International Journal of Emerging Trends & Technology in Computer Science (IJETTCS)

Web Site: www.ijettcs.org Email: editor@ijettcs.org, editorijettcs@gmail.com Volume 1, Issue 2, July August 2012 ISSN 2278-6856

A Survey on Uplink Bandwidth Request in WiMaX Networks

Reka.R1 and Dr.R.S.D.Wahidabanu2
1

Research Scholar, Anna University of Technology, Coimbatore, India.

2

Principal, Government College of Engineering, Salem, India.

Abstract: The bandwidth allocation in both wired and

wireless networks has posed great challenges to network engineers for improving desirable Quality of Service (QoS). Bandwidth allocation is always an important element for improve QoS of network. Bandwidth utilization is considered optimum when there is no over- or under-allocation of capacity for a particular service type. Despite this, IEEE 802.16e-2005 does not have a bandwidth allocation algorithm or mechanism to support (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) WiMAX network presently. This includes both uplink (UL) and downlink (DL) directions. Thus, most of researches are focusing this area. In order to improve the QoS of WiMAX demand, the total capacity of WiMAX system must be optimized. In this review, we focus on scheduling algorithms for the uplink traffic in WiMAX networks.

Figure 1: WiMAX Network Infrastructure 1.1 Fixed WiMAX

Keywords: WiMAX, QoS, UpLink (UL), DownLink (DL), Bandwidth Allocation Scheduling.

1. INTRODUCTION
The IEEE 802.16 standard, commonly known as WiMAX is one of the most popular BWA technologies today, which aims to provide high speed broadband wireless access for WMANs (Wireless Metropolitan Area network). When the aim is to provide a multi-service wireless network, a key challenge is the optimal allocation and utilization of the available raw data transmission capacity of shared wireless links among users and services. The key components in WiMAX QoS guarantee are the admission control and the bandwidth allocation in BS. The term bandwidth is used to refer to the data transmission capacity of the links. A number of WiMAX uplink scheduling algorithms in a single-hop network, which is referred to as PMP (Point to Multi Point). WiMAX is an Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) standard designated 802.16-2004 (fixed wireless applications) and 802.16e-2005 (mobile wireless). Figure 1 shows the general infrastructure of WiMAX network. The industry trade group WiMAX Forum has defined WiMAX as a "last mile" Broadband Wireless Access (BWA) alternative to cable modem service. Volume 1, Issue 2 July-August 2012

Figure2: Fixed WiMAX Figure 2 shows the Fixed WiMAX. It offers cost effective point to point and point to multi-point solutions. WiMAX provides fixed, portable or mobile non-line-of sight service from a base station to a subscriber station, also known as Customer Premise Equipment (CPE). Some goals for WiMAX include a radius of service coverage of 6 miles from a WiMAX base station for point-tomultipoint, non-line-of-sight service. This service should deliver approximately 40 Megabits per second (Mbps) for fixed and portable access applications. That WiMAX cell site should offer enough bandwidth to support hundreds of businesses with very high speeds and thousands of residential customers with the equivalent of DSL services Page 280

International Journal of Emerging Trends & Technology in Computer Science (IJETTCS)

Web Site: www.ijettcs.org Email: editor@ijettcs.org, editorijettcs@gmail.com Volume 1, Issue 2, July August 2012 ISSN 2278-6856
from one base station. 1.2 MOBILE WiMAX network performance than without ODBA in WiMAX network.

