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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

Recently, demand for high-speed Internet access is rapidly increasing and a lot of people enjoy broadband wired Internet access services using ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line) or cable modems at home. On the other hand, the cellular phone is getting very popular and users enjoy its location-free and wire -free services. The cellular phone also enables people to connect their laptop computers to the Internet in location-free and wire-free manners. However, present cellular systems like GSM (Global System for Mobile communications) can provide much lower data rates compared with those provided by the wired access systems, over a few MBPS (Mega bit per second).Even in the next generation cellular system, UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System), the maximum data rate of its initial service is limited up to 384 kbps; therefore even UMTS cannot satisfy users expectation of high-speed wireless Internet access. Hence, recently, Mobile Broadband System (MBS) is getting popular and important and wireless LAN (Local Area Network) such as ETSI (European Telecommunication Standardization Institute) standard HIPERLAN (High PErformance Radio Local Area Network) type2 (denoted as H/2) HIPERLAN regarded as a key towards providing high speed wireless access in MBS. H/2 aims at providing high speed multimedia services, security of services, handover when roaming between local and wide area as well as between corporate and public networks. It also aims at providing increased throughput of datacom as well as video streaming applications. It operates in the 5 GHz band with a 100 MHz spectrum. WLAN is W-ATM based and is designed to extend the services of fixed ATM networks to mobile users. H/2 is connection oriented with connection duration of 2 ms or multiples of that. Connections over the air are time-division multiplexed. H/2 allows interconnection into virtually any type of fixed network technology and can carry Ethernet frames, ATM cells and IP packets follows dynamic frequency allocation and offers bit rates of 54 Mbps.
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CHAPTER 2 HISTORY

Currently WLANs provide wideband wireless connectivity between PCs and other consumer electronic devices as well as access to the core network and other equipment in corporate, public, and home environments. The demand for mobile broad-band communication caused the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) to create the Broadband Radio Access Networks (BRAN) Project. The project makes available various technologies for the access to wired networks in private as well as in public environments until the year 2000 and offers bit rates up to 155 Mbps.

The project started with the goal of specifying a W-ATM (Wireless- Asynchronous Transfer Mode) based air interface for applications. The W-ATM idea has been strictly followed when specifying the DLC (Data Link Control) layer of H/2 where a user data packet handled in the MAC (Medium Access Control) layer is one ATM cell. It was planned from the start that an ATMbased WLAN should be able to support any broad-band network-based service up to a WLANs bandwidth limitations according to the service classes known from ATM networks.

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FIG 2.1 WIRELESS DATA SOLUTION To be able to establish a wireless system to support any type of transport network, both connection- and packet-oriented data transmission are taken into account. An earlier initiative of the ETSI/BRAN project was HiperLAN/1, a connectionless packetbased broad-band WLAN standard at 5 GHz in 1996 that has not found acceptance to date owing to the lack of products. H/2 is connection-oriented high-performance radio technology, specifically suited for operating in LAN environments. This system operates in the unlicensed 5-GHz frequency band that has been specifically allocated to WLANs. In contrast to the IEEE 802.11 Ethernet technology H/2 is connection oriented with connection duration of 2ms or multiples of that. Connections over the air are time-division multiplexed (TDM). H/2 allows interconnection into virtually any type of fixed network technology and can carry Ethernet frames, ATM cells and IP packets.

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TABLE 2.1 HIPERLAN FAMILY

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CHAPTER 3 H/2 SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE

H/2 system provides wireless access to wired networks for users by a mobile Terminal (MT) inside buildings, outside in free terrain, or in the proximity of buildings. The system is cellular. An AP (Access Point) is typically connected to a core network or a distributed system consists of an APC (Access Point Controller) and one or more APTs (Access Point Transceiver). An APT operates one frequency carrier and covers a certain area, called the radio cell. The APC (AP Controller) is responsible for the management of its APTs

FIG 3.1 SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE

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Two operation modes are defined for the H/2 DLC (Data Link Control): centralized mode and direct mode. In the direct mode, MTs communicate directly over direct links with each other. In both modes, the AP assigns the radio resources and controls the communication in the radio Cell.In HIPERLAN, each communicating node is given a HIPERLAN ID (HID) and a Node ID (NID). The combination of these two IDs uniquely identifies any station, and restricts the way it can connect to other HIPERLAN nodes. All nodes with the same HID can communicate with each other using a dynamic routing mechanism denoted Intra-HIPERLAN Forwarding. The HIPERLAN/2 Access Points (APs) have a built-in support for automatic transmission frequency allocation within the AP's coverage area. This is performed by the Dynamic Frequency Selection (DFS) function. An appropriate radio channel is selected based on both what radio channels are already in use by other AP's and to minimize interference with the environment. Thus, there is no need for manual frequency planning as in cellular networks like GSM. DFS algorithm is described below, where each. AP selects a channel with the least interference level. Step 1: APs are randomly ordered. Step 2: According to the order, select an AP. Step 3: The AP estimates total power of interference signals from other APs which have already selected a channel and selects a channel with the least interference signal power. (Repeat step 2 and 3 until all APs select their channels.) Interference signals from MHs are not taking into account in this algorithm. And we assume that each AP selects a channel only once and never changes the channel

