moist

N- Number C- capillary network

O2

CO2

2.2 Transport of oxygen in the blood

O2 CO2 Alveolus

Mechanism of gaseous exchange 1. 2. The oxygen in the inhaled air DISSOLVES in the thin film of liquid on the alveolus wall. As the blood capillaries are situated very close to the alveolus wall, the dissolved oxygen diffuse through the alveolus wall to the bloodstream. Carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood capillaries into the alveolus and eliminates it.

Oxygen + Haemoglobin ( red blood cell ) OXYHAEMOGLOBIN

CO2 O2 Red blood cell

3.

Oxygenated blood Blood capillary Deoxygenated blood

OXYHAEMOGLOBIN
O2 Body cell

CO2

Oxygen + Haemoglobin ( red blood cell )

Transport of oxygen in the blood 1. In the blood , oxygen will COMBINE with haemoglobin in the RED BLOOD CELL and form OXYHAEMOGLOBIN . 2. When oxyhaemoglobin reaches the body tissues , it DECOMPOSES to release OXYGEN. 3. The oxygen then diffuses in to the cells. 4. In the body cells , the oxygen is used for RESPIRATION. 5. Respiration is a food oxidation process in the cells to release energy, carbon dioxide and water. Glucose + oxygen Energy + Carbon dioxide + Water

Glossary
1. Inhaled 2. Dissolve , 3. Eliminate , 4. Diffuse , , , , () 5. Blood capillary , 6. Efficiency , 7. haemoglobin , 8. Oxyhaemoglobin 9. Decompose 10 Food oxidation. 11. Exhaled

3. Importance of healthy respiratory system 3.1 Substances harmful to the respiratory system

Laboratory activity Aim : To study the effects of smoking on the human respiratory system Cigarette , cotton wool , universal indicator , rubber tube , thermometer , suction pump , U-tube , boiling tube Method :

Material / apparatus :

1. The apparatus is set as shown in Figure 18.6. 2. Without lighting the cigarette , the suction pump is turned on for a few minutes . 3. The temperature and the colour of the cotton wool and the universal indicator are observed. 4. Steps 1 to 3 are repeated with cigarette lighted. 5. All observations are recorded. Result : Material Cotton wool Universal indicator Discussion: Colour at the beginning of the experiment White Green Colour at the end of the experiment Brown Orange

1. The cotton wool changes from white to brown due to the tar in the cigarette smoke .The universal indicator turns from green to orange indicating that the cigarette smoke is acidic . Conclusion : Smoking can damage the lungs.

3.2 Illness affecting the respiratory system

Illness Emphysema Description Happens when there is ABNORMAL GROWTH in the cells that lines the TINY CHANNELS in the lungs. Cause the channels to be blocked. This growth causes carbon dioxide to be TRAPPED in the alveoli , the alveoli in the lungs will swell & burst. Symptom : breathing difficulty , tiredness , excessive coughing.

3.3 Ways to improve air quality

Use air cleaning system Stop smoking Install catalyst converter on vehicle exhaust pipes to reduces the release of dangerous gases. Install electrostatic precipitators on factory chimneys , to remove pollutants.

Bronchitis

INFLAMMATION of the epithelium of the bronchus . Is caused by the FINE PARTICLES float in the air ( AIR POLLUTANT ) Symptom : high fever , breathing difficulty , chest pain, continuous heavy coughing , patients phlegm () changes from white to green.

Glossary
1. Nicotine 2. Addiction , 3. carcinogen 4. Cilia 5.impair 6.corrode , 7. suffocate 8.inflammation ], 9. tightness 10. precipitators [, ], [, ] 11. exhaust

Lung cancer

Unusual cell growths in the lungs. Caused by carcinogen chemicals in the cigarettes. Symptoms : coughing with blood, breathing difficulty , wheezing .(, ), chest pain . INFLAMMATION of the breathing channel. The breathing channel of the patient becomes narrow. May cause by dust, cigarette smoke. Symptom: coughing, wheezing & tightness in the chest.

Asthma