2. RELATED WORKS
The design objectives of the optimal bandwidth request allocation algorithm for real-time service are as follows. It should estimate the required bandwidth timely and accurately. It should neither waste bandwidth nor suffer from lack of bandwidth. It should satisfy delay requirement and minimize jitter. A. Jalali et. Al. [2] discussed in forward link data throughput performance of a high data rate wireless access system. Data is transmitted to many other Access Terminals (AT) in a TDM designed. The transmission rate at each AT varies and depends on each ATs measured Signal to Interference plus Noise Ratio (SINR). The forward link consists of a single data channel and divided into 1.67msec time slots. In each time slot two pilot bursts are inserted to aid in synchronization, SINR estimation and coherent demodulation. Control channels and user payload are time multiplexed onto the forward link. A forward link packet may occupy from 1 up to 16 time slots depending on the data rate. The Access Terminals (AT) predict the SINR and compute the rate that the predicted SINR that can support while during the frame error rate. The throughput of CDMA-HDR which describe the excellent performance due to the efficient rate control scheme, and the scheduling algorithm which comes under the advantage of a mobile wireless system for inherent multi-users, and advanced signal processing techniques. The system dedicates a 1.25 MHz RF carrier to data services. Mathew Andrews.et.Al [3] tells about the Quality of Service support for the multiple real-time data users, using a wireless channel. It concerned about the scheduling algorithms how exploiting asynchronous variations of channel quality that can be used to enhance the channel capacity (i.e., enhancement the number of users with the desired (QoS). This Quality of Service (QoS) is considered in a specific combination of the data rate and packet delay constraints of real-time data users, which are the requirements in obtaining high-speed data networks. This is the way to handle the issue regarding efficient data scheduling for supporting QoS for real-time data. This problem can be considered as a multi-user variable channel scheduling issue. The channel capacities of different users can be vary in time in an asynchronous manner, the QoS of the users can be efficiently improved over scheduling schemes that cannot be considered channel conditions into account. Kaveh Pahlavan.et.Al [4] discussed the existing technologies for wireless indoor location systems. For finding accurate location in indoor area following problems are being faced like the complexity of radio propagation and the ad hoc nature of the deployed infrastructure. It gives the general overview regarding the issue occurring in the indoor location system. Page 281

Figure 3: Mobile WiMAX Figure 3 shows the Mobile WiMAX. It allows any telecommunications applications. The fixed wireless application a step further and enables cell phone-like applications on a much larger scale. For example, mobile WiMAX enables streaming video to be broadcast from a speeding police or other emergency vehicle at over 70 MPH. It potentially replaces cell phones and mobile data offerings from cell phone operators such as EvDo, EvDv and HSDPA. In addition to being the final leg in a quadruple play, it offers superior building penetration and improved security measures over fixed WiMAX. Mobile WiMAX will be very valuable for emerging services such as mobile TV and gaming. Chakchai So-In, et.Al [1] provided extensive survey of recent scheduling proposals for WiMAX and discussed key issues and design factors. The scheduler designers need to be thoroughly familiar with WiMAX characteristics such as the physical layer, frame format, registration process and so on. The goals of the schedulers explained are basically to meet QoS guarantees for all service classes, to maximize the system output, to maintain the fairness, to minimize power consumption, to have as less a complexity as possible and finally to ensure the system scalability. In order to improve the QoS of WiMAX demand, a new bandwidth allocation mechanism for WiMAX network is proposed, called On Demand Bandwidth Allocation (ODBA). The proposed mechanism design has the management module in the Subscribe Station (SS), which is for management UL bandwidth, and one new module in the Base Station (BS). This includes UL/DL bandwidth allocation and service flow schedule. In order to solve the current issues faced in WiMAX network, and to improve QoS demand, a new mechanism, ODBA is designed. It is an on demand bandwidth allocation mechanism for WiMAX. The performance of ODBA mechanism and its behavior are evaluated, analyzed and compared with other algorithms and those without ODBA in WiMAX network. The results show that the ODBA mechanism has higher Volume 1, Issue 2 July-August 2012

International Journal of Emerging Trends & Technology in Computer Science (IJETTCS)