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CHAPTER 4 H/2 SERVICE MODEL

The H/2 service model comprises the physical and the DLC (Data Link Control) layer for both the MT and the AP. Various network types like IP, Ethernet, IEEE1394 and ATM can be connected to the DLC layer by the Convergence layer that performs the adaptation of the packet formats to the requirements of the DLC layer. For higher layers other than ATM, the convergence layer contains a SAR (Segmentation and Reassembly) function. The physical layer provides the basic transport functions for the DLC (Data Link Control) PDU (Protocol Data Unit).The physical layer includes the medium or air interface through which the data is transmitted. In the physical layer the PDUs are Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexed (OFDM).

FIG 4.1 HIPERLAN TYPE2 REFERENCE MODEL

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4.1 DATA LINK CONTROL (DLC) LAYER The DLC layer is vertically sub-divided into the control plane and the user plane. In the user plane, the data transport function is fed with user data packets from the higher layers via the U-SAP (User Service Access Point). This part contains the Error control that applies the ARQ (Automatic Repeat reQuest) protocol. The control plane consists of the RLC (Radio Link Control) protocol that includes the DCC (DLC Connection Control), the RRC (Radio Resource Control), and the ACF (Association Control Function). Both the user plane and the control plane access the physical medium via the MAC (Medium Access Control) protocol.

4.2 PHYSICAL LAYER H/2 systems are meant to operate as private or public systems in the license exempt spectrum in the 5-6 GHz band. The channel grid is 20 MHz the H/2 sampling frequency is chosen equal to 20 MHz at the output of a typically used 64-point Inverse Fourier Transformation. 52 subcarriers are used per channel to facilitate implementation of filters and to achieve sufficient adjacent channel suppression. 48 subcarriers carry the actual data and 4 are pilots that facilitate phase tracking for coherent demodulation. A key feature of the physical layer is to provide several PHYSICAL modes with different coding and modulation schemes that are selected by a link adaptation mechanism. The channeling is implemented by Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) due to its excellent performance on highly dispersive channels. The basic idea of OFDM is to transmit broadband, high data rate information by dividing the data into several interleaved, parallel bit streams, and let each bit stream modulate a separate sub-carrier. The channel spacing is 20 MHz, which allows high bit rates per channel yet has reasonable number of channels. The independent frequency sub-channels are used for one transmission link between the AP (Access Points) and the MTs.

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4.3 MAC (MEDIUM ACCESS CONTROL): MAC protocol functions are used for organizing access to and transmission of data on the radio link. The control is centralized to the AP (Access Point) that informs the MTs (Mobile Terminal) at what point in time in the MAC Frame they are allowed to transmit their so- called PDU (Protocol Data Units) trains. The length of the PDU trains varies depending on the Resource Requests (RRs) received at the AP from the MTs. The air interface is based on time-division duplex (TDD) and dynamic time-division multiple access (TDMA), which allows for simultaneous communication in both downlink and uplink within the same time frame, i.e. the MAC frame.

4.4 CONVERGENCE LAYER: The Convergence Layer (CL) adapts the core network to the H/2 DLC layer. For each network supported a specific convergence layer has been defined. The convergence layer provides all functions needed for connection setup and mobility support. There are two types of convergence layers defined: 1. Cell based 2. Packet based. The packet based convergence layer (CL) is defined to integrate H/2 into existing packetbased networks and support IP, IEEE 802.3 and point-to-point protocol. It provides among others a SAR (Segmentation and Reassembly) function to fit IP packets into the fixed length payload of the H/2 Long transport channel PDUs (Protocol Data Unit). The cell based convergence layer

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(CL) provides the mapping between ATM connection setup procedures and the corresponding H/2 functions. A SAR is not necessary as the ATM cell payload and all the necessary fields of ATM cell header fit into the 54-byte H/2 packet. Nevertheless a compression of the ATM cell header is necessary.

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CHAPTER 5 LINKING PROCESS

The Mobile Terminal (MT) has to scan for the Beacon signal sent in the Broadcast control channel of every MAC Frame containing among others the AP-ID and the NET-ID of the APT (Access Point Transceiver). The MT waits for the NETWORK-OPERATOR -ID broadcast periodically in the RLC broadcast channel to check whether access to this particular network is feasible or not and then continues the association procedure by transmitting a request for a MACID. A MAC-ID is assigned by the AP used for addressing the MT during the whole session at this AP and is valid only in the radio cell of one APT.

