UNIT:IV CHAPTER:VIII

LESSON 22 EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER

Students I hope that by now you must be very well acquainted with the basics of transformers .Lets continue with our journey of exploring transformer details and try to draw and understand the equivalent circuit of transformer.But before doing that lets revise the background theory of the transformer also. Consider a coil around a magnetic core. If a current I flows through the coil, a flux is generated in the core as shown below.

where: i = current through the coil N = number of turns in the coil Rm = constant known as reluctance (depends on the magnetic path of the flux) The direction of the flux can be determined by theRight-Hand Rule as below

Fingers curled around coil direction of current Thumb direction of flux Reluctance, Rm =l/A AT/wb, where l= length of magnetic path A = x-section area and =permeability 260

Flux Density, B = /A wb/m2 Magnetizing Force, H =(I . N)/l ampere turns/metre B=H

Coupled Circuits - circuits that affect each other by mutual magnetic fields.
The flux 2 generated by current i2 in Coil 2 induces a voltage in Coil 1, and vice-versa

vab=L1di1/dt +Mdi2/dt or vab=L1di1/dt -Mdi2/dt vcd=L1di2/dt +Mdi1/dt or vcd=L1di2/dt -Mdi1/dt In the phasor form it can be written as Vab=(jL1)I1+(jM)I2or Vab=(jL1)I1-(jM)I2 Vcd=(jL2)I2+(jM)I1or Vcd=(jL2)I2-(jM)I1 Self inductance L1, L2 Mutual Inductance M = L12 = L21 ratio of induced voltage in one circuit to the rate of change of current in another circuit depending on whether the fluxes add or oppose each other (dot convention)

DOT CONVENTATION
A current i entering a dotted terminal in one coil induces a voltage Mdi/dt with a positive polarity at the dotted terminal of the other coil. Currents entering the dots produce upward fluxes The dots provide information on how the coils are wound with respect to each other.

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k =M/(L11L22) M 0k1 k depends on the magnetic properties of the flux path. When k = 0, no coupling k = 0.01 to 0.1, loose coupled k 0.5, close coupled, e.g. air core k 1.0, e.g. power transformer all the flux generated by one coil is linked to the other coil (i.e. no leakage flux)

1/2

Coefficient of Coupling, k

Transformer
Transformer works on the principle of electromagnetic induction.

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When a voltage V1 is applied to the primary winding, an emf e2 is induced in the secondary winding. The induced emf lags the inducing flux by 900. e2 = N2d/dt-------------------- Faradays Law

Ideal Transformer
Coupling Coefficient, k = 1

No leakage flux (i.e. the same flux goes through both windings) e1 = N1 d/ dt and e2 = N2 d /dt i.e. e1/e2 = N1/N2= a (turns ratio) No Losses No voltage drops in the windings: V1 = - e1 Instantaneous powers in primary and secondary are equal (i.e. all the energy from the primary is transferred to the secondary winding). e1 i 1 = e2 i 2 Therefore, i2/i1 = e1/e2 = N1/N2 = a

When a load is connected to the secondary winding:

- a secondary current I2 is drawn by the load - I2 generates a flux that opposes the mutual flux (Lenzs Law: effect opposes the cause) - Reduction in mutual flux would reduce e1 - but since source voltage V1 is constant, and V1 = - e1, the mutual flux must remain constant - i.e. the primary winding must draw an additional current I1 from the source to neutralize the demagnetizing effect from the secondary. Primary current I1 = I1 + I

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Actual Transformer

- resistance in primary and secondary windings - leakage reactance in pr. and sec. windings - voltage drops in both windings (leakage impedance) - losses 1. copper loss primary: I12.R1 secondary: I22.R2 2. iron loss (core loss): Ic2.Rc Rc = equivalent core loss resistance Core loss depends on voltage and frequency eddy current loss hysteresis loss

Eddy Current Loss:

emf induced in core generates eddy currents which circulate in the core material, generating heat. laminations (silica sheets between core layers) to reduce eddy current, and minimize loss

Hysteresis Loss:

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The direction of the magnetic flux in the core changes every cycle. Power is consumed to move around the magnetic dipoles in the core material, and energy is dissipated as heat. Hyst. loss . (vol. of core) x (area of hyst. loop)

Equivalent Circuit
Represent inductively coupled circuits by a conductively connected circuit

equivalent circuit referred to the primary side R1, R2= primary, secondary winding resistance X1, X2= primary, secondary leakage reactance I1, I2= primary, secondary current Z = load impedance Ie = excitation current I = magnetizing current X = magnetizing reactance Rc = core loss resistance (equivalent resistance contributing to core loss) Ic = core loss equivalent current
Transformer: Approximate Equivalent Circuits

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Re = R1 + a2R2 Xe = X1 + a2X2 where, R2 and X2 are referred to the primary side Re and Xe . obtained from Short Circuit Test Rc and X. obtained from Open Circuit Test Other equivalent circuits used in power system studies:

Short Circuit Test

- Connect meters on HV side as shown - Short circuit LV side - Energize HV side with a variable voltage source and increase voltage gradually to get rated current reading on the Ammeter - Take the V, I and P readings from meters

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Equivalent circuit referred to HV side

P = copper loss = I2 Re ------------------------. Re =P/ I2 I Ze =V/I------------- . Xe = (Ze2-Re2)1/2 R1 a2 R2 Re/2 X1 a2 X2 Xe/2

Open Circuit Test

- Connect meters on LV side as shown - Open circuit HV side - Energize LV side with rated voltage - Take the V, I and P readings from meters

P = core loss =V2/Rc

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Rc = V2/ P Ie = I , Ic = V/Xc I = (Ie 2- Ic2 )1/2------------X=V/I

Transformer Efficiency
Efficiency, = Power Output / Power Input Power Input = Power Output + Cu losses + Core losses Cu Loss varies with load current Core Loss depends on voltage (usually a constant for practical purposes) Transformer efficiency is maximum when Cu loss = core loss Power transformers usually operate at rated capacity - designed to have max. at full load Distribution transformers - carry a widely varying load - designed to have max. at less than full load - always energized despite load levels designed to have low core loss -

Voltage Regulation
When a constant rated voltage is applied to the primary, At no load - no current, and therefore no voltage drop in transformer - secondary voltage, Vsec = rated voltage As load (resistive or inductive) increases - voltage drop in transformer (Vdrop) increases - secondary voltages decreases - (reverse is the case with capacitive load increase) To maintain rated voltage at the secondary, At no load, primary voltage required, Vpr = rated voltage At a certain load, required Vpr = rated voltage + Vdrop in transformer

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Voltage regulation is the change in primary voltage required to keep the secondary voltage constant from no load to full load, expressed as a percentage of rated primary voltage. Load p.f. has a big effect on voltage regulation.

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