Web Site: www.ijettcs.org Email: editor@ijettcs.org, editorijettcs@gmail.com Volume 1, Issue 2, July August 2012 ISSN 2278-6856
In a general term so many techniques are being used to find the accurate location in the indoor areas some of them are The Global Positioning System (GPS), Wireless enhanced 911 (E-911) services. The above technologies are not capable of finding the accurate location. This Indoor Geolocation is the key factor for public safety, commercial and military applications. This technology is very necessary for the safety of a country which can show the opponents reaction as well as for the commercial purpose like residential areas and nursing homes. The challenge for TOA (Time of Arrival) based systems is to develop a signaling system and infrastructure that is inexpensive to design and deploy, complies with frequency regulations, and provides a comprehensive coverage for accurate ranging. Kitti Wongthavarawat.et.Al [5] focused on a scheduling algorithm and admission control policy for IEEE 802.16 Broadband wireless access standard. This solution provides QoS support to different traffic classes in terms of bandwidth and maximum delay. The algorithm shows the relationship between traffic characteristics and its QoS requirements and the network performance. This proposed algorithm provides QoS support to various Real Time Applications and is also compatible with IEEE 802.16 QoS signaling mechanisms. To support all types of service flows, the proposed uplink packet scheduling algorithm uses a combination of strict priority service discipline. The proposed UPS is consisted of three modules: information module, scheduling database module and service assignment module. Guocong Song.et.Al [6] used the Quality-of-Service (QoS) provisioning over the multiple shared networks here investigated multi-user downlink data scheduling. It provides fine flexibility and granularity for resource allocation for a network. Data traffic gets delay tolerance according to that base station schedules their data transmission according to the condition and because of this it obtain multiuser diversity. If the relative latency of tolerance of application is low then it effects gain of multiuser diversity then resultant fluctuation of independent channel occurs among the users. Wireless packet scheduling for fading channels which deals with modifications of fair queuing scheduling or earliest due date previously developed in wireline networks was implemented. Dong-Hoon Song.et.Al [7] focused on a new structure of QoS provided. This new QoS supports the real time traffic with high priority to an acceptable level for low priority traffic. There are two new mobile interfaces for wireless broadband specified as 802.16e and 802.20. 2 to 6 GHz licensed bands mobility will be added in the 802.16e while 802.20 aims for operation in licensed bands below 3.5GHz. Scheduling algorithm and admission control policies for IEEE 802.16 broadband wireless access standard are introduced. The proposed solution which is practical and compatible to the IEEE 802.16 standard provides QoS support to different traffic classes. It includes QoS support for all types of traffic Volume 1, Issue 2 July-August 2012 classes as defined by the standard. The relationship between traffic characteristics and its QoS requirements and the network performance has been showed. QoS support in terms of bandwidth request and allocation for all type of traffic classes are discussed. There are five types of service class to support the various type of traffic: Unsolicited Grant Services (UGS) Real-Time Variable Rate (RT-VR) Non real-time Polling Services (nrtPS) Extended Real-Time Variable Rate (ERT-VR) BE (Best Effort) Table 1: Mobile WiMAX QoS Classes QoS Class Unsolicite d Grant Services (UGS) Supported Service Latency- and jittersensitive applications with fixed-size data packets at Constant Bitrate (CBR) Real-time applications with variable-size data packet bursts Delay-tolerant applications with variable-size data packets and guaranteed bitrate demands Real-time applications with Variable Bitrate (VBR) data streams and guaranteed bitrate and delay demands Data streams with no minimum servicelevel demands Example Application Voice over IP (VoIP) without silence suppression

Real-Time Variable Rate (RT-VR) Non-RealTime Polling Services (nrtPS)

Video and audio streaming

File transfers

Extended Real-Time Variable Rate (ERT-VR)

VoIP with silence suppression

Best Effort (BE)

Web browsing, instant messaging, and data transfer

M.Settembre.et.Al [8] defines the fulfilling requirements of QoS while scheduling of IEEE 802.16 system and Protocol Data Units and adaptive modulation coding. It provides the information of MAC scheduler which supports time division multiplexed voice and data and voice over IP. The proposed scheduler gives the information about connection status and current burst Page 282

International Journal of Emerging Trends & Technology in Computer Science (IJETTCS)