FIG 5.1 LINKING OF ACCESS POINTS

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During the link capability procedure, the MT sends its own parameters to the AP containing: a. The Data Link Control version running in the MT. b. A flag set, if the MT supports the direct mode. c. The Convergence Layer services supported. d. Authentication and encryption procedures supported. The AP will respond with its own set of parameters and select the (CL) Convergence layer services and Encryption & Authentication procedures for the session. The disassociation procedure may be initiated by either the AP (Access P) or the MT. During explicit disassociation the AP and the MT discuss the disassociation shortly. Implicit disassociation occurs when the MT and AP lose their radio link completely. DCC (Data Link Control Connection Control) functions are responsible for setting up, maintaining, renegotiating and closing a DUC (DLC User Connection) at the DLC (Data Link Control) layer and may be initiated by either the AP or the MT. An MT requesting the establishment of a DUC, will propose the connection characteristics but the AP will decide upon the DUCs characteristics and attribute a unique ID that together with the MAC ID uniquely identifies a connection in a radio cell.

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FIG 5.2 H/2 & IP HANDOVER

CHAPTER 6
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PROPERTIES

1. High speed transmission: H/2 has a transmission rate of 54 Mbps. To achieve this, H/2 makes use of a modulation method called OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) for transmission harmonized with IEEE 802.11. OFDM is particularly efficient in time-dispersive environments, i.e. where the radio signals are reflected from many points, e.g. in offices. The basic idea of OFDM is to transmit broadband, high data rate information by dividing the data into several interleaved, parallel bit streams, and let each bit stream modulate a separate subcarrier. The channel spacing is 20 MHz, which allows high bit rates per channel yet has reasonable number of channels: 52 subcarriers are used per channel (48 subcarriers for data, 4 subcarriers tracking the phase for coherent demodulation). The independent frequency sub-channels are used for one transmission link between the AP and the MTs.

2. Connection oriented: Data are transmitted on connections between the MT (Mobile Terminal ) and the AP ( Access Point ) that have been established prior to the transmission, using signaling functions of the H/2 control plane. Point-to- point connections are bidirectional, point-tomultipoint and broadcast connections are unidirectional from the AP toward the MTs in the radio cell. Connections are realized by means of logical channels.

3. QoS support:

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The connection orientation of H/2 is a prerequisite for the support of QoS. An H/2 WLAN is able to support all the QoS classes defined for ATM networks and thus is ideally suited to also support the QoS requirements of IP networks that are less stringent than those of ATM networks. The IP convergence layer provides the functions needed for mapping the IP QoS requirements to the QoS parameters available from H/2 for its DLC connections. Each connection may be assigned a specific QoS parameter set,in terms of throughput ,delay, delay variation , bit error rate etc. In an environment where the connection characteristics are not available, QoS is supported by assigning a priority level relative to other connections.

4. Automatic frequency allocation: H/2 does not need a manual frequency planning like conventional cellular networks. The APs in H/2 automatically select an appropriate radio channel for the transmission within each APs coverage area by DFS (Dynamic Frequency Selection). An AP listens to neighbor APs as well as to other radio sources in the environment and selects a radio channel based on its current load aiming to minimize interference with other radio cells.

5. Security support: H/2 supports authentication and encryption. The AP and MT may authenticate each other to ensure authorized access. The user traffic on established connections may be encrypted to protect against eavesdropping and man-in-middle attacks. Authentication relies on a supporting function, such as directory service that is outside the scope of H/2.

6. Mobility support:
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The MT uses the AP with the best radio signal performance as measured by the SNR .Thus, as the MT moves it may detect an alternative AP with better radio performance than current AP. The MT will then initiate a handover to this AP and all its connections will be moved to the new AP.

7. To allow MTs to save power, An MT may at any time request the AP to enter a low power state, and may request a specific sleep period. At the end of the sleep period the MT searches for the presence of any wakeup indication from the AP. An AP will delay any pending data to an MT until the corresponding sleep period has expired. If no wake-up indication is received, the MT returns to its low power state for the next sleep period.

CHAPTER 7
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COEXISTENCE AND RESOURCE SHARING

The guarantee of a certain QoS for wireless multimedia services if WLANs are sharing the spectrum rather than operating in their own frequency bands. H/2 is likely to share the spectrum with other system types like IEEE802.11a.H/2 specifies a centrally controlled air interface with a 2 ms MAC frame, IEEE 802.11a in contrast, applies CSMA/CA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Avoidance), a network contention protocol that listens to a network in order to avoid collisions, unlike CSMA/CD that deals with network transmissions once collisions have been detected. CSMA/CA contributes to network traffic because, before any real data is transmitted, it has to broadcast a signal onto the network in order to listen for collision scenarios and to tell other devices not to broadcast), an LBT (Listen-Before-Talk) scheme with variable packet lengths.The use of a distributed MAC makes IEEE 802.11a more suitable for ad hoc networking and non-real-time applications. For the coexistence the following points have to be noted namely that H/2 applies DFS (Dynamic Frequency Selection) and supports TPC(Transmitter Power Control).

