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PERSONALITY

According to Gordon Allport Personality is the dynamic organization with in the indi vidual of those psychological systems that determine his unique adjustment to his environ ment. According to Fred Luthans personality mens how a person affects others and how he understands and views himself as well as the pattern of inner and outer measurable traits and the person situation inteaction.

Determinants of Personality

Heredity

Environment Culture Family social Situation

Development / Theories of Personality

Many psychologists have contributed to the stage appro ach for identifying the development of pe rsonalities. They include Freudian or Psycho-analytical theory Carl Jungs Psycho analytical Concept Erikson Stages Chris Argyriss immaturity maturity Theory Traits Theory

Self Theory

Freudian or PsychoAnalytical theory

This frame worjk includes three conflicting psycho analytical c oncepts

The ID : Id is the foundation of unconscious behaviour and is the base of libido drives. It is the source of Psychic energy and seeks immediate satisfaction of biological needs.It has animalistic instincts of aggression,power and domination.As individual matures he learns to control Id but still it remains a driving force through out life. The Ego : It is the conscious and logical part as it is concerned with the realities of external environment.The ego of the person controls Id.

The Super Ego : It represents the norms of the individual ,his family and the soceity and is an ethical constraint on the behaviour. All the three elements are Inter related.In order to create a normal personality ,there must be a proper balance in the relationship among these forces.

Carl Jungs Psycho analytical Concep t

There is a collective unconsciousness that exis ts in a personality which is deeper and incl udes the cumulative experiences of all th e past generations. This theory may be a farout one , but it is a reality that some

personality traits cannot be explained rationally.

Erikson Stages

Infancy / Trust Vs Mistrust Early childhood Autonomy Vs Shame and Doubt Play Age /Initiative Vs Guilt School Age / Industry Vs Inferiority Adolescence / Identity Vs role diffusion Early Adult hood/Intimacy Vs Isolation Adulthood / Generativity Vs Stagnation Mature Adulthood / Ego integrity Vs Despair

Chris Argyriss immaturity maturity The ory

Passivity Activity Dependence Independence Few ways of behaving Diverse behaviour Shallow intrests Deep Interests Short time perspective Long time Perspective Subordinate position Super ordinate position Lack of self awareness Self awareness and control
Immaturity Characteristics Maturity Characteristics

Criticism

Argyriss assumes that all organizational

men are mature and does not always ho ld good in practice. Mature people continue with the organization inspite of all aberrations in their personality. Traits Theory Traits which comprise human personality? How are these traits to be measured? Self Theory

According to clifford self means

Peoples attitude about themselves,their traits and abilities,the impact they could make on others their plus and minus points. The other relates to psychological processes through which an individual think, remember, perceives, manages and plans. Self has been described in two ways Self as object Self as a process

There are four factors of self concept

Self image Ideal self Looking glass self Real self

BIG FIVE PERSIONALITY TRAITS

Extroversion Emotional Stability Agreeableness Conscientiousness Openness

Personality traits influencing OB

Authoritarianism Bureaucratic personality Machiavellianism Introversion and Extroversion Problem solving style Sensation feeling style Sensation thinking style Intuition style Intuition thinking style

Achievement orientation Locus of control Self esteem Risk taking

Type A and Type B personalities Type indicator

PERCEPTION

Perception may be defined as a process b y which individuals organize and interpret t heir sensory impressio ns in order to give meanin g to their environment. Process of Perception

Individual perception

PERCEPTUAL INPUTS

Information Objects People Events

PERCEPTUAL MECHANISM

Receiving Reacting Selecting Checking Organizing Interprting

PERCEPTUAL OUTPUT

Attitude Opinion Beliefs Feelings

Charac. of Perceiver Needs and motives Self concept Past experience Psycological state Beliefs and expectations Situation Cultural up bringing

Charac. Of the Perceived Physical apperance Similarity Behaviour Manner of communication Status

Charac. Of the situation Physical setting Social setting Organizational Setting

B E H A V I O U R

Process of Perception

Perceptual Inputs

Perceptual mechanism A) Perceptual selectivity External factors:- Size,intensity, repetition, Status, contrast, movement, novelty and familiarity , nature. Internal factors :- Learning, motivation, personality. B) Perceptual Organization Figure and ground Perceptual grouping Perceptual constancy Perceptual defence Perceptual context C) Perceptual Interpretation D ) Checking E) Reacting

Improving perceptual skill

Knowing one self accurately Empathize with others

Have a positive attitude Postpone impression formation Communicating openly Comparing ones perception with that of others Introducing diversity management programs