Web Site: www.ijettcs.org Email: editor@ijettcs.org, editorijettcs@gmail.com Volume 1, Issue 2, July August 2012 ISSN 2278-6856
profile for each terminal. The advantage of adaptive coding is that When radio link condition allow to use 16QAM modulation, the available bandwidth triples with respect to the case where QPSK modulation. Broadband Fixed Wireless Access (BFWA) systems are solution to wired system in countries which are having less developed infrastructure. QoS assures for critical application like video calling & IP telephoning. There are some mechanisms like Fragmentation, Packing and Payload Header Suppression (PHS) functionalities, allow adapting packets length to the radio transmission, according to their QoS requirements and the available bandwidth. Broadband Fixed Wireless Access (BFWA) systems are a system which provides solution for wireless backhauling applications in the high data rates and Quality of Service (QoS). Jonny SUN.et.Al [9] proposes the Medium Access Control (MAC) and a new and efficient QoS scheduling strategy based on the hierarchical and distributed architecture is proposed for 802.16 BWA systems. This architecture includes two layers of schedulers, i.e. Base Station (BS) scheduler and Subscriber Station (SS) scheduler. The BS scheduler grants bandwidth to SSs according to the bandwidth request and reservation, then SS scheduler should re-distribute the received transmission opportunities among all of its connections. Broadband Wireless Access (BWA) system is developed according to the demand always-on high-speed Internet access. Debalina Ghosh.et.Al [10] discussed the WiMAX technology can be used to deliver streaming audio or video to clients. Thus, Quality of Service (QoS) is very important for WiMAX networks. It proposed Efficient heuristic algorithms for scheduling flows in a centrally scheduled multi-hop WiMAX network. Schedule efficiency metric for comparing different flow scheduling algorithms also provided. Admission control and scheduling problem in multi-hop WiMAX networks based on IEEE 802.16 was introduced. It described 5 algorithms which are schedule flow sub-channel (SFS), timeslot-1, timeslot-2, min subchannel and the naive algorithm. It examines the geolocation of standard compliant WiMAX subscriber stations based on timing adjust values captured from the air interface during network entry and initial ranging. Field tests were conducted to verify a linear correlation between timing adjust and distance. Repeated observations at fixed distances established the variance within timing adjusts. Results of this field testing were extended to multiple base station networks modeled in computer simulation, ultimately suggesting the possibility for geolocations based on WiMAX initial ranging with ten times greater accuracy then similar methods applied to GSM. William Hrudey[11] focuses on WiMAX is a communication technology for wirelessly delivering highspeed Internet service to large geographical areas. It is a part of a fourth generation, or 4G, of wirelesscommunication technology, WiMaX far surpasses the 30Volume 1, Issue 2 July-August 2012 metre (100-foot) wireless range of a conventional Wi-Fi Local Area Network (LAN), offering a metropolitan area network with a signal radius of about 50 km (30 miles). WiMaX offers data-transfer rates of up to 75 Mbit/s, which is superior to conventional cable-modem and DSL connections. Bong-Ho Kim.et.Al[12] discussed the mobile WiMAX system undeniably has a higher system capacity and a more complicated mechanism to provide a better Quality of Service (QoS) than earlier wireless systems, such as Code-Division Multiple-Access (CDMA) or the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS). In mobile WiMaX used to Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access to flow the data. The most critical feature of mobile WiMax MAC is automatic repeat request, and its parameters are resolute during a connection-establishment step using MAC management messages. WiMAX enables last-mile, point to-point, and PMP elastic pipes that provide emerging IP-based end devices. The main objective is to develop next generation wireless communication. Chakchai So.et.Al [13] discussed about mobile WiMaX uplink and downlink and mapping of these allocations. Its enhanced version of algorithm called OCSA (One Column Striping with non-increasing Area first mapping) for rectangular mapping was introduced and then the enhanced version of that algorithm was very simple and very fast implemented. The mapping process from logical sub-channel to multiple physical subcarriers is called a permutation. Mobile WiMAX uses a fixed frame-based allocation. The mobile WiMax frame starts from uplink to downlink mapping allocation. Neeraj POUDYAL1.et.Al [14] presented about novel measurement-based admission control policy to satisfy both the minimum bandwidth and maximum delay guarantees deterministically as required by some realtime applications. It explains about mobile station to proactively increase the chances of success of bandwidth. Fourth generation about schedulability criteria for admitting real time traffic system was developed. Full multi-hop, multi-constrained extension with rtPS userlevel capacity parameters was proposed. Access of broad band internet in whole world is important for economic growth and development for any nation which can only be possible through WiMaX. It will increase as the service costs decreases, with the exact rate depending on the wider broadband and economic landscape of each region. In developing regions where fixed broadband communications links are currently insufficient and there is the need and drive for rapid rollout of high-speed communications, there will be a greater frequency of multiple-user subscriptions than in economically developed areas. Total fixed broadband penetration, while much higher than W-CDMA penetration on a worldwide basis, was less than 2% of the population in Africa, 3.5% in Asia Pacific and the Americas, 21% in Western Europe and 23% in North America. This forecast is an ongoing project of the Page 283

International Journal of Emerging Trends & Technology in Computer Science (IJETTCS)