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TABLE 7.1 COMPARISON BETWEEN DIFFERENT SYSTEMS

The IEEE 802.11a system (Which is commensurate to H/2 system) keeps operating the same carrier once it has selected it and does not apply DFS or TPC. Both systems use the same Physical layer protocols, carrier bandwidth and apply LA (Link Adaptation), a flexible

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interference-dependent selection of a Physical layer mode. Based on these schemes an FSR (Frequency Sharing Rule) may allow operation in a common spectrum. An FSR defines techniques for radio channel management for the systems operating in a common spectrum. HiperLAN/2 achieves higher throughput as compared to IEEE 802.11a. This is due to the use of centrally controlled medium access. This MAC protocol is also more suitable for time-bounded applications.

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CHAPTER 8 ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES

8.1 ADVANTAGES

1. High rate of QoS The connection orientation of H/2 is a prerequisite for the support of QoS. An H/2 WLAN is able to support all the QoS classes defined for ATM networks and thus is ideally suited to also support the QoS requirements of IP networks that are less stringent than those of ATM networks. The IP convergence layer provides the functions needed for mapping the IP QoS requirements to the QoS parameters available from H/2 for its DLC connections. Each connection may be assigned a specific QoS parameter set,in terms of throughput ,delay, delay variation , bit error rate etc. In an environment where the connection characteristics are not available, QoS is supported by assigning a priority level relative to other connections. 2. Security Mechanism H/2 supports authentication and encryption. The AP and MT may authenticate each other to ensure authorized access. The user traffic on established connections may be encrypted to protect against eavesdropping and man-in-middle attacks. Authentication relies on a supporting function, such as directory service that is outside the scope of H/2. 3. Flexibility HIPERLAN is flexible in choosing frequency, mobility etc.. H/2does not need a manual frequency planning like conventional cellular netwoks. The APs in H/2 automatically selecta an appropriate radio channel for the transmission within each APs coverage area by DFS (Dynamic Frequency Selection). An AP listens to neighbor AP s as well as to other radio sources in the environment and selects a radio channel based on its current load
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aiming to minimize interference with other radio cells. The MT uses the AP with the best radio signal performance as measured by the SNR. Thus, as the MT moves it may detect an alternative AP with better radio performance than current AP. The MT will then initiate a hand over to this AP and all its connections will be moved to the new AP 8.2 DISADVANTAGES 1. High Cost The expenses needed for launching the HIPERLAN is more. This is one of the disadvantage of the HIPERLAN.
2. Limited Outdoor Mobility

The mobility of HIPERLAN is limited. We see earlier in the plot showing data rate and mobility we see that the data decreases when the mobility increases. 3. No Commercial Products in market till now Since the lack of commercial products in the market, emergence of HIPERLAN is limited.

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CHAPTER 9 CONCLUSION

H/2 system supports IP (Internet Protocol) over wireless ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) with a guaranteed QoS ( Quality of Service ). H/2 also provides a convergence layer (CL) to connect directly wireless IP based applications to an IP network without involving any ATM related signaling (User Network Interfacing) or ATM fixed infrastructure. H/2 has the ability to support any ATM class of services with less stringent requirements of QoS (Quality of Service). To be able to rate the system completely H/2 has to be compared with IEEE 802.11a system. The physical layer of HiperLAN/2 is very similar to the one that 802.11a defines. While 802.11a uses Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA) to transmit packets, HiperLAN/2 uses Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA). With CSMA/CA, all stations share the same radio channel and contend for access. For example when an 802.11 station (client) needs to send a packet, the station first listens for other transmissions and then attempts to send frames when no other station is transmitting. If another station happens to be transmitting, all other stations will wait until the channel is free.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
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1. IP

OVER

WIRELESS

MOBILE

ATM-GUARANTEED

WIRELESS

QoS

BY

HIPERLAN/2 Published in the 89th volume of proceedings of the IEEE.

Authors:

H.Walke , Nobert Essling , Jorg .H , A. Hettich Stephan Mangold & Ulrich Vornefeld. 2. ESTI Project BRAN- Jamshid Khuan Jush & Gilles Straub 3. B. Walke , D. Petras & D. Plassmann, Wireless ATM: Air interface & network protocols of the mobile broadband system IEEE Communication. 4. D.Raychaudhari, Wireless ATM networks: Technology status and future directions , proceedings of the IEEE. 5. HIPERLAN/2- Janne Korhonen, Dept of computer science and engineering. Helsinki University of technology.
6. HIPERLAN/2- An efficient high speed WLAN by Jim Geier.

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