Web Site: www.ijettcs.org Email: editor@ijettcs.org, editorijettcs@gmail.com Volume 1, Issue 2, July August 2012 ISSN 2278-6856
WiMAX Forum that will continue to be used to educate the market as the WiMAX ecosystem expands. Shared Wireless Channels, IEEE Communications Society. 2004. [7] Dong-Hoon Cho, Min-Su Kim and Ki-Jun Han, Performance Analysis of the IEEE 802.16 EWireless Metropolitan Area Network, First International Conference on Distributed Frameworks for Multimedia Applications (DFMA05). 2005. [8] M. Settembre, P. Testa, R. Albanese, M. Mancini, Anagnina Roma Italy testa, albanese, mancini.it. Performance Analysis of an Efficient Packet-Based IEEE 802.16 MAC Supporting Adaptive Modulation and Coding, IEEE International Symposium on Computer Networks (ISCN' 06) 2006. [9] Jonny SUN, Yanling YAO, Hongfei. Quality of Service Scheduling for 802.16 Broadband Wireless Access Systems. 2006 IEEE. [10] Debalina Ghosh, Ashima Gupta. Admission Control and Interference-Aware Scheduling in Multi-hop WiMAX Networks. 2007 IEEE. [11] William (Will) Hrudey Streaming video and audio content over Mobile WiMax Networks, SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY, 2009. [12] Bong-Ho Kim, Jungnam Yun, and Yerang Hur, Chakchai So-In, Raj Jain, and Abdel-Karim Al Tamimi. Capacity Estimation and TCP Performance Enhancement over Mobile WiMAX Networks. IEEE Communications Magazine, June 2009. [13] Chakchai So-In, An Algorithm for Burst Mapping with Strict QoS Requirements in IEEE 802.16e Mobile WiMAX Networks, ICCAE, 2010. [14] Neeraj POUDYAL, Ha Cheol LEE, Yong Jin KWON, Byung Seub LEE, Hwajeon Dong, Gyeongin Ro, Delay-bound Admission Control for Real-time Traffic in Fourth Generation IMTAdvanced Networks based on 802.16m, VOL 11, November 1, 2011. [15] Chakchai So-In, Raj Jain and Abdel-Karim Al Tamimi, WiMAX Forum WiMAX Technology Forecast (2007-2012). [16] ZhenTao Sun, Abdullah Gani, XiuYing Sun, Ning Liu. Liao Ning Agricultural Technology School ShenYang City, Improving QoS Of WiMAX By On_Demand Bandwidth Allocation Based On PMP Mode, China, Journal of Computers, VOL.6, No.10, October 2011. [17] Jarno Pinola and Kostas Pentikousis, WIMAX ARTICALS, by VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland.

3. CONCLUSION
This article presents an overview of the scheduling algorithms for the uplink traffic in WiMAX networks specifically issues associated with scheduling and QoS provisioning. It also discusses the main features of the newly standardized mobile WiMAX, IEEE 802.16e. One of the major objectives of developing the next-generation wireless communication technology is to provide a higher link capacity and to increase the application/service performance from the user perspective. We must consider more precise and dynamic environmental conditions and system characteristics, including the type of application and the behavior of various scheduling algorithms. This enables an operator to achieve successful uplink bandwidth allocation planning while satisfying service performance from the user perspective. With the introduction of mobile WiMAX technology, it can be expected that future work will focus on the mobility aspect and interoperability of mobile WiMAX with other wireless technologies. However, with the cost of infrastructure and competition from other technologies such as 3G/4G, it will be interesting to see how mobile WiMAX unfolds in the near future.

REFERENCES
[1] Chakchai So-In, Raj Jain and Abdel-Karim Tamimi. Scheduling in IEEE 802.16e, Mobile WiMAX Networks: Key Issues and a Survey, IEEE Journal on selected areas in communications, VOL. 27, NO. 2, FEBRUARY 2009. [2] A. Jalali, R. Padovani, R. Pankaj, Data Throughput of CDMA-HDR a High EfficiencyHigh Data Rate Personal Communication Wireless System Qualcomm, Inc. 5775 Morehouse Drive San Diego, USA(2000). [3] Matthew Andrews, Krishnan Kumaran, Kavita Ramanan, Alexander Stolyar, Phil Whiting, Rajiv Vijayakumar, Providing QoS over a Shared Wireless Link, IEEE Communications Magazine. February 2001. [4] Kaveh Pahlavan and Xinrong Li, Juha-Pekka Mkel, Indoor Geolocation Science and Technology, IEEE Communications Magazine. February 2002. [5] Kitti Wongthavarawat and Aura Ganz, Packet scheduling for QoS support in IEEE 802.16 broadband wireless access systems, INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS. Int. J. Commun. Syst. 2003; 16:8196. [6] Guocong Song and Ye (Geoffrey) Li, Leonard J. Cimini, Jr., Haitao Zheng, Joint Channel-Aware and Queue-Aware Data Scheduling in Multiple Volume 1, Issue 2 July-August 